-Caveat Lector- from: http://www.thegrid.net/clear/huck.htm <A HREF="http://www.thegrid.net/clear/huck.htm">Art of Deception: Government Corruption, Covert</A> ----- Very informative site. Here is index and just one of the 'reports'. Om K ----- The information on this page is a result of many years of research. Every effort was made to insure its accuracy. There are many ways to view events in history, and many different opinions may be drawn. The author of this page presents views based upon research findings. The goal of this page is to be informative and inspire interest and involvement in the political process. The United States has a government of the people, by the people, and for the people. In order to properly exercise our duty as citizens, we the people need to be aware of our government's activities. Information is power! Best viewed with Netscape Navigator 3.x Table of Contents (Click on the category of your choice) 1. Introduction: a. Overview: Misinformation and Disinformation Closing In on the Year 2000 b. American History: From the Robber Baron of 1492 to the Robber Barons of the 1800s The First Half of the 20th Century 2. Imperialism: CIA Style a. The Emergence of the CIA b. LSD, Treason, Sex and Psychics c. U.S. Support of Aggression, A Summary d. The CIA Drug Trafficking Connection e. CIA Incursions Throughout the World: Iran Congo Guatemala Brazil Vietnam Dominican Republic Indonesia Chile East Timor Libya Cuba And the March Goes On... 3. American Imperialism in Central America (1980s and 1990s) a. An Impoverished Land b. Nicaragua c. Iran-Contra d. The Invasion of Grenada e. Supporting Repression in El Salvador f. Operation "Un-Just" Cause in Panama g. Haiti 4. The Gulf War a. Kuwait: The Corporate State b. Hussein's Reasons for Invading Kuwait d. Bush Goes to War e. The Truth of the Gulf War f. The Gulf War Syndrome g. Bush's New World Order 5. American Domestic Affairs (1980s and 1990s) a. The Military-Industrial Complex b. The Secrecy Behind Nuclear Weapons c. Chemical Weapons d. Government Experiments on Humans e. Corporate Welfare f. NAFTA g. FBI Capers h. The Reagan and Bush Legacies i. Scandals Under Clinton 6. Secret Organizations a. The Bilderberg Group b. The Council on Foreign Relations c. The Trilateral Commission 7. The Legacy of the "Right" 8. The Primary Domestic Issues Facing America Today 9. In Pursuit of a Moralistic Policy 10. On the Lighter Side: Infamous Quotes 11. Works Cited. List of research source material. About the AuthorEmail the AuthorRelated Sites Link to this SiteAbout Printing Updated January 9, 1998 Background graphics by: government corruption, scandal, covert operations, Military-industrial complex, Iran-contra, CIA drugs, FBI, Gulf War, NAFTA, Whitewater, Ronald Reagan, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, George Bush, Bill Clinton, Stealth bomber, Leonid Brezhnev, Mikail Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin, EPA, Ann Burford, Rita Lavelle, James Watt, Political action committees, HUD, Michael Deaver, Newt Gingrich, GOPAC, Contract with America, Federal Election Commission, FEC, Silverado Savings, George Bush, Jr., Neal Bush, Jeb Bush, Prescott Bush, corporate welfare, Ross Perot, Dan Quayle, Jim Baker, Harken Energy, October Surprise, OMB, Pentagon, Bilderberg Group, Trilateral, Commission, Council on Foreign Relations, Henry Kissinger, David Rockefeller, Ralph Nader, Donald Regan, Zbigniew Brezinski, CIA, Chile, Salvador Allende, School of the Americas, Guatemala, Arbenz, Colonel Armas, Fascism, 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ARENA Party, El Chorillo, Panama, Duvalier, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Haiti, Iraqgate, Saddam Hussein, April Glaspie, Shah, OPEC, Kuwait, Sabah family, Ramsey Clark, James Baker, Gulf War, Globalwarming, Acid rain, Greenhouse effect, Christopher Columbus, Robber barons, McCarthyism, government corruption, scandal, covert operations, Military-industrial complex, Iran-contra, CIA drugs, FBI, Gulf War, NAFTA, Whitewater, Ronald Reagan, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, George Bush, Bill Clinton, Stealth bomber, Leonid Brezhnev, Mikail Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin, EPA, Ann Burford, Rita Lavelle, James Watt, Political action committees, HUD, Michael Deaver, Newt Gingrich, GOPAC, Contract with America, Federal Election Commission, FEC, Silverado Savings, George Bush, Jr., Neal Bush, Jeb Bush, Prescott Bush, corporate welfare, Ross Perot, Dan Quayle, Jim Baker, Harken Energy, October Surprise, OMB, Pentagon, Bilderberg Group, Trilateral, Commission, Council on Foreign Relations, Henry Kissinger, David Rockefeller, Ralph Nader, Donald Regan, Zbigniew Brezinski, CIA, Chile, Salvador Allende, School of the Americas, Guatemala, Arbenz, Colonel Armas, Fascism, LSD, MK-Ultra, OSS, Fidel Castro, Operation Mongoose, Richard Helms, Iran, Mossadegh, Pahlavi family, Shah, United Fruit Company, Dwight Eisenhower, Vietnam, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, Watergate, Viet Cong, Ho Chi Minh, Tonkin resolution, Diem, Phoenix program, William Colby, Robert McNamara, Napalm, Agent Orange, Cambodia, GAO, Indonesia, Mayaguez, Suharto, Sukarno, East Timor, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Harry Truman, Nikita Khrushchev, Congo, Lumumba, Allen Dulles, Mobuto, Brazil, Goulart, Dominican Republic, Trujillo, Bosch, Augusto Pinochet, Libya, Qadaffi, Department of Defense, Star wars, Chemical testing, Radiation testing, Human testing, Nevada test site, Hanford Plant, Pine Flat Plant, Three Mile Island, Nuclear Regulatory Agency, Gulf War syndrome, Gulf War, Norman Schwartzkopf, Chemical weapons, Biological weapons, Nicaragua, Contras, Sandinistas, FSLN, FMLN, William Casey, Eden Pastora, John Singlaub, John Kerry, Oliver North, Fawn Hall, Boland Amendment, Contadora process, Arias plan, Tela accords, Violetta Chamorro, National Security Council, Ayatollah Khomeini, John Poindexter, Robert McFarlane, King Fahd, Saudi Arabia, Richard Secord, Laos, Pathet Lao, World Anti-communist League, George Shultz, Ed Meese, Albert Hakim, Casper Weinberger, Eugene Hasenfus, Barry Seal, John Tower, National Security Act, Hughes-Ryan Amendment, Neutrality Act, Elliot Abrams, Albert Fiers, Thomas Clines, Theodore Shackley, Golden Triangle, Richard Jewell, Geronomo Pratt, Randy Weaver, Pine Ridge, Ruby Ridge, Olympic Park bombing, Jim McDougal, Susan McDougal, Rose Law Firm, Jim Guy Tucker, Vince Foster, Madison Guaranty, Richard Starr, Webster Hubbell, Travelgate, Paula Jones, Gennifer Flowers, Hilary Clinton, Mena, Arkansas, Senate Whitewater Committee, Alfonso D'Amato, Manuel Noriega, Guillermo Endara, Frank Castro, John Hull, Felix Rodriquez, George Morales, Maurice Bushop, Grenada, Archbishop Romero, Faribundo Marti, El Salvador, Roberto D'Aubuisson, ARENA Party, El Chorillo, Panama, Duvalier, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Haiti, Iraqgate, Saddam Hussein, April Glaspie, Shah, OPEC, Kuwait, Sabah family, Ramsey Clark, James Baker, Gulf War, Globalwarming, Acid rain, Greenhouse effect, Christopher Columbus, Robber barons, McCarthyism, ===== from: http://www.thegrid.net/clear/cia.htm <A HREF="http://www.thegrid.net/clear/cia.htm">Art of Deception: CIA Imperialism</A> ----- Imperialism: CIA Style The Emergence of the CIA LSD, Treason, Sex and Psychics U.S. Support of Aggression, A Summary The CIA Drug Trafficking Connection Works Cited Home ------------------------------------------------------------------------ The Emergence of the CIA God and the politicians willing, the United States can declare peace upon the world, and win it. -Ely Culpertson, 1946 The Central Intelligence Agency evolved out of the ashes of World War II. In 1947, the National Security Council was created and this executive agency immediately created the CIA. Almost from the beginning the CIA engaged not only in intelligence gathering, but also in covert operations which involved rigging elections, manipulating labor unions, carrying out paramilitary operations, overthrowing governments, and assassinating foreign officials. In just a few years the CIA grew from a few dozen personnel to hundreds by the early 1950s. Within six years of its inception, it succeeded in overthrowing the democratically president of Guatemala and a year later the popularly elected prime minister of Iran. President Dwight Eisenhower relied heavily on the CIA and its covert activities as carried out by Director Allen Dulles. If a nationalistic country did not cooperate with the United States, frequently the CIA emerged as a destabilization and assassination group. Its clandestine operations assumed a variety of forms: •The outright murder of political leaders -- the Congo's Lumumba and Salvador Allende of Chile were just two heads of state who were eliminated. •The 13 documented attempts to assassinate Fidel Castro, one of which occurred on the day John F. Kennedy was killed. •Direct conspiracies with terrorists and military forces to overthrow unfavorable countries such as the Congo, Indonesia, Chile, Greece, Guatemala, and Iran. •Funding of foreign politicians to overthrow democratically elected Goulart of Brazil in 1964; to elect Violetta Chamorro and her 15-party coalition and defeat the democratically elected Sandinista government in 1990. The CIA operates the largest news service in the world and has a budget larger than all the news agencies. The Senate Intelligence Committee discovered that the CIA owned "more than 200 wire services, and book publishing companies" and even subsidized more. It was revealed that more than 50 media outlets were run by the CIA both within and outside the United States. They involved 12 publishing companies, which marketed 1,200 books secretly written by the CIA. Some included books written in Russian, Chinese, and the languages of numerous Third World countries. Since the 1980s, the CIA has committed a number of crucial blunders: •It unsuccessfully failed to overthrow Castro at the Bay of Pigs in 1961. •It overestimated turmoil in Iran under Ayatollah Khomeini and helped to persuade the Reagan administration to sell arms to Iran in exchange for 52 hostages taken from the American embassy as well as other Americans who had been swept off the streets by the pro-Iranian Hezbollah. •While giving military intelligence and selling weapons to Iraq in its eight-year war with Iran, the CIA merely propped up a country which it invaded the following decade. •In 1982, the CIA reported that El Salvador's FMLN guerrillas were dependent on Sandinista weapons from neighboring Nicaragua. The only piece of evidence to substantiate this accusation was a Volkswagen, carrying arms, had crossed over into Honduras, which was the staging ground for the U.S. backed contras. •In 1984, the CIA ignored the fact that the Medellin cartel, operating out of Colombia, was involved with Mexico in drug trafficking. •In 1986, CIA Director Robert Gates stated that the Soviets were deploying an underground laser defense system, aimed at incoming missiles. Presumably, this piece of disinformation was to stir up more fear of the Soviet Union in order to funnel more revenue into the military-industrial complex. •In the late 1980s, the CIA failed to predict that the Angolan Marxist nation of Angola, under President Jose dos Santos, would negotiate with UNITA guerrillas, funded by the United States. •Throughout the 1980s, the CIA failed to report that the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) was involved in money laundering and drug trafficking in Latin America. •In the Persian Gulf War, General Norman Schwartzkopf stated that CIA intelligence reports were of little use to him. Even until the eve of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the CIA continued to upgrade the military and economic strength of the USSR. The law: it must be honored; may we honor it. - Daniel Webster, 1847 U.S. Army School of the Americas. The CIA has been well known for training Latin American leaders on American soil. In 1946, Escuela de las Americas, the School of the Americas, was set up by the Pentagon. A military base was first used in Panama, but in 1984 operations were moved to Fort Benning, Georgia. By this time the school came under the control of the CIA. This obscure Pentagon operation has trained Latin American officers in U.S. weaponry and tactics including that of carrying out assassinations. Other alumni of the School of the Americas include General Raoul Cedras, ousted from Haiti in 1994; General Hugo Banzer, dictator of Bolivia from 1971 to 1978; Manuel Noriega of Panama; and Colonel Roberto D'Aubuisson, dictator of El Salvador and a death squad leader who carried out the assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero of El Salvador in 1980. Still others are the soldiers who raped the American nuns in El Salvador in 1980; the 19 soldiers who killed six Jesuit priests in San Salvador in 1989; and 10 officers who were implicated in the mass killings of 900 peasants at El Mozote in 1981. The Pentagon spent $18.4 million on the School of the Americas in the 1995 fiscal year. In addition to Fort Benning, many Guatemalan officers are trained at the G-2 headquarters in the Guatemalan National Guard Palace. Since the 1960s, they have been trained by undercover CIA officers. This G-2/CIA operation has been corroborated by various Guatemalan officers, CIA officials, and former dictators of Guatemala. A former chief of staff, General Benedicto Lucas Garcia stated, "If the G-2 wants to kill you, they kill you. They send one of their trucks with a hit squad and that's it." Another former chief of staff, General Hector Morales, acknowledged that the CIA funds the G-2. Additionally, he said that the G-2 maintains files and "watches anyone who is an opponent of the Guatemalan state in any realm." Another G-2 officer maintained that it had a crematorium and "processed" abductees by chopping off limbs, singeing flesh, and administering electric shocks. When asked in 1994 how the country's death squads originated and their involvement with the CIA, General Oscar Humberto Mejia Victores, military dictator from 1983 to 1986, replied, "in the 1960s by the CIA." General Efrain Rios Montt, in power in 1982 and 1983 and the president of Congress in 1996, stated that the CIA had agents with the G-2. He ordered the massacre of thousands of civilians and 662 villages destroyed in this two period time frame. When asked if he was guilty, he answered, "Yes, try me! Put me against the wall." He continued by saying that he would be tried if Americans would also be tried -- and specifically President Reagan. In April 1997, the CIA declassified a training manual which was used at the School of Americas. Excerpts of the manual include: Apprehension. "The manner and timing of the arrest can contribute substantially to the 'questioner's' purpose and should be planned to achieve surprise and the maximum amount of mental discomfort. (A suspect) should therefore be arrested at a moment when he least expects it and when his mental and physical resistance is at its lowest. The ideal time to make an arrest is in the early hours of the morning. When arrested at this time, most subjects experience intense feelings of shock, insecurity, and psychological stress." Handling. "Subject is brought into the facility and handcuffed and should remain so during the entire processing. Any time the subject is moved for any reason, he should be blindfolded and handcuffed. Subject should be required to comply immediately and precisely with all instructions. Subject is completely stripped and told to take a shower. Blindfold remains in place while showering and a guard watches throughout. Subject is given a thorough medical examination, including all body cavities. Total isolation should be maintained after the first questioning session." Cells. "Cells should be nine feet long and six feet wide. Cell doors should be heavy steel. The slamming of a cell door impresses upon the subject that he is cut off from the rest of the world. Window should be set high in the wall, with the capability of blocking out light. Bedding should be minimal - cot and blanket. The idea is to prevent the subject from relaxing. The subject should have to ask to relieve himself; then he should either be given a bucket or escorted by a guard to a latrine." Threats. "The threat of coercion usually weakens or destroys resistance more effectively than coercion itself. A threat should be delivered coldly. When a threat is used, it should always be implied that the subject himself is to blame by using such words as, 'You leave me with no other choice but to . . . ' If a subject refuses to comply once the threat is given, it must be carried out." Coercion. "While we do not stress the use of coercive techniques, we do want to make you aware of them and the proper way to use them. These techniques should be reserved for those subjects that have been trained or have developed the ability to resist noncoercive techniques." Misleading the American public. When Mikhail Gorbachev assumed power in 1985, CIA senior analysts almost immediately stated that his efforts for peace were genuine. In fact, the CIA believed that his projected reforms, perestroika, would require the Soviet Union to trim back considerably its military expenditures, since considerable emphasis would have to be placed in consumer industries. Yet a year later in an April 1986 memo, the CIA sought to mislead the American public by characterizing the Soviet Union as a rapidly growing military machine. This CIA report was well received by the Reagan, giving him more leverage to continue to fund the American war machine, including his pet $40 billion project of star wars. The CIA exaggerated forecast of the number of strategic nuclear warheads which the Soviet Union was planning on deploying in the following ten years. It was predicted that the Soviets would build a staggering 20,000 warheads by 1995. This was virtually impossible, since it would have required the increase in Soviet expenditures on strategic forces of 11 percent to 13 percent every year for a decade. Ultimately the Soviet Union never deployed even 12,000 warheads, and the START treaty signed in 1991 actually required the Soviets to reduce the number of nuclear warheads to 3,500. By 1988, the CIA reported that perestroika was failing and that the Soviet Union was reverting to the old order. Then in the summer of 1991, CIA analysts stated that a coup was unlikely because the conservative element had waited too long, losing the support of the KGB. In the 1990s, Central America was not a primary area of concern for the CIA, particularly since the White House insured that the Sandinistas would lose the 1990 election. However, CIA activity did not totally cease in the Western Hemisphere. According to the State Department, under the Bush and Clinton administrations, the United States made 114 separate sales of weapons to Guatemala. Frederick Brugger was the CIA chief in Guatemala at this time, and Alpirez was one of his contacts. Officials confirmed that Alpirez was paid $1,000 a month and a total of $44,000, after allegations that he was involved in the murders. In 1993, John Devine was CIA chief for Latin America. After all these charges of brutalities in Guatemala, he received a promotion in the summer of 1995 and was named CIA chief in London by CIA chief John Deutch. Return to Section Header Return to Table of Contents ------------------------------------------------------------------------ LSD, Sex and Psychics LSD. In 1942, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) began top secret research to develop a speech-inducing drug for use in intelligence interrogations. They felt that a drug would be useful for screening their own agents in order to identify German sympathizers and double-agents. Their "Truth Drug" (TD) was an extremely high concentration of marijuana, and through a process of esterification they obtained a highly concentrated liquid. This product had no color, odor, or taste. TD could be injected into any type of food such as mashed potatoes, butter, salad dressing, and candy. But if a suspect of the government had a huge appetite, too much TD could knock the person out and render him useless for interrogation. Another scheme relied on using tissue paper saturated with TD. The OSS reported: "TD appears to relax all inhibitions and to deaden the areas of the brain which governs the individual's discretion and caution. It accentuates the senses and makes manifest any strong characteristics of the individual." The OSS tested TD on themselves, their associates, and American military personnel. The results were mixed. In some circumstances the subject felt a driving necessity to discuss topics and not to withhold any information which he may normally try to hide. On other occasions subjects had "toxic reactions," becoming irritable, threatening, acting as two different individuals. The use of TD had many effects which went from one extreme to another. Since TD was too unpredictable, the OSS continued to search for more reliable truth serums. After World War II, the OSS evolved into the CIA. This new agency now continued where the OSS had left off in the search for a new truth serum. They did experiments with mescaline, the extract of peyote cactus which produced hallucinations. Animals and humans were used in experiments in the early 1950s, but this did not yield an effective truth serum. Thus, this experiment was terminated in 1953. Yet the Navy's Technical Mission became interested in mescaline after gathering information about the Nazis after World War II was over. The Navy learned that it was used by Nazis at the Dachau concentration camp. The Navy obtained Nazi reports that "it was impossible to impose one's will on another person as in hypnosis even when the strongest dose of mescaline had been given." Yet the SS had stated that they were able to obtain answers "even the most intimate secrets from the subject when questions where cleverly put." After abandoning TD, the CIA looked to other ways to interrogate subjects. The first was narco- hypnosis in which the CIA injected a sedative and then attempted to induce a trance state of mind. The second was to inject a heavy dose of barbiturates to knock out the subject, then inject an amphetamine at which time the subject would regain partial consciousness in a "twilight zone" where one would be interrogated. An intravenous hookup was inserted in both arms. One consisted of uppers; the other had downers. So a mere flick of the finger by the interrogator could regulate the subject's state of mind and could keep him or her between a state of consciousness and unconsciousness. However, neither of these processes proved acceptable. It was at this time that the CIA turned to LSD-25, a derivative of lysergic acid. LSD was a hallucinogen which they knew almost nothing about. They looked at the first published study of LSD which was presented to the Swiss Archives of Neurology in 1947. The CIA also knew that in 1951 hundreds of respectable citizens in a small French village went completely berserk one evening and jumped out of their windows into the Rhone River. Others ran through the streets claiming that they were being chased by lions and tigers. The CIA learned that only .01 percent of LSD which entered the brain would remain there for 20 minutes. The CIA's first test was on 12 subjects of "not too high mentality." At the outset the CIA psychiatrist told them that "a new drug was being tested and promised that nothing serious or dangerous would happen to them." They were injected with 150 micrograms of LSD and were then the subject of a mock interrogation. Finally in the early 1950s, the CIA put all its efforts into one project. The codeword was Bluebird which was a "behavior-modification" program and was jointly undertaken by the Pentagon. This was a direct continuation of Nazi programs which had been conducted at Dachau concentration camp. The CIA continued with the use of human guinea pigs at the Pentagon's chemical warfare base in Edgewood, Maryland. Several Nazi scientists were used under Operation Paperclip which was set up to bring several Nazi scientists into the United States military. In April 1953, CIA director Allen Dulles authorized Operation MK-ULTRA (the 'MK' for 'mind kontrol'), a super secret program run by a relatively small unit within the CIA known as the Technical Services Staff (TSS). This quickly grew into a gigantic program under the direction of Dr. Sidney Gottlieb. In November 1953, a group of agents met at a Maryland hunting lodge. On the second day an agent spiked cocktails with LSD which caused various behaviors from agents going berserk to one dropping into a deep depression. For weeks one agent, Dr. Frank Oilstone, barely slept nights, fearing that his coffee was being drugged by other agents. Later he and another CIA agent assigned to watch him checked into New York's Statler Hilton Hotel. In the early morning hours, Oilstone plunged through a closed window to his death 10 floors below. The CIA did not reveal the details to his widow until 20 years later. In 1953, Bluebird was changed to Operation Artichoke. While at Edgewood, several American soldiers were given doses of LSD against their will. In 1958, James Stanley volunteered to test chemical warfare protection gear and unknowingly was given LSD in a glass of water. In 1978, he sued the government, and nine years later the Supreme Court ruled against him, claiming that "soldiers rights are secondary to the national interest." In 1961, another American soldier, James Thornhill, was arrested by the Army while stationed in France. After being accused of stealing sensitive government documents, he was given LSD. Subsequently, he developed epilepsy and in 1981 was awarded $625,000 in damages. Then in 1984, he drowned in a swimming pool after suffering a seizure. In another instance a military officer, unknown to him, was given LSD after he had been instructed not to reveal "a significant military secret." When questioned "he gave all the details of the secret." Yet when the LSD wore off, he remembered nothing of what he had said. The results were astounding to the CIA -- almost too good to be true. One CIA official stated: "We had thought at first this was the secret that was going to unlock the universe." However, this elation did not last long, as the CIA began to run into problems. After more CIA tests were conducted, the agency noted that subjects experienced high anxiety and their people's minds became distorted. There were unexplainable mood swings -- from total panic to total silence. They became confused about where they were and what time it was, as well as visualizing different body images. When LSD did not seem to work, more milligrams were injected. One CIA agent realized that he probably was given a dose of LSD in his coffee. A fellow agent stated, "He sort of knew he had it, but he couldn't pull himself together. Somehow you know that you've taken it; you start the process of maintaining your composure. But this grabbed him before he was aware, and it got away from him." This agent ran out of his office into the streets of Washington, D.C. Much later this agent stated: "Every automobile that came by was a terrible monster with fantastic eyes, out to get him personally. Every time a car passed by, he would huddle down, terribly frightened." Another CIA agent, George White, had operated a school for training spies during World War II. In the 1950s, he was assigned to MK-ULTRA in San Francisco where he initiated Operation Midnight Climax. Drug-addicted prostitutes were assigned to pick up men from bars and take them to a CIA-financed brothel. The men were then given drinks laced with LSD, as White watched them from behind a two-way mirror. As payment for their services, White paid the hookers $100 a night and guaranteed them that they would not be arrested. The purpose was to study the art of lovemaking for espionage purposes. When they went on dangerous assignments, secret CIA agents were equipped with micropellets of LSD. If they were ever caught and interrogated, they could pop a tablet of LSD and babble nonsense. First the CIA thought LSD was a truth serum; then a lie serum; and then they did not know what to think. The CIA thought that the Soviets and the Chinese might use it as an intelligence weapon, so its agents began administering LSD to its new recruits to see its effects. In 1953, the CIA's Medical Office even recommended that LSD "should be broadened to include all components of the agency." Some CIA agents used LSD on repeated occasions. In the 1960s, Cuba's Fidel Castro was targeted by the CIA. Agents sought ways sneak LSD into his food. They also tried to dust his shoes with thallium salts which would eventually make his beard fall out and this would embarrass him. The CIA thought that he would lose his charisma and his control over the Cuban people. The CIA carried out 12 other documented assassination attempts against Castro. While continuing with LSD experiments, the CIA went ahead with more research. They looked for drugs which would act as memory erasers, knockout drops, and headache clusters, as well as drugs which would cause cancer, strokes, and heart attacks. They searched for chemicals which would make a sober person drunk and a drunk person sober. CIA documents indicate that LSD was used as an interrogation drug on an operational basis through the 1960s. Treason. In November 1995, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence revealed that CIA officials passed more than 35 reports on to top United States policy-makers without disclosing that this information came from Soviet double agents. Between 1986 and 1994 the CIA distributed 95 reports from double agents but failed to disclose the credibility and reliability of these agents. In the mid-1980s, the Soviet Union began employing double agents against the CIA. The more experienced KGB continuously used approximately half a dozen agents in and around the Moscow embassy. The CIA believed that they were loyal to them, while the KGB informants were milking them classified information. It was not until the early 1990s the CIA realized its blunder. It was only the result of a careless mistake when a Soviet agent mistakenly placed information from another agent in a "dead drop" area in Moscow. In 1995, the largest caper was revealed. Long after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it was revealed that Aldrich Ames had operated as a double agent. He had worked for the Soviets and the Russians from 1985 to 1994, providing them with information which easily could have guided Soviet and Russian policymakers for nearly a decade. In this time period, he gave them a stack of classified documents which reached 15 to 20 feet high. According to a senior CIA official, "Ames gave them (the Soviets) 10 of our people in 1985, and they killed them, click, click, click, one after another. We were out of business in Moscow. There was an orgy of bloodshed, and we didn't know why." As a result, mild admonishments have been handed down. Seven current or former CIA officials have been reprimanded, and three station chiefs have been cited for their failure to maintain firm control of their bureaucrats. Ames was always paid in cash by the Soviets. He used cash to pay for an expensive automobile and made an unusually high downpayment on an expensive Virginia home. Yet, for years all of this went undetected by the CIA, despite the fact that his CIA salary was less than $80,000 annually. Since 1994, at least four American allies -- France, Germany, Italy, and India -- have terminated clandestine CIA operations on their soil. First, CIA capers moved to France in the mid-1990s. Richard Holm had been a CIA paramilitary officer in the Congo in 1965 and then moved on to Hong Kong in the 1970s and 1980s. Subsequently he became the CIA station chief in Paris in 1993 and soon botched an operation spying on French trade strategy. The operation was exposed by the French government in January 1995, and there was little shock since the two governments had been spying on one another for years. Holm ran a number of operations against the French, attempting to steal military, aerospace, and economic secrets. However, one American spy worried Holm. She failed to tell her superiors about a love affair which she had with a foreigner. She told her boyfriend about her double life and tried to employ him as a double spy. Some CIA officials wanted her fired, but they feared a sexual discrimination lawsuit. The CIA merely warned her and told her never to return to Paris. In spite of this, she did return to Paris and Holm again used her as a spy. She infiltrated the French government and recruited a source who was close to Prime Minister Edouard Balladur and his inner circle. Holm then briefed the American ambassador, Pamela Harriman, who feared adverse repercussions by the French government against the United States. However, National Security Council adviser Anthony Lake wanted this unnamed spy to continue, even though the French had been aware since 1992 of her mission as well as to three other operations. The French were feeding false information to her and other CIA spies. Then in January 1995 the French government set the trap. Interior minister Charles Pasqua leaked the story and informed Harriman that five CIA officials including Holm were being expelled. As a result CIA Inspector General Richard Hitz sent an investigative team to Paris, at which time the New York Times leaked a story of this debacle which would normally have remained classified. Second, Germany, which had been the hub of American intelligence activities since the origins of the Cold War, was a country which was used extensively by the CIA. Many activities were "undeclared," and kept secret from the German government. After the Berlin Wall came down, the CIA still kept secret from the German government the fact that it still had covert spy bases in that country. The CIA never notified the German government of Iranian agents in Frankfurt, even though the Iran operation employed as many as 24 CIA personnel in the Nazi-era headquarters of the I.G. Farben arms corporation. In addition, former East German officials told of their knowledge of CIA agents in the former country of East Germany, and this also was not passed on to the unified German government. Third, Italy's relationship with the CIA turned sour in the summer of 1996. Two CIA agents were forced to leave Rome when it was disclosed that one of the agents was running a recruitment operation without notifying the Italian government. One CIA agent blamed "egregious tradecraft errors" for the fiasco. Fourth, in India, the CIA deputy station chief was arrested after attempting to recruit the chief of India's counterintelligence service. The CIA stated that its agent made a "tradecraft" mistake by reaching too high into the Indian government and doing it too rapidly. The agent was transferred to another country. Sex and Psychics. While the CIA was having difficulty distinguishing its agents and double agents, it sought an esoteric medium in an effort to meet its objectives. In November 1994 it was revealed that the CIA spent $20 million over 20 years consulting psychics in an effort to obtain pertinent information. In 1993, psychics were asked to help with the location of tunnels dug by the North Vietnamese in the demilitarized zone. Psychics were employed to learn the location of various "criminal organizations," and the whereabouts of spies. The CIA also dealt with internal problems, whether it be the code of silence, the good old boys club network, and of course sexual harassment. In 1994, it was revealed that Frederick Hitz, assigned to Jamaica and an independent watchdog for President Bush during Iran-contra in the late 1980s, furnished the station chief in Jamaica with false information. Janine Brookner was the Jamaican senior official at this time. Additionally, she charged that she Hitz and other agents for making sexual advancements. In 1994, she sued for sexual discrimination. Attorney General Janet Reno quickly settled the case and awarded her $410,000. ----- Aloha, He'Ping, Om, Shalom, Salaam. Em Hotep, Peace Be, Omnia Bona Bonis, All My Relations. Adieu, Adios, Aloha. Amen. Roads End Kris DECLARATION & DISCLAIMER ========== CTRL is a discussion and informational exchange list. 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