The Baha'i Studies Listserv I forgot to summarize the lists of virtues. Plato's list Sophrosyne (Temperance) Phronesis (Temperance) Andreia (Courage or Fortitude) Dikaiosyne (Justice) Hosiotes (Piety)
Christian list Castitas (Chastity) Temperantia (Temperance) Caritas (Charity) Industria (Diligence) Patientia (Patience) Humanitas (Kindness) Humilitas (Humility) Valor Generosity Liberlity Ancient Egyptian Maat list Truth Balance Order Law Morality Justice Hindu list Altruism Restraint Moderation Honesty Cleanliness Protection Reverence Universality Peace Non-violence Ahimsa (Non-violence) Satya (Truth) Asteya (Non-theft) Brahmacharcya (Chastity) Kshama (Patience) Drtithi (Steadfastness) Daya (Compassion) Arjava (Honesty) Mitahara (Temperance / Moderation) Shaucha (Purity) Aparigraha (Non-appropriation) Hri (Remorse) Santosha (Contentment) Dana (Generousity) Astikya (Faith) Ishvarapujana (Worship) Siddhantashravana (Listening / Study) Mati (Cognition) Vrata (Vows) Japa (Recitation) Tapas (Endurance) Svadhyaya (Self study) Ishvarapranidhana (Surrender) Buddhist list Maitri (Amity, Benevolence, Friendliness, Friendship, Good will, Interest, Kindness, Loving kindness) Karuna (Compassion) Mudita (Altruism, Joyfulness, Sympathy) Upeksha (Equanimity) Dana (Alms, Generosity) Sila (Discipline, Ethics, Morality, Precept, Virtue) Kshanti (Forbearance, Forgiveness, Patience) Viriya (Diligence, Effort, Energy, Enthusiasm, Perseverance, Vigor) Dhyana (Meditation) Prajna (Cognition, Discernment, Insight, Understanding, Wisdom) Upaya (Expedience, Pedagogy, Skill) Pranidhana (Vow) Bala (Power, Spirituality, Strength) Jnana (Knowledge) Sraddha (Faith) Smriti (Awareness, Mindfulness) Samadhi (Concentration) Chanda (Will) Citta (Consciousness) Vimamsa (Discernment) (sometimes considered a form of Prajna) Dharmavicaya (Investigation) (sometimes considered a form of Prajna) Priti (Joyfulness, Rapture) Prasrabhi (Tranquility) Drishti (Outlook, Perspective, Understanding,View) (sometimes considered a form of Prajna) Samkalpa (Aspiration, Conception, Intention, Resolve, Thought) Vac (Speech) Karmanta (Action, Conduct) Ajiva (Livelihood) Vyayama (Diligence, Effort, Endeavor) (sometimes considered a form of Viriya) Vimukti (Liberation, Release) Chinese list Ren (Humanity) Xiao (Filial Piety) Li (Propiety) De (Virtue) Chinese Martialism list Qian Xu (Humility) Zhong Cheng (Loyalty) Zun Jing (Respect) Zhang Yi (Rectitude, Righteousness) Xin Yong (Trust) Yong Gan (Courage, Fortitude) Ren Nai (Endurance) Heng Xin (Patience) Yi Li (Preserverance) Yi Zhi (Will) Japanese Bushido list Gi (Rectitude, Righteousness) Yuu (Courage, Fortitude) Jin (Benevolence) Rei (Respect) Sei (Honesty) Yo (Honor) Chuuu (Loyalty) Ko (Filial piety) Chi (Wisdom) Tei (Care, especially for the aged/elderly) ________________________________ From: Stephen Gray <skg_z...@yahoo.com> To: Baha'i Studies <bahai-st@list.jccc.edu> Sent: Wednesday, February 13, 2013 2:31 PM Subject: Re: Virtue and Vice The Baha'i Studies Listserv Virtue ethics and consequentialism are two different and unrelated schools of normative ethics. Virtue ethicists would promote being virtuous regardless of consequences and deontologists with duty instead of virtue. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_of_morality http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative_ethics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_ethics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deontological_ethics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantian_ethics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_imperative http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractualism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_and_legal_rights http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_command_theory http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_absolutism Moral absolutism is an ethical view that certain actions are absolutely right or wrong, regardless of other circumstances such as their consequences or the intentions behind them. Thus stealing, for instance, might be considered to be always immoral, even if done to promote some other good (e.g., stealing food to feed a starving family), and even if it does in the end promote such a good. Moral absolutism stands in contrast to other categories of normative ethical theories such as consequentialism, which holds that the morality (in the wide sense) of an act depends on the consequences or the context of the act. Moral absolutism is not the same as moral universalism (also called moral objectivism). Universalism holds merely that what is right or wrong is independent of custom or opinion (as opposed to moral relativism), but not necessarily that what is right or wrong is independent of context or consequences (as in absolutism). Moral universalism is compatible with moral absolutism, but also positions such as consequentialism. Louis Pojman gives the following definitions to distinguish the two positions of moral absolutism and universalism:[1] “ * Moral absolutism: There is at least one principle that ought never to be violated. * Moral objectivism: There is a fact of the matter as to whether any given action is morally permissible or impermissible: a fact of the matter that does not depend solely on social custom or individual acceptance. ” Ethical theories which place strong emphasis on rights and duty, such as the deontological ethics of Immanuel Kant, are often forms of moral absolutism, as are many religious moral codes. Whether a motive is virtuous or vicious, whether an act is dutiful or not dutiful, whether an act is right or wrong has nothing to do with consequence. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty Sen, your arguments are based on an absurd reductio. Lifeboat scenarios and other extreme hypothetical situations are bad ways of testing ethical theories. ________________________________ From: Sen McGlinn <senmcgl...@gmail.com> To: Baha'i Studies <bahai-st@list.jccc.edu> Sent: Wednesday, February 13, 2013 1:45 PM Subject: Re: Virtue and Vice The Baha'i Studies Listserv On Wed, Feb 13, 2013 at 2:16 PM, Stephen Kent Gray <skg_z...@yahoo.com> wrote: .... What does it mean to be ... too courageous? .... too prudent? Courage without wisdom & prudence would lead to bad outcomes, although courage is a virtue. ....too merciful? too compassionate? too equanimous? > Equanimity in the face of the abuse of the defenceless would be comfortable, but not virtuous. Compassion and mercy that allow the abuse of the helpless, or that fail to correct and train someone who is going astray and could be corrected, do not lead to good outcomes, although compassion and mercy in themselves are virtues. Without justice and wisdom, individual virtues do not necessarily promote the good society, or happiness for those around us. Sen __________________________________________________ You are subscribed to Baha'i Studies as: mailto:arch...@mail-archive.com Unsubscribe: send a blank email to mailto:leave-688223-27401.54f46e81b66496c9909bcdc2f7987...@list.jccc.edu Subscribe: send subscribe bahai-st in the message body to ly...@list.jccc.edu Or subscribe: http://list.jccc.edu:8080/read/all_forums/subscribe?name=bahai-st Baha'i Studies is available through the following: Mail - mailto:bahai-st@list.jccc.edu Web - http://list.jccc.edu:8080/read/?forum=bahai-st News (on-campus only) - news://list.jccc.edu/bahai-st Old Public - http://www.mail-archive.com/bahai-st@list.jccc.net New Public - http://www.mail-archive.com/bahai-st@list.jccc.edu
