mbak klo tolong lagi bisa gak ? dialih bahasakan dalam
bahasa yang biasa digunakan di BA hari senin-jum'at
(klo sabtu bahasanya suka caur ....)
trus anak mbak berobat ke dokter mana ? sembuhkah ?
anakku dah ke sp kulit awalnya sembuh eh kumat lagi
yang aneh katanya alergi makanan tapi yg dipantang
dah gak dikonsumsi eh nongol lagi tuh penyakit ....kesian
liatnya ....
ma kasih banyak
salam,
mamanyaDiniandDinta
"melisa" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
04/24/2006 01:40 PM
Please respond to
balita-anda@balita-anda.com
To
<balita-anda@balita-anda.com>
cc
Subject
Re: [balita-anda] Informasi mengenai Eksim
Pak David,
Yang bapak maksudkan adalah Ezcema ya? AKA Dermatitis Atopis?
Ada sedikit artikel tentang ini, saya kumpulkan sejak anak saya terkena
ezcema.
Melisa
===============================
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
November 3, 2003
Contact
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
Winter's Itch
The AAAAI offers advice on the symptoms and treatments of eczema
MILWAUKEE- The allergy season is usually associated with sneezing,
wheezing and runny noses. But did you know that allergies can cause an
itchy
rash? Atopic dermatitis, or eczema, is a common allergic reaction that can
affect your skin.
About 9 percent of the U.S. population is affected by atopic
dermatitis, and the prevalence appears to be increasing, according to the
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI).
Eczema is most common in children, but can also occur later in life
for people who have a history of asthma or allergic rhinitis. Signs of
eczema can be:
a.. Very dry skin
b.. "Oozing" skin
c.. Skin looks like a red, itchy, scaly rash
The severity of the rash will depend on how bad your allergy is.
"Prevention is the main treatment for this allergic skin condition.
By
avoiding your trigger, you can avoid the uncomfortable rash all together,"
said Donald W. Russell, MD, FAAAAI, chair of the AAAAI Urticaria and
Angioedema Committee. "Keeping your skin lubricated with lotions and
creams,
especially during dry seasons, such as winter, will help to lock the
moisture in your skin and protect against future rashes."
Common triggers are:
a.. Overheating or sweating
b.. Contact with irritants such as
- wool
- pets
- soaps
- food
Sometimes avoiding your trigger is not always possible, especially
if
you do not know what it is. If you do have a reaction, try not to scratch
or
rub the rash. You can apply cold compresses and lubricate the dry skin
with
a cream or an ointment.
"Since eczema is most common in children, parents should be
especially
aware of the triggers that cause a child's rash," Russell said. Food is
one
of the main culprits for children, so make sure you discuss with your
allergist/immunologist that possibility if you see these symptoms. Eczema
can make children irritable and cranky, so finding the trigger as soon as
possible will be beneficial to the whole family.
An allergist/immunologist can help you determine what your triggers
are if you don't know. There are three main signs physicians look for when
diagnosing eczema:
a.. Itchy skin
b.. Bubbly rash
c.. Previous allergy history
If one of these three things is missing, your skin condition may be
caused by something else.
Your physician can prescribe a wide variety of treatments as well as
over-the-counter medications. There are topical medications, such as
cortisone creams, ointments and lotions that can help ease your rash.
Although these are the most common way to cure the rash, oral medications
such as antihistamines or oral corticosteroids will aid in relieving the
itch. In worst case scenarios, where the itching has led to an infection,
antibiotics will be prescribed.
Whenever you have an unusual rash, make sure you contact your
allergist/immunologist. By taking a full history and running a few tests,
your physician can help determine what is the cause of the rash - whether
it
is allergies, an irritant or some other trigger.
To find an allergist/immunologist in your area or to learn more
about
allergies and asthma, call the AAAAI Physician Referral and Information
Line
at (800) 822-2762 or visit the AAAAI Web site at www.aaaai.org.
The AAAAI is the largest professional medical specialty organization
in the United States representing allergists, asthma specialists, clinical
immunologists, allied health professionals and others with a special
interest in the research and treatment of allergic disease.
Allergy/immunology specialists are pediatric or internal medicine
physicians
who have elected an additional two years of training to become specialized
in the treatment of asthma, allergy and immunologic disease. Established
in
1943, the AAAAI has more than 6,000 members in the United States, Canada
and
60 other countries. The AAAAI serves as an advocate to the public by
providing educational information through its Web site at www.aaaai.org.
=================================
Eczema and Dermatitis
Eczema is a general term used to describe a number of different skin
conditions. It usually appears as reddened skin that becomes moist and
oozing, occasionally resulting in small, fluid-filled bumps. When eczema
becomes chronic (persists for a long time), the skin tends to thicken, dry
out and become scaly with coarse lines. The two main types of eczema are
atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis.
Atopic dermatitis often occurs in infants and children who have allergies
or
a family history of allergy or eczema, although the problem is not
necessarily caused by an allergy. Atopic dermatitis usually develops in
three different phases. The first occurs between 2 and 6 months of age,
with
itching, redness, and the appearance of small bumps on the cheeks,
forehead
or scalp. This rash may then spread to the arms or trunk. In many cases,
the
rash disappears or improves by 2 or 3 years of age.
The second phase of this skin problem occurs most often between the ages
of
4 and 10 years, and is characterized by circular, slightly raised, itchy
and
scaly eruptions on the face or trunk. These are less oozy and more scaly
than the first phase of atopic dermatitis, and the skin tends to appear
somewhat thickened. The most frequent locations for this rash are in the
bends of the elbows, behind the knees, and on the backs of the wrists and
ankles. This type of eczema is very itchy, and the skin generally tends to
be very dry. The third phase, characterized by areas of itching skin and a
dry, scaly appearance, begins at about age 12 and occasionally continues
on
into early adulthood.
Although there is no cure for atopic dermatitis, it generally can be
controlled and often will go away after several months or years. The most
effective treatment is to prevent the skin? becoming dry and itchy. To do
this:
a.. Avoid frequent long, hot baths, which tend to dry the skin
b.. Use skin moisturizers (e.g., creams or ointments) regularly and
frequently to decrease the dryness and itchiness
c.. Avoid harsh or irritating clothing (wool or coarse-weave material)
d.. If there is oozing or exceptional itching, use tepid (lukewarm)
compresses on the area, followed by the application of prescribed
medications
Your pediatrician usually will suggest a medicated cream or ointment to
control inflammation and itching. These preparations often contain a form
of
cortisone and should be used only under the direction of your doctor. In
addition, other lotions or bath oils might be prescribed. It? important
to
continue to apply the medications for as long as your pediatrician
directs.
Stopping too soon will cause the condition to recur. In addition to the
skin
preparations, your child may need to take an antihistamine by mouth to
control the itching, and antibiotics if the skin becomes infected.
The other type of eczema, contact dermatitis, is caused by contact with an
irritating substance. One form of this condition results from repeated
contact with irritating substances such as citrus juices, bubble baths,
strong soaps, certain foods and medicines, and woolen or rough-weave
fabrics. In addition, one of the most common irritants is the child? own
saliva. Contact dermatitis doesn? itch as much as atopic dermatitis and
usually will clear when the irritant is no longer present.
Contact dermatitis can develop after skin contact with substances to which
the child is allergic. The most common of these are:
a.. Certain flavorings or additives to toothpastes and mouthwashes
(these
cause a rash around the mouth)
b.. Glues and dyes used in the manufacture of shoes (they produce a
reaction on the tops of the toes and feet)
c.. Dyes used in clothing (these cause rashes in areas where the
clothing
rubs or where there is increased perspiration)
d.. Nickel jewelry or snaps on jeans or pants
e.. Plants, especially poison ivy, poison oak and poison sumac
f.. Medications such as neomycin ointment
This rash usually appears within several hours after contact (one to three
days with poison ivy). It is somewhat itchy and may even have small
blisters.
The treatment of allergic contact dermatitis is similar to the treatment
of
eczema, although your pediatric dermatologist or allergist also will want
to
find the cause of the rash by taking a careful history or by conducting a
series of patch tests. These tests are done by placing a small patch of a
common irritant (allergen) against your child? skin. If the skin reacts
with redness and itching, that substance should be avoided.
If your child appears to have a rash that looks like eczema, your
pediatrician will need to examine it to make the correct diagnosis and
prescribe the proper treatment. In some cases, the pediatrician may
arrange
for a pediatric dermatologist to examine your child.
Alert your pediatrician if any of the following occurs:
a.. Your child? rash is severe and is not responding to home treatment
b.. There is any evidence of fever or infection (such as blisters,
redness, yellow crusts, pain or oozing of fluid)
c.. The rash spreads or another rash develops
http://www.aap.org/pubed/ZZZO4AUVQ7C.htm?&sub_cat=25.
=============================================
Eczema / Atopic Dermatitis Background
The worldwide prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children ranges from
2-30%.i. This wide variability is partly due to differences (and lack of
consensus) in diagnostic criteria.
One US study has reported the atopic dermatitis prevalence as 7-17% among
school-aged childrenii, while European data suggests an adult point
prevalence of 1-3%iii. Studies show that the persistence of atopic
dermatitis is significant, so that adult lifetime prevalence is most
likely
much higher than the point prevalence data suggestsiv.
Criteria to identify individuals with atopic dermatitis have been
developed
for clinical investigations and population-based studies. Based upon these
criteria, validated screening tools with acceptable sensitivity and
specificity (>80%) have successfully identified individuals with atopic
dermatitis in the UK and USv,vi. Regrettably, these cumbersome screening
tools were not designed to identify patients at risk for dermatological
complications following vaccinia vaccination. The Israeli Defense force
reported 1991-1996 improved screening strategies eliminated the occurrence
of eczema vaccinatum from a rate of 0.15 in 10,000 in 1991-1995 to zero in
1996vii. Unfortunately, the methodology used to improve the
dermatological
screening strategies in the Israeli experience is unclear.
A recent unpublished vaccine safety study revealed that 30-40% of patients
with a validated diagnosis of atopic dermatitis and/or eczema failed to
self
identifyvii, which suggests a screening tool that relies solely on self
reported data would miss a significant portion of at-risk individuals. The
ability to reduce adverse events through improved screening strategies in
conjunction with the unreliable self-reporting of contraindications
ix,xxv,xvi, emphasizes the need for a simple yet accurate screening tool
which can identify individuals who should avoid smallpox vaccination.
Definitions:
Eczema
. This is a general term, generally synonymous with dermatitis, that is
used
loosely to define any red, scaly, itchy rash. This term does not
discriminate between contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, atopic
dermatitis, irritant dermatitis, nummular dermatitis, and a variety of
other
eczemas or dermatitides. The term "eczema" (Greek for "to effervesce" or
"boil over") is very old, and was devised before our modern understanding
of
the distinct immunological and histopathological basis of different
rashes.
Often, at first evaluation, rashes can be difficult to precisely
categorize,
and in many instances, it is appropriate to denote red, itchy, scaly
lesions
as an "eczematous dermatitis". In the pediatric population, atopic
dermatitis is the most common form of eczema, and as such is routinely
referred to synonymously as "eczema," "infantile eczema," or "childhood
eczema". In certain settings, such as the current smallpox vaccination
effort, it is crucial to distinguish precisely the type of eczema. Decades
ago, when smallpox vaccinations were administered routinely, it was known
that active "eczema" or a past history of "eczema" was a risk factor for
adverse vaccine events (particularly eczema vaccinatum). Today, we can
link
the vaccination?s risks more precisely to atopic dermatitis, by virtue of
the immunological abnormalities associated with this disorder. Because
rates
of atopic dermatitis have increased significantly over the last 3 decades,
it now becomes important to define precisely which types of eczema are
true
risk factors, and which are not. Indiscriminate exclusion of all forms of
eczema might eliminate half of the population from receiving the smallpox
vaccine, which would, in turn, hamper efforts to protect the population
from
smallpox bioterrorism.
Atopic Dermatitis
This is a specific term, describing a particular rash that is often red,
scaly, and itchy. While there is no one objective marker for atopic
dermatitis, we have a much more sophisticated understanding of this
disease
today than we did decades ago. It is now possible to define atopic
dermatitis in terms of a constellation of findings. The most significant
developments in understanding of atopic dermatitis lie in elucidating its
immunology, and it is these immunologic aberrations that likely make these
individuals vulnerable to severe side effects from vaccination.
Nevertheless, as a practical screening tool, the natural history and
clinical patterns of the rash are most pertinent to the screening efforts,
and will be discussed herewith.
Atopic dermatitis is most common among children, with a prevalence of
10-20%
in pre-adolescents. The disease begins in infancy with most, with 50%
affected by age 1 year, and 80% by age 5. Atopic dermatitis is
characterized
by episodes of exacerbation and remission. Exacerbating factors are
numerous
and include: anxiety, changes in temperature or humidity, irritants
(perfumes, detergents, solvents), wool or other "scratchy" materials,
perspiration, allergens (ingested, inhaled, contacted), and infections
(particularly S. aureus). Atopics have hyperirritable skin, with the key
symptom being pruritus (itchy skin). Scratching the skin leads to the
clinical appearance of the skin. The skin findings in atopic dermatitis
are
usually distributed symmetrically, and often change location as the child
gets older. Perhaps due to poorly developed motor skills involved in
scratching, infants usually present with rash on the face, scalp, neck and
extensor surfaces (rubbing affected parts against sheets/blankets).
Toddlers
and young children usually present with rash on the flexural surfaces of
the
arms and legs. In adults, atopic dermatitis is often localized to the
hands
(a subset of "hand dermatitis"), eyelids, or nipplesv. Acute skin changes
are characterized by erythema, mild to moderate scale, small papules or
vesicles, and excoriation marks. Secondary infection can cause further
erythema and induce vesiculation, usually with yellow crusting. Chronic
skin
findings include lichenification (thickening of the skin with accentuation
of skin lines and often hyperpigmentation) and excoriation marks. Atopic
individuals often have concurrent dry skin, asthma, or environmental or
food
allergies. Most people with atopic dermatitis outgrow their disease with
adulthood. Those who do not may have persistent rashes often just in
selected body sites, such as the hands or eyelids. Even though the rash of
atopic dermatitis may have resolved, the immunologic abnormalities that
caused the disease seem to persist into adulthood and thereby the risk for
adverse reactions to the smallpox vaccine continues.
Screening Tool
The following are highly suspicious of a diagnosis of atopic dermatitis:
A recurring itchy red rash that lasts more than 2 weeks, plus:
Rash involves the flexures OR
Two of the following:
Rash started before age 5
Personal history of allergies (food or environmental) or asthma
First degree relative with atopic dermatitis
Those with a current or past history of atopic dermatitis are excluded
from
vaccination with vaccinia.
References:
http://www.aad.org/professionals/educationcme/bioterrorism/EczemaAtopicDerma
titis.htm
----- Original Message -----
From: "David Michael Gerungan" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
To: <balita-anda@balita-anda.com>
Sent: Monday, April 24, 2006 1:37 PM
Subject: [balita-anda] Informasi mengenai Eksim
Dear rekan-rekan BA,
Mohon informasi dari rekan-rekan mengenai
penyebab dan penanganan penyakit eksim pada anak balita.
Terima kasih sebelumnya atas perhatiannya.
David M. Gerungan
================
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