No one is mentioning multiple processors on a single die and cache that is
bigger than most systems of that times complete RAM.
Clock speed was dealt with clever register reassignment, pipelining and
prediction.
Dwight
I'm not claiming it was the first personal computer but is was my first
personal computer. It was within a year or two of just about any other first
personal computer.
It was a Poly88 with ROM based tiny basic. I had a keyboard, I think I got from
Mike Quin's as well as a Singer typing terminal
From: ben via cctalk
Sent: Monday, April 22, 2024 12:43 PM
To: cctalk@classiccmp.org
Subject: [cctalk] Re: Z80 vs other microprocessors of the time.
On 2024-04-22 1:02 p.m., Chuck Guzis via cctalk wrote:
> I'd like to see a Z80 implemented with UV-201 vacuum
I'm in San Jose, Calif. I have a cheap clock that I picked up at a garage sale.
It being a cheap clock, uses a ferite rod, so is quite directional. Also, I
need to place it in a window as well. It seems to pick up the signal at least
once a day, most likely after dark.
Mine blinks the antenna
?id=com.aol.mobile.aolapp>
On Wed, Nov 22, 2023 at 8:34 PM, dwight via cctalk
wrote:
The Intlec 4 was no more or less a computer than the Altiar or IMSAI was. It
didn't typically have as much RAM but one could write and run code on it.
As for the F14 processor. For the purpose used, it was
The Intlec 4 was no more or less a computer than the Altiar or IMSAI was. It
didn't typically have as much RAM but one could write and run code on it.
As for the F14 processor. For the purpose used, it was likely a DSP. More
intended to do matrix multiplication using adds and shifts. This would
There is little surviving software for the 4004. There are a few places with
snippets of code to do things like add or subtract several digits but my
searches of the internet have shown little actual code. The NBS has some code
to track satellites and correct for time delays from their clocks (
I have an older one and it seems like, I recall, openboot has a name for the
nvram. possible caMel or similar.
Dwight
From: erik--- via cctalk
Sent: Sunday, September 24, 2023 1:35 PM
To: cctalk@classiccmp.org
Cc: e...@baigar.de
Subject: [cctalk] Re:
I like OSHPark. They are not the cheapest but they also would drill tightly
spaced feed thru's that I could pass wire wrap wire through ( uninsulated ). I,
also, didn't need to create Gerber files for drilling ( always a possible
source of errors from a past place I worked at ).
I used KiCad.
My first computer was a Poly-88. I had no monitor and no keyboard.
I read and understood the instructions about finding a TV that used a
transformer power supply. Many newer TV's of that day were not using a
transformer for the main supply. I went to several secondhand stores and found
one that
I do understand the warranty sticker. Say we have the average computer buyer.
He has a screw driver and mostly knows how to use it. He also went to Radio
Shack ( long gone ) and bought a cheap soldering iron. He is now fully
equipped to repair what ever is wrong with his box. ( obviously not
My Poly-88 should be working but I've not played with it for a few years. The
last time I had it up and doing something was at the last MakerFaire .
What Is your issue?
Dwight
From: Steve Lewis via cctalk
Sent: Thursday, August 3, 2023 10:19 PM
To: General
Hi Bill
I don't have one handy but you need to state how your SIO card is configured.
The one I have, has a number of jumper options. I think we'd need to know the
options for which bits are used for which.
Dwight
From: Bill Degnan via cctalk
Sent: Sunday,
It is unlikely that a 6 bits in a byte will fail, caused by a RAM, since each
RAM chip is only one bit, not a byte.
It is more likely that one of the ROM chips is being doubly decoded. Since
these are decoded as 1 K blocks, it is likely a problem with the address block
decoder, the 74LS145.
I'm assuming that the 286/20 is a series II type with monitor built in?
If so, it has a single density floppy controller built into the IOC board.
You didn't post any pictures so I can't tell if there is a controller set
there. Until I left Intel,
all the disk controllers were a two board set.
I took typing in summer school before high school freshman. After 2 weeks I was
at 20 WPM. At the end of the semester, I was at 20 WPM.
I have since resorted to index and thumb on both hands.
Dwight
From: Rick Bensene via cctalk
Sent: Friday, January 27, 2023
If all you want is a mass storage, you can do what I did for my NC4000 computer.
I took a controller board from an XT and a ST506 drive( only 5 Megs but how am
I going to create
that much myself.
It is better than a floppy controller since it buffers a sector. The computer
can run as slow or
Disk compression gone wrong.
I had a number of files from a hard drive to save to floppies. Even compressed
it took 3 floppies.
Al was fine until one night, I was carrying the box of these and other floppies.
As I got out of the car, I dropped several disc and before I could stop, my
foot came
When punching holes in the envelope I've always had a piece of thin cardboard
between the back of the punch and the disk. I've never had a problem this way.
I damaged a disk once with the punch and the lesson was learned.
You just cut the cardboard to slip conveniently in the center hole,
Maybe it is on a size reduction.
Dwight
From: geneb via cctalk
Sent: Saturday, August 20, 2022 7:47 AM
To: Liam Proven via cctalk
Cc: geneb
Subject: [cctalk] Re: "Revival" of a dedicated Micropolis webpage on internet
On Wed, 17 Aug 2022, Liam Proven via
I'm relatively sure PL/M was written by Gary Kildall.
I believe it was originally used on minis ( not sure which one ) but was later
ported to the 8080 under ISIS. One might notice the similarities of ISIS to
CP/M.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of Chuck Guzis
What ever you do, don't use a Fairchild part. When I worked for Intel in the
80's, we finally band using Fairchild for any latching device. They failed on
pullup current, even when the parts were sent back and they claimed they were
good. We just gave up on them, we couldn't hold production
It may have a processor inside. if it is the one I think it is, it uses 2900
ALUs.
If you can send a picture I may be able to tell.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of dancohoe--- via
cctalk
Sent: Thursday, May 12, 2022 1:45 PM
To: 'dwight via cctalk'
Subject
list of projects.
Dwight
From: Paul Koning
Sent: Thursday, May 12, 2022 10:15 AM
To: dwight ; cctalk@classiccmp.org
Subject: Re: Recent purchase of NIC-80 computer.
> On May 12, 2022, at 1:03 PM, dwight via cctalk wrote:
>
> Hi All
> There was a Nico
Hi All
There was a Nicolet computer purchased recently on ebay:
https://www.ebay.com/bfl/viewbids/363826255294?item=363826255294=nc&_trksid=p2047675.l2565
Looking at the buyers history, it looks like it was purchased by a collector.
Bob Rosenbloom and I are wondering if anyone know who might have
Yep. I didn't know it was now made by someone else. Also look at McMaster-Carr.
You might get a better price.
Dwight
From: Ali
Sent: Saturday, April 30, 2022 3:23 PM
To: 'dwight' ; 'General Discussion: On-Topic and Off-Topic
Posts'
Subject: RE: cleaning up
Once the corrosion is removed I recommend using DC-4 on the connections. It
will protect the surfaces and keep great electrical connections. It is a
silicon grease that is non-conductive but keeps the surface clean and improves
metal to metal electrical contact. It doesn't allow oxides to build
Sometimes the IC has been installed with the pins under tension. This is
typical of machine inserted ICs. When the solder is loose, bend the pin away
from the side it is pressed against. Do this carefully, don't over bend. You
want it to center in the hole. I recommend doing this with a
s attached, simply because I have no interest in investigating the
machinations of criminal elements on the net.
paul
> On Apr 14, 2022, at 1:47 PM, dwight via cctalk wrote:
>
> I've been getting a bunch of "release of lien waiver"
> messages lately.
> I've not be
I've been getting a bunch of "release of lien waiver"
messages lately.
I've not been opening the click bate. I'm just wondering if anyone else is
getting them.
I don't know what nasty is attached as I don't have a secure system to look at
it.
Dwight
Years ago when I was at Intel, they would take EPROMs that had only a few
defects and attempt to program them with specific applications. They would then
usually paint the window black and put on that particular product number. When
we needed EPROMs in the lab, we would take a pile of these
It is true that the glass blocks most of the UVC from florescent lamps. The key
word here is "most". It is not a 100% block.
When looking at aged data in EPROMs one should error on the side of caution.
As an example, I have a pole lamp that I use a standard florescent bulb, with
the typical
From: cctalk on behalf of Paul Berger via
cctalk
Sent: Monday, March 21, 2022 5:19 PM
To: dwight via cctalk
Subject: Re: ID UV erasable PROMS used on an IBM PC board?
They won't be 2732 as the EPROM in the picture has 28 pins, but 2732 is
a 24 pin package 2764, 27128, 27256
The dies look to have consistent wire bonding. That would mean they are one of
the standard EPROMs made by Intel, just preprogrammed by Intel before shipping.
The numbers wouldn't be intel numbers they would be IBMs inventory numbers. My
guess is that they are 2732s. You might use a microscope
I hope you are not thinking it would test an Intel 4004 or a 8008? That would
be a stretch. For the 4004, there is only a narrow range of frequencies it runs
under. I'm not that familiar with the 8008 but suspect it has similar
restrictions. Both use dynamic registers. Both use PMOS voltage
see
what alternate values did to the execution of the code. It was over 3K of code.
Quite a bit for a 4004. It was intended to be loaded into 13 1702A Eproms.
There were over 30 points in the code that needed to be resolved.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of dwig
It is unlikely that no current day OCR will produce an error free listing.
It is possible to train an AI to do this but it requires specific training. It
must be on the specific machine code and on the same format. Any generic OCR
will have many errors if the text is hard to read.
The final
If it was fully functional, maybe about 48000/20.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of Chris Zach via cctalk
Sent: Sunday, November 28, 2021 11:31 AM
To: Stan Sieler ; General Discussion: On-Topic and
Off-Topic Posts ; Stan Sieler via cctalk
Subject: Re:
Wasn't it Jim that had the house overlooking the Pacific ocean that was off
Skyline Blvd?
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of Chuck Guzis via
cctalk
Sent: Thursday, November 25, 2021 12:42 PM
To: Fred Cisin via cctalk
Subject: Re: Jim Warren has passed away
On
The rarest 4004s are the grey trace with a black dot, instead of the gold dot
for pin one.
I have two grey trace but with gold dot. I believe these are older than the
grey trace with black dot.
Although, as originally sold, the 4004 was a Harvard architecture, it could be
made to be, easily,
I have had an interest in the 4004 for a number of years. I've acquired a
SIM4-01 that I've used over the years to read and program 1702A EPROMs. I've
recently also located a copy of Tom Pittman's resident 4004 assembler. Quite
remarkable when you realize that that it was a complete two pass
The trickiest protection I've seen is where there is a hole punched through the
disk on one track. The idea is that the protected program writes to that track
and expects to see a failure to read that track.
Dwight
as specified.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of dwight via cctalk
Sent: Sunday, October 31, 2021 6:53 AM
To: General Discussion: On-Topic and Off-Topic Posts
Subject: Re: Mystery 1702A(?) EPROM Programmer
I also agree, it looks like the MP7-03 with some I/O
I also agree, it looks like the MP7-03 with some I/O buffering. My guess is
that the connector on the back is similar to the interface to the SIM4-01.
There would be address, data and a strobe to do the programming.
The way it works on the SIN4 setup is that the programmer supplies the timing
Oops, I didn't see Dave's post yet.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of dwight via cctalk
Sent: Wednesday, October 13, 2021 4:30 PM
To: General Discussion: On-Topic and Off-Topic Posts
Subject: Re: WTB/WTT: Intel MDS-800
If you only need a single drive
If you only need a single drive and it is single density floppies, you don't
need a MSD-800 and a MSD-720 to run the ICE-85. You can use what we call a
Series II. It came with a small number of multibus slot. As I recall, we used
to run ICE-80s and ICE-85 on a Series II. We may have had the
Most of these older fused PROMs are of comparable speed in newer EPROMs or
E2PROMs. Open collector is a hassle but not too much. One can create the needed
circuits using surface mount parts for size reduction.
A hassle but not out of the question. You usually have to go to a larger ROM
size so
Of course, Busicom was the first programed microprocessor driven calculator, it
wasn't the first calculator using calculator ICs. That is what Busicom was
trying to compete with, when going to Intel in the first place.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of Fred
DSP processors, like the 2100 series of Analog Devices, one single instruction
that would take value from one array and multiply it by a value from another
array and then add it to another array, while incrementing the indexes.
I'd say that was CISC like.
Dwight
I wonder what would be needed to connect a C64 module. I have an 800 but no
C64. I have a Forth module for the C64 that I'd like to fiddle with.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of Kevin Lee via cctalk
Sent: Wednesday, August 11, 2021 12:51 PM
To: General
It will be at the CHM. The museum is still closed but VCF will be happening. To
be consistent with current Santa Clara covid conditions, bring your mask.
see: https://vcfed.org/wp/festivals/vintage-computer-festival-west/
I hope to see you all there.
Dwight
Vintage Computer Festival West 2021 –
Recompiling Forth was always such a trivial process, there was no reason to not
recompile itself using itself. It was also a good check of the output. One
could compare the output and check any differences to ensure that they were
intended. One could run it twice again as a check as well.
It
How you'd do such in Forth depends on the threading method. You have Indirect
threaded, direct threaded and call threaded. As you move to the right, they are
faster and easier to add optimization but harder to deal with some of the
higher level operations like Create Does> ( older Forth would
Hi Chris
I had a Brother daisy wheel that would do a single step of the stepper and a
second strike, for bold. You need to have the right esc sequence. Just about
every printer is different until HP had a standard( pscl5 as I recall ).
Dwight
From: cctalk on
We used to use DC #4.
As an example, I had a ZX81. I added a RAM pack and had to be real careful
about wiggling or moving the AX81. I put DC #4 on the pins. One could drop the
computer with the RAM attached and it wouldn't lose a bit.
I don't like deox as it has chemical actions that continue
The rivets are likely more of a safety thing than an issue warrantee repair
thing. The inside of a Apple II is intended to have user access. The switching
supply has 300 to 400V DC inside. Definitely a potential lethal hazard.
I hate those filter caps. I had one go at the last Maker Faire ( no
I recall we had a motor generator and fluid cooling for the 3033 we had. We
also had 2 smaller ones as well ( forget the numbers ). They all ran 360 code..
It is astounding how far things have come from that time.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of Brent Hilpert
Be careful with the cassette tapes. Many of the pressure pads have gone bad.
Playing them can cause the tapes to get folds that will make the tape data
difficult to extract. Most tapes can be opened up and the pressure pads
repaired.
Dwight
From: cctalk on
I think it really depends on what reader he is putting it on. If it is a
standard newer 8 bit reader, the ASR33 punched tape is fine.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of Steve Malikoff via
cctalk
Sent: Friday, March 26, 2021 2:15 PM
To: General Discussion:
I'm curious as to how the sampling code looks. Do you use the timers?
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of Mattis Lind via
cctalk
Sent: Wednesday, February 3, 2021 5:01 AM
To: Al Kossow ; General Discussion: On-Topic and Off-Topic
Posts
Subject: Re: Greaseweazle
, February 1, 2021 7:59 AM
To: General Discussion: On-Topic and Off-Topic Posts
Subject: Re: APL\360
On Sat, 30 Jan 2021 at 02:56, dwight via cctalk wrote:
> I constantly see people claiming how much better decimal is than the English
> system of meassurment.
Um. I am a native English speaker, a
If we'd thought about it we could count to 1023 on our fingers.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of Chuck Guzis via
cctalk
Sent: Friday, January 29, 2021 6:19 PM
To: dwight via cctalk
Subject: Re: APL\360
On 1/29/21 5:55 PM, dwight via cctalk wrote:
>
My problem with words such as DAA is that I constantly have to look them up to
see exactly what they actually do. Finding alternate uses it all about knowing
what they actually do. I know what they were put there for ( to keep banker
happy ).
I constantly see people claiming how much better
I believe Jack Rubin has taken pictures of his repair. He frequents this
message board.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of dwight via cctalk
Sent: Sunday, January 24, 2021 5:16 PM
To: Chris Hanson ; General Discussion: On-Topic and
Off-Topic Posts
Subject: Re
24, 2021 3:13 PM
To: dwight ; General Discussion: On-Topic and Off-Topic
Posts
Cc: Fred Cisin
Subject: Re: personal history of personal computers
On Jan 4, 2021, at 1:31 PM, dwight via cctalk wrote:
>
> There was a little known 68K machine. It was the Canon Cat. Although, it was
>
there is a sing rail that guide the head. At the back of the rail is a small
nylon tab that holds it in place. The way they mad it, it is over stressed and
will have failed. This means the rail is not held down securely. Eventually the
rail will pop up, not being held down securely any more.
There was a little known 68K machine. It was the Canon Cat. Although, it was
generally not intended as a development machine, in its short life, several
applications were developed.
It was primarily sold as a word processor ( quite powerful one at that ). It
had Forth running under the word
Is there a terminator on both ends. If not it is a static 15 ma.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of Eric Smith via cctalk
Sent: Monday, November 30, 2020 2:52 AM
To: General Discussion: On-Topic and Off-Topic Posts
Subject: Radio Shack 8MB hard disk for Model II
I've not had issues just soldering the wires on. I'll admit I do use leaded
solder.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of Fred Cisin via cctalk
Sent: Wednesday, November 11, 2020 1:02 PM
To: General Discussion: On-Topic and Off-Topic Posts
Subject: Re: Soldering
I have one of the NC4016 boards ( I forget which one ). I added a XT floppy
controller and a XT MFM disk controller. I made some other hardware for doing
byte stuff faster. Using address -1, I could access it faster as a short
literal. I had a 8 bit barrel shifter there. It came in handy for
That is way smaller than the AGS.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of Gavin Scott via
cctalk
Sent: Friday, October 16, 2020 6:04 AM
To: rice43 ; General Discussion: On-Topic and Off-Topic
Posts
Subject: Re: Control Data 449 Special Miniature Computer from 1967?
From: cctalk on behalf of Bill Gunshannon via
cctalk
Sent: Monday, October 12, 2020 1:54 PM
To: cctalk@classiccmp.org
Subject: Re: Tutor needed for college student
On 10/12/20 4:29 PM, dwight via cctalk wrote:
> I'm not too sure Hackers will have someone that is into Discrete M
I'm not too sure Hackers will have someone that is into Discrete Math. It is
way beyond what a typical engineer will go through to get a degree. It is not a
course someone would take without expecting to get into theoretical mathematics.
Dwight
From: cctalk on
Most components can stand soldering temperatures. It is clear that it was only
hot enough to melt plastics. That isn't even hot enough to damage boards. It is
wasn't powered at the same time, it is unlikely to have been harmed. I've seen
cases where there were flames in the board area and parts
I suspect much of the electronics is fine. It would be good for someone wanting
backup cards. The front panel is really sad.
I wonder where Dale found them?
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of jim stephens via
cctalk
Sent: Sunday, October 11, 2020 5:52 PM
To:
Look at the Shugart 800 manual. It shows a similar adjustment for the pad. The
head may still touch the disk though when the pad is lifted on the 800. Maybe
not a good idea but how it was done. Do make sure the pad is clean and flat.
Dwight
From: cctalk on
I'm sorry Paul, I didn't know you were talking about the carry circuit or I'd
have replied. I don't recall where I saw the circuit described but with relay
contacts, the carry was basically as fast as the sum was created. It was kind
of a parallel operation. It didn't require different relay
It is going to need a lot of contact cleaning.
The one thing I like is the carry design the Zuse used. Really fast for relays
but not of much use for solid state.
Dwight
From: cctech on behalf of osi.superboard via
cctech
Sent: Thursday, October 1, 2020 6:07
This is great work, Rich. It is like looking at dinosaur bones and trying to
figure what it was eating.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of Richard Cini via
cctalk
Sent: Sunday, September 27, 2020 7:07 AM
To: Discussion: On-Topic Posts Only
Subject:
One of the small floppy drive power supplies would be good. Too bad Halted is
not still active.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of Al Kossow via cctalk
Sent: Wednesday, September 16, 2020 5:59 AM
To: cctalk@classiccmp.org
Subject: Re: ISO Advantech Labtool-148C
Sounds fun. I was not able to get anything useful out of my one 1702 that is
causing difficulties. I believe is was a copy of a bad image. I should try the
other one that has a blank section on 25%. It might be an addressing problem
but who knows. I can't think of an open address pin that would
Hi Al
Many programmers use the +5V to switching boost for programming voltage because
the needed level has a low current load for the programming level. The
additional wire might be for a negative level, such as RS-232 or DRAM. These
are still things that can be traced out with and ohm meter
It may be low voltage AC and ground or it may be +5V and a high voltage for
programming and a return ground. You might look inside to see what the wires
lead to. Most all warts don't provide regulated voltage levels but some do. If
it provided regulated levels, there would be a direct
I had troubles with a fellow in England using my email address to mail spam. I
traced down his IP address and the company that was being used. I sent mail to
him a couple times and asked him to stop using my address. I then sent copies
of the junk he was sending to his provider and within a
How much current is ir suppose to carry? I'd just replace it with a piece of
wire wrap wire if it is less than an amp.
Of course, I assume you've fixed what ever failed to cause it to blow.
Gold wire is expensive.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of John Foust via
They should be carefully unrolled while wet. It will be almost impossible to
unroll them dry.
The same goes for the magnetic tape.
Dwight
From: Guy Dunphy
Sent: Thursday, July 30, 2020 12:15 AM
To: dwight ; General Discussion: On-Topic Posts
Subject: Re: paper
If the origin is unknown, just keep them as binary. My Nicolet is 20 bit with
binary data having the MSB 0 and the third 8 bits only 6 bits of data. It is
not something that makes sense to change the format.
It is only worth looking for obvious ASCII or such.
Dwight
There is almost enough to split to two days. The original schedule showed 2
days so it is just the single packed day?
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of Michael Brutman via
cctalk
Sent: Sunday, July 26, 2020 5:52 PM
To: General Discussion: On-Topic and Off-Topic
I would think to be a mainframe, it has to have a I/O processor. That is about
all I can think of.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of Grant Taylor via
cctalk
Sent: Thursday, July 23, 2020 4:06 PM
To: cctalk@classiccmp.org
Subject: Re: Adventures online
On
Text tapes for my Nicolet always set bit 8. The binary is mixed. Some text the
extra bit is used for parity checking. It varies It is good to read everything.
you can always post process whatever you get. You can't process what you don't
read.
Dwight
From:
I don't use a windows machine for either serial of parallel. I use a machine
that can boot to DOS directly, not a dos window in windows.
I use my own programs written in Forth to transfer them to files. Some need
other things like headers and such.
I put the files on a 3.5 floppy and then use a
one
could figure out the BASIC commands. It is easier than working out an encrypted
message with fore knowledge of BASIC.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of dwight via cctalk
Sent: Wednesday, July 15, 2020 4:00 PM
To: Zane Healy ; General Discussion: On-Topic and
figure out the BASIC commands. It is easier than working out an encrypted
message with fore knowledge of BASIC.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of dwight via cctalk
Sent: Wednesday, July 15, 2020 4:00 PM
To: Zane Healy ; General Discussion: On-Topic and
Off-T
Subject: Re: Dilithium Press (Computer Books)
On Jul 15, 2020, at 11:23 AM, dwight via cctalk
mailto:cctalk@classiccmp.org>> wrote:
I ran "Hunt the Wumpus" on my Poly88. I don't recall if it was part of their
games collection or I typed it in form some book.
Dwight
The “Hunt
I ran "Hunt the Wumpus" on my Poly88. I don't recall if it was part of their
games collection or I typed it in form some book.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of Henk Gooijen via
cctalk
Sent: Tuesday, July 14, 2020 11:26 PM
To: General Discussion: On-Topic and
I'm curious as to where the term P-code came from and what defined it.
Dwight
From: cctalk on behalf of Antonio Carlini via
cctalk
Sent: Tuesday, July 14, 2020 2:42 AM
To: cct...@classiccmp.org
Subject: Re: Small C ver 1.00 source?
On 14/07/2020 01:14, Grant
For the various flow control works, Forth generally teaches you to not spread
flow control across multiple pages. Unless you are really trying to reach for
every last clock cycle, it makes sense to factor even assembly code. It makes
understanding the code easier and allows one to think about
Overloading is always a problem in Forth. It is so easy to do that one
sometimes loses the context. I was writing an assembler for my 4004 project. I
wanted to overload words like IF THEN for cleaner to read assembly so I didn't
have a lot of branch labels. I like indenting to show beginning
Hi Stan
It sounds a little like the way most good Forth programmers deal with
problems. Forth is all about semantics. Every thing is a word. The complexity
of the program is left to the low level stuff. When the program is done, it
isn't a program written in Forth, it is a program written in
I'd measure the temperature sensor. It is most likely a typical thermistor but
may be an RTD. Most RTD's are 100 ohm but there are some platinum on ceramic
that are 1K ohms. Check it both directions with an ohm meter. It might be a
solid state semiconductor type device. If a resistive device,
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