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This is my brief summary of the four turns of critical realism. As I suggested yesterday, I think that the perspective can be very useful from a Baha'i perspective: Critical Realism<http://www.rockermouse.com/criticalrealism.html> (Roy Bhaskar): In the first turn (or phase) of critical realism (from 1975-2000), called basic critical realism<http://international-criticalrealism.com/about-critical-realism/basic-critical-realism/>, there are three levels of existence. They are the Real, the Actual, and the Empirical. In other words, Bhaskar disagrees with Aristotle. Since the Real cannot be directly observed, we need to be humble about our claims to knowledge. Dialectical critical realism<http://international-criticalrealism.com/about-critical-realism/dialectical-critical-realism/> (from 1993-2000) was the second turn of critical realism. Within the capitalist system, struggling against the dialectic (or contradiction) of alienation from the Real leads to truth, social justice, and freedom from ignorance. Transcendental dialectical critical realism<https://books.google.com/books?id=FH58AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT221&lpg=PT221&dq=%22transcendental+dialectical+critical+realism%22&source=bl&ots=FlR3pvMT70&sig=5jDB1ZE35pry1-TN284KBgdaOsM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBWoVChMIqdLqiqfjxgIVlxOSCh2rEA_n#v=onepage&q=%22transcendental%20dialectical%20critical%20realism%22&f=false>, an intermediate or transitional turn (from 2000-2002) between dialectical critical realism and the philosophy of metaReality, followed Bhaskarʼs personal experiences with reiki<http://www.reikialliance.com/>, Transcendental Meditation<file:///G:/web/easy/jccc/www.tm.org/>®, and other practices. Bhaskar, who did not belong to any religious organization, referred to transcending ordinary life through personal faith-based activities. The philosophy of metaReality<https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/meta-Reality/info>, Bhaskar’s completed turn of critical realism, was developed over the final dozen years of his life (from 2002-2014). According to the philosophy of metaReality, the Real consists of copresence (unity in difference), relative reality (difference or diversity), and demireality (disunity in difference). All emancipatory projects (not only faith-based activities), in the philosophy of metaReality, can eliminate the oppression (or domination) of demireality through copresence, the cosmic envelope, the ground state, or nonduality. http://markfoster.org/marxisms.html __,_._,___ -- Namaste, Mark A. Foster, Ph.D., Professor of Sociology Johnson County Community College, Overland Park, KS Portal to 31 domains: http://markfoster.net<http://markfoster.net/> Glossary Project: http://markfoster.website<http://markfoster.website/> Internet Radio: http://markalanfoster.com<http://markalanfoster.com/> ________________________________ The information contained in this e-mail and any attachments thereto ("e-mail") is sent by the Johnson County Community College ("JCCC") and is intended to be confidential and for the use of only the individual or entity named above. The information may be protected by federal and state privacy and disclosures acts or other legal rules. If the reader of this message is not the intended recipient, you are notified that retention, dissemination, distribution or copying of this e-mail is strictly prohibited. If you have received this e-mail in error please immediately notify JCCC by email reply and immediately and permanently delete this e-mail message and any attachments thereto. Thank you. __________________________________________________ You are subscribed to Baha'i Studies as: mailto:arch...@mail-archive.com Unsubscribe: send a blank email to mailto:leave-805587-27401.54f46e81b66496c9909bcdc2f7987...@list.jccc.edu Subscribe: send subscribe bahai-st in the message body to ly...@list.jccc.edu Or subscribe: http://list.jccc.edu:8080/read/all_forums/subscribe?name=bahai-st Baha'i Studies is available through the following: Mail - mailto:bahai-st@list.jccc.edu Web - http://list.jccc.edu:8080/read/?forum=bahai-st News (on-campus only) - news://list.jccc.edu/bahai-st Old Public - http://www.mail-archive.com/bahai-st@list.jccc.net New Public - http://www.mail-archive.com/bahai-st@list.jccc.edu
