I'm working on a similar issue right now.  Upgrading from 11.10 to 12.04
LTS, something got interrupted, and I ended up with a broken upgraded
system.

I'm going to list *everything* I had to do to have it documented all in
one place.  Please feel free to move it if appropriate, although one of
the above suggestions was the final step:

1.  Within GRUB, selected the most recent kernel (some users might have to try 
an older kernel) in Recovery Mode.
2.  At the Recovery Mode menu, selected Drop to Root Shell Prompt.
3.  Mounted the file system as read/write.  I had already checked it for errors.

# mount -n -o remount,rw /

4.  Got network access:

# ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.123 netmask 255.255.255.0 up          // 
192.168.0.123 is my (private) IP address
# route add default gw 192.168.1.254 eth0

5.  Ran dpkg to fix broken packages:

# dpkg --configure -a

6.  That *still* was not enough.  After rebooting for the nth time, I
got Unity with *no* Nautilus bar, no panel, nothing but background and
my Desktop icons.  I tried one of the suggestions on this page.

# apt-get unity-greeter

7.  Oops, I got a message to run apt-get with the -f option.  And that
led me to also run

# apt-get --configure -a

8.  I don't know which of (6) or (7) solved the final problem, or if it was a 
combination of both, since I tried them in short order.  I'm familiar enough 
with apt-get and other tools above to be comfortable using them when, where, 
and how suggested, but I am far from an expert.  This is the result of a number 
of searches to get over hurdles.  Sources that were particularly helpful:
http://janvandevoort.wordpress.com/2011/12/25/a-couple-of-tips-on-how-to-recover-from-a-failed-ubuntu-upgrade-2/
 
http://askubuntu.com/questions/126884/failed-12-04-install-cannot-boot

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/847037

Title:
  Unity in 11.10 does not start correctly

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