Ben,
I'd point you to Les Valiant's book Circuits of the Mind
for a serious attempt to answer precisely such questions.
It's been years since I read it, and my recollection is
hazy, so I won't attempt much of a summary. The book
posits units of several (hundred?) neurons called neuroids
that act as finite state machines with various properties,
and then gives algorithms by which the whole system could be programmed
to learn, for example, concepts of exactly the type you ask.
Thanks, I will check it out...
Ben
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