Mbak Jihane,
ini saya dapat dari www.cdc.gov, ttg. imunisasi influenza. Sepertinya
kalo kita tidak termasuk kelompok yg. high-risk spt. tertulis di bawah
ini, imunisasi ini tidak merupakan sesuatu yang praktis dilakukan,
karena harus diulang setiap tahun, dan juga karena jenis virusnya yang
banyak sekali, mungkin masih bisa saja 'kecolongan'...
OK, semoga berguna,
Salam,
Rien.
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Influenza Disease and Complications: Questions and Answers
1. What is influenza?
Influenza, commonly called "the flu," is a viral illness caused by the
influenza virus. The virus is passed from person to person.
Influenza can lead to illnesses which are more severe than those caused
by other respiratory viruses, such as viruses that cause the common
cold. Typical symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, fatigue,
muscle aches, headaches, runny nose, and watery eyes.
2. When does influenza occur?
In the US, seasonal epidemics of influenza occur almost every year,
usually during the winter months.
3. Who is affected by influenza each year?
An estimated 10% - 20% of the population is affected by influenza each
year. On average, approximately 20,000 Americans die of influenza and
over 130,000 are hospitalized. Ninety percent of the deaths from
influenza-related complications occur in persons aged 65 years and
older.
4. How severe is illness from influenza?
For most healthy, young persons, influenza illness resolves in a few
days without any complications. However, in some persons, especially
those aged 65 years and older and persons with certain chronic medical
conditions, complications from influenza illness can occur such as
pneumonia, hospitalization, and even death. An estimated > 20,000
influenza-associated deaths occurred during each of 11 different U.S.
epidemics from 1972-95; and, > 40,000 influenza-associated deaths
occurred during each of six of these 11 epidemics.
Estimated rates of influenza-associated hospitalizations vary
substantially in studies of different influenza epidemics occurring from
1972 through 1981:
Persons aged > 65 years (all of whom are considered to be in a
high-risk group) - hospitalizations have ranged from approximately 200
to >1,000 per 100,000 population.
Persons 45-64 years of age - hospitalizations have ranged from
approximately 80 to 400 per 100,00 population for those with high-risk
medical conditions and from approximately 20 to 40 per 100,000 for those
without high-risk conditions.
Persons aged 15- 44 years - hospitalizations have ranged from
approximately 40 to >60 per 100,000 population for those with high-risk
conditions and from approximately 20 to 30 per 100,000 population for
those without high-risk conditions.
Children aged 5-14 years - hospitalizations have ranged from
approximately 200 per 100,000 population for those with high-risk
conditions to 20 per 100,000 population for those without high-risk
conditions.
Children aged 0- 4 years - hospitalizations have ranged from
approximately 500 per 100,000 population for those with high-risk
conditions and 100 per 100,000 population for those without high-risk
conditions.
5. What can be done to prevent influenza?
The best way to prevent influenza is to get an annual "flu shot."
Because influenza viruses change frequently, and because the protection
from the vaccine decreases with time, people who need to be protected
against influenza should take influenza vaccine every year. In addition,
the anti-viral drugs, amantadine and rimantadine, can be used in certain
situations to prevent and treat influenza type A but not type B
infections.
6. Who should get vaccinated against influenza?
Any persons who want to avoid the flu may receive the vaccine. Influenza
vaccine is particularly recommended for persons 65 years and older and
persons with chronic health problems that place them at increased risk
of influenza-related complications, such as pneumonia, hospitalization,
and death. Influenza vaccine is also recommended for care givers of high
risk persons and persons who live with high-risk persons, because they
may spread influenza virus to high-risk persons.
Groups at increased risk for influenza complications are: persons > 65
years of age; residents of nursing homes and other chronic-care
facilities; adults and children with chronic disorders of the pulmonary
or cardiovascular systems, including children with asthma; adult and
children with chronic metabolic diseases (i.e., diabetes mellitus),
renal dysfunction, or immunosuppression; children and teenagers (aged 6
months to 18 years) who are receiving long-term aspirin therapy and
therefore might be at risk for developing Reye syndrome after influenza;
and women who will be in the second or third trimester of pregnancy
during
influenza season.
Although it is most important for high-risk people and their health care
providers and household contacts to be vaccinated against influenza,
anyone who wants to avoid getting influenza can get a "flu shot". Your
health provider can assist you in learning about the benefits and
potential side effects related to the vaccine.
7. How is the influenza vaccine made?
The vaccine is made from viruses grown in eggs and then inactivated
(killed). Each year the influenza vaccine includes three different
strains of influenza viruses that are believed most likely to circulate
in the United States during the influenza season (November to April).
The 1998-99 vaccine includes the following strains: A/Beijing /262/95
(H1N1), A/Sydney/5/97 (H3N2), and B/Harbin/07/94.
8. When is the best time to get the influenza vaccine?
Influenza vaccine should ideally be given between September and
mid-November. The optimal time for organized influenza vaccination
programs for persons in high-risk groups is between October and
mid-November. However, vaccine should be offered up to and even after
influenza virus activity is documented in a community.
9. How effective is influenza vaccine?
When there is a good match between vaccine and circulating influenza
strains, influenza vaccine is approximately 70% to 90% effective in
preventing influenza among healthy people less than 65 years of age.
Among older persons, influenza vaccine is less effective in preventing
influenza illness, but significantly reduces the likelihood of
developing complications of influenza, such as pneumonia,
hospitalization, and death. When there is a poor match in viral strains,
protection from the vaccine is much lower.
10. Can influenza vaccine cause "the flu?"
No. Influenza vaccine is made from killed viruses and cannot cause
influenza.
11. Is the influenza vaccine safe?
Yes. The influenza vaccine is extremely safe for use in all age groups.
The most frequent side effect of vaccination is soreness at the
vaccination site, which may last up to two days. Fever, fatigue, and
muscle soreness can also occur.
Immediate allergic reactions, such as hives, angioedema(swelling),
allergic asthma (difficult breathing), and anaphylaxis(life threatening
allergic reaction), rarely occur after influenza vaccination. Persons
who have developed hives, have had swelling of the lips or tongue, or
have experienced difficulty breathing or collapse after eating eggs
should consult a physician to determine if they should receive the
influenza vaccine.
Guillain-Barré syndrome has been rarely associated with influenza
vaccine, most clearly with the 1976 swine flu vaccine. A recent study
also suggest an association with the 1992- 93 and 1993-94 influenza
vaccines. It is difficult to detect any increase in risk for a rare
condition such as GBS in other years. If GBS is a true rare side effect
of influenza vaccine, the estimated risk of severe health effects is
substantially less than that for persons who suffer complications as a
result of severe influenza.
12. Of the different brands of influenza vaccine available, are there
any considered to be safer than the others?
The Food and Drug Administration tests and licenses all vaccines.
Vaccines must first prove to be safe and effective before they are
licensed for public use. There is no information to suggest a difference
in influenza vaccine safety among vaccines sold in the US by different
manufacturers.
13. Is the influenza vaccine safe for pregnant women?
Yes. Many experts consider influenza vaccination safe during any stage
of pregnancy. There is no evidence to suggest that influenza vaccine is
harmful to the fetus (unborn baby). Studies of influenza vaccination of
more than 2,000 pregnant women have demonstrated no adverse effects on
their unborn babies related to influenza vaccine. However, because
spontaneous abortion is common in the first trimester (months 1-3) most
persons avoid unnecessary exposures to medications during this time.
Some experts prefer to recommend influenza vaccination during the second
trimester (months 4-6) to avoid coincidental association of the vaccine
with early pregnancy loss. Vaccination is recommended for women who will
be beyond the first trimester of pregnancy (14 weeks' gestation) during
the influenza season. Pregnant women who have medical conditions that
increase their risk for complications from influenza should be
vaccinated before the influenza season - regardless of the stage of
pregnancy.
For additional information, please call the National Immunization
Information Hotline:
1-800-232-2522 (English)
1-800-232-0233 (Spanish)
For additional online information, please visit the following sites:
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/flu/fluvirus.htm
---
Jihane Soleha Muhammad wrote:
>
> rekan-rekan sekalian....saya ingin tahu tentang imunisasi influenza,
> adakah
> diantara rekan sekalian yang babynya di-imunisasi influenza, atau
> mungkin
> tahu tempat dimana saya bisa mendapatkannya untuk anak saya...thanks
>
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