Hi Aman, For `-verbose:class`, it's a JVM argument instead of a program argument; so when you run a java program like `java Main`, you should call it as `java -verbose:class Main`. When done correctly, you should see hidden class outputs like: [0.032s][info][class,load] java.lang.invoke.LambdaForm$MH/0x00000200cc000400 source: __JVM_LookupDefineClass__ The loading of java.lang.invoke hidden classes requires your program to use MethodHandle features, like a lambda.
I think the problem you are exploring, that to avoid dynamic class loading and effectively turn Java Platform closed for security, is also being accomplished by project Leyden (as I've shared initially); Thus, I am forwarding this to leyden-dev instead, so you can see what approach Leyden uses to accomplish the same goal as yours. Regards, Chen Liang On Fri, May 17, 2024 at 4:40 AM Aman Sharma <aman...@kth.se> wrote: > Hi Roger, > > > Do you have ideas on how to intercept them? My javaagent is not able to > nor a JVMTI agent passed using `agentpath` option. It also does not seem to > show up in logs when I pass `-verbose:class`. > > > Also, what do you think of renaming the proxy classes as suggested below? > > > Regards, > Aman Sharma > > PhD Student > KTH Royal Institute of Technology > School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) > Department of Theoretical Computer Science (TCS) > <http://www.kth.se> <https://www.kth.se/profile/amansha> > <https://www.kth.se/profile/amansha> > <https://www.kth.se/profile/amansha>https://algomaster99.github.io/ > ------------------------------ > *From:* core-libs-dev <core-libs-dev-r...@openjdk.org> on behalf of Roger > Riggs <roger.ri...@oracle.com> > *Sent:* Friday, May 17, 2024 4:57:46 AM > *To:* core-libs-dev@openjdk.org > *Subject:* Re: Deterministic naming of subclasses of > `java/lang/reflect/Proxy` > > Hi Aman, > > You may also run into hidden classes (JEP 371: Hidden Classes) that allow > classes to be defined, at runtime, without names. > It has been proposed to use them for generated proxies but that hasn't > been implemented yet. > There are benefits to having nameless classes, because they can't be > referenced by name, only as a capability, they can be better encapsulated. > > fyi, Roger Riggs > > > On 5/16/24 8:11 AM, Aman Sharma wrote: > > Hi, > > > Thanks for your response, Liang! > > > > I think you meant CVE-2021-42392 instead of 2022. > > > Sorry of the error. I indeed meant CVE-2021-42392 > <https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/cve-2021-42392>. > > > > Leyden mainly avoids this unstable generation by performing a training > run to collect classes loaded > > > Would love to know the details of Project Leyden and how they worked so > far to focus on this goal. In our case, the training run is the test suite. > > > > GeneratedConstructorAccessor is already retired by JEP 416 [2] in Java > 18 > > > I did see them not appearing in my allowlist when I ran my study subject > (Apache PDFBox) with Java 21. Thanks for letting me know about this JEP. I > see they are re-implemented with method handles. > > > > How are you checking the classes? > > > To detect runtime generated code, we have javaagent that is hooked > statically to the test suite execution. It gives us all classes that that > is loaded post the JVM and the javaagent are loaded. So we only check the > classes loaded for the purpose of running the application. This is also why > we did not choose -agentlib as it would give classes for the setting up JVM > and javaagent and we the user of our tool must the classes they load. > > > Next, we have a `ClassFileTransformer` hook in the agent where we produce > the checksum using the bytecode. And we compare the checksum with the one > existing in the allowlist. The checksum computation algorithm is same for > both steps. Let me describe how I compute the checksum. > > > > 1. I get the CONSTANT_Class_info > > <https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jvms/se11/html/jvms-4.html#jvms-4.4.1> > entry corresponding to `this_class` and rewrite the CONSTANT_Utf8_info > > <https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jvms/se11/html/jvms-4.html#jvms-4.4.7> > corresponding to a fix String constant, say "foo". > 2. Since, the name of the class is used to refer to its types members > (fields/method), I get all CONSTANT_Fieldref_info > > <https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jvms/se11/html/jvms-4.html#jvms-4.4.2> > and if its `class_index` corresponds to the old `this_class`, we rewrite > the UTF8 value of class_index to the same constant "foo". > 3. Next, since the naming of the fields, in Proxy classes, are also > suffixed by numbers, for example, `private static Method m4`, we rewrite > the UTF8 value of name in the CONSTANT_NameAndType_info > > <https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jvms/se11/html/jvms-4.html#jvms-4.4.6>. > > 4. These fields can also have a random order so we simply sort the > entire byte code using `Arrays.sort(byte[])` to eliminate any differences > due to ordering of fields/methods. > 5. Simply sorting the byte array still had minute differences. I could > not understand why they existed even though values in constant pool of the > bytecode in allowlist and at runtime were exactly the same after rewriting. > The differences existed in the bytes of the Code attribute of methods. I > concluded that the bytes stored some position information. To avoid this, I > created a subarray where I considered the bytes corresponding to ` > CONSTANT_Utf8_info.bytes` only. Computing a checksum for it resulted > in the same checksums for both classfiles. > > > Let's understand the whole approach with an example of Proxy class. > > ` > > public final class $Proxy42 extends Proxy implements > org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.plugins.Plugin { > > ` > > The will go in the allowlist as "Proxy_Plugin: <SHA256 checksum>". > > When the same class is intercepted at runtime, say "$Proxy10", we look for > "Proxy_Plugin" in the allowlist and since the checksum algorithm is same in > both cases, we get a match and let the class load. > > This approach has seemed to work well for Proxy classes, Generated > Constructor Accessor (which is removed as you said). I also looked at the > species generated by method handles. I did not notice any modification in > them. Their name generation seemed okay to me. If some new Species are > generated, it is of course detected since it is not in the allowlist. > > I have not looked into LambdaMetafactory because I did not encounter it as > a problem so far, but I am aware its name generation is also unstable. I > have run my approach only a few projects only. And for hidden classes, I > assume the the agent won't be able to intercept them so detecting them > would be really hard. > > > Regards, > Aman Sharma > > PhD Student > KTH Royal Institute of Technology > School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) > Department of Theoretical Computer Science (TCS) > <https://www.kth.se/profile/amansha>https://algomaster99.github.io/ > ------------------------------ > *From:* liangchenb...@gmail.com <liangchenb...@gmail.com> > <liangchenb...@gmail.com> > *Sent:* Thursday, May 16, 2024 5:52:03 AM > *To:* Aman Sharma; core-libs-dev > *Cc:* Martin Monperrus > *Subject:* Re: Deterministic naming of subclasses of > `java/lang/reflect/Proxy` > > Hi Aman, > I think you meant CVE-2021-42392 instead of 2022. > > For your approach of an "allowlist" for Java runtime, project Leyden is > looking to generate a static image [1], that > > At run time it cannot load classes from outside the image, nor can it > create classes dynamically. > Leyden mainly avoids this unstable generation by performing a training run > to collect classes loaded and even object graphs; I am not familiar with > the details unfortunately. > > Otherwise, the Proxy discussion belongs better to core-libs-dev, as > java.lang.reflect.Proxy is part of Java's core libraries. I am replying > this thread to core-libs-dev. > > For your perceived problem that classes don't have unique names, your > description sounds dubious: GeneratedConstructorAccessor is already retired > by JEP 416 [2] in Java 18, and there are many other cases in which JDK > generates classes without stable names, notoriously LambdaMetafactory > (Gradle wished for cacheable Lambdas); the same applies for the generated > classes for MethodHandle's LambdaForms (which carries implementation code > for LambdaForm). How are you checking the classes? It seems you are not > checking hidden classes. Proxy and Lambda classes are defined by the > caller's class loader, while LambdaForms are under JDK's system class > loader I think. We need to ensure you are correctly finding all unstable > classes before we can proceed. > > [1]: https://openjdk.org/projects/leyden/notes/01-beginnings > [2]: https://openjdk.org/jeps/416 > > On Wed, May 15, 2024 at 7:00 PM Aman Sharma <aman...@kth.se> wrote: > >> Hi, >> >> >> My name is Aman and I am a PhD student at KTH Royal Institute of >> Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. I research as part of CHAINS >> <https://chains.proj.kth.se/> project to strengthen the software supply >> chain of multiple ecosystem. I particularly focus on runtime integrity in >> Java. In this email, I want to write about an issue I have discovered with >> *dynamic >> generation of `java.lang.reflect.Proxy`classes*. I will propose a >> solution and would love to hear the feedback from the community. Let me >> know if this is the correct mailing-list for such discussions. It seemed >> the most relevant from this list >> <https://mail.openjdk.org/mailman/listinfo>. >> >> >> *My research* >> >> >> Java has features to load class on the fly - it can either download or >> generate a class at runtime. These features are useful for inner workings >> of JDK. For example, implementing annotations, reflective access, etc. >> However, these features have also contributed to critical vulnerabilities >> in the past - CVE-2021-44228 (log4shell), CVE-2022-33980, CVE-2022-42392. >> All of these vulnerabilities have one thing in common - *a class that >> was not known during build time was downloaded/generated at runtime and >> loaded into JVM.* >> >> >> To defend against such vulnerabilities, we propose a solution to *allowlist >> classes for runtime*. This allowlist will contain an exhaustive list of >> classes that can be loaded by the JVM and it will be enforced at runtime. >> We build this allowlist from three sources: >> >> 1. All classes of all modules provided by the Java Standard Library. >> We use ClassGraph <https://github.com/classgraph/classgraph> to scan >> the JDK. >> 2. We can take the source code and all dependencies of an >> application. We use a software bill of materials to get all the data. >> 3. Finally, we use run the test suite to include any runtime >> downloaded/generated classes. >> >> Such a list is able to prevent the above 3 CVEs because it does not let >> the "unknown" bytecode to be loaded. >> >> *Problem with generating such an allowlist* >> >> The first two parts of the allowlist are easy to get. The problem is with >> the third step where we want to allowlist all the classes that could be >> downloaded or generated. Upon running the test suite and hooking to the >> classes it loads, we observer that the list consists of classes that are >> called "com/sun/proxy/$Proxy2", " >> jdk/internal/reflect/GeneratedConstructorAccessor3" among many more. The >> purpose of these classes can be identifed. The proxy class is created for >> to implement an annotation. The accessor gives access to constructor of a >> class to the JVM. >> >> When enforcing this allowlist at runtime, we see that the bytecode >> content for "com/sun/proxy/$Proxy2" differs in the allowlist and at >> runtime. In our case, we we are experimenting with pdfbox >> <https://github.com/apache/pdfbox> so we created the allowlist using its >> test suite. Then we enforced this allowlist while running some of its >> subcommands. However, there was some other proxy class say >> "com/sun/proxy/$Proxy5" >> at runtime that implemented the same interfaces and had the same methods as >> "com/sun/proxy/$Proxy2" in the allowlist. They only differed in the name >> of the class, order of fields, and types for fields references. This could >> happen because the order of the loading of class is workload dependent, but >> it causes problem to generate such an allowlist. >> >> >> *Solution * >> >> >> We propose that naming of subclasses of "java/lang/reflect/Proxy" should >> not be dependent upon the order of loading. In order to do so, two issues >> can be fixed: >> >> 1. The naming of the class should not be based on AtomicLong >> >> <https://github.com/openjdk/jdk/blob/b687aa550837830b38f0f0faa69c353b1e85219c/src/java.base/share/classes/java/lang/reflect/Proxy.java#L531>. >> Rather it could be named based on the interfaces it implements. I also >> wonder why AtomicLong is chosen in the first place. >> 2. Methods of the interfaces must be in a particular order. Right >> now, they are not sorted in any particular order >> >> <https://github.com/openjdk/jdk/blob/master/src/java.base/share/classes/java/lang/Class.java#L2178> >> . >> >> >> These fixes will make proxy class generation deterministic with respect >> to order of loading and won't be flagged at runtime since the test suite >> would already detect them. >> >> I would love to hear from the community about these ideas. If in >> agreement, I would be happy to produce a patch. I have discovered this >> issue with subclasses of GeneratedConstructorAccessor >> <https://github.com/openjdk/jdk/blob/master/src/java.base/share/classes/jdk/internal/reflect/ConstructorAccessor.java> >> as well and I imagine it will also apply to some other runtime generated >> classes. If you disagree, please let me know also. It helps with my >> research. >> >> I also have PoCs for the above CVEs >> <https://github.com/chains-project/exploits-for-sbom.exe> and a proof >> concept tool is being developed under the name sbom.exe >> <https://github.com/chains-project/sbom.exe> in case any one wonders >> about the implementation. I would also be happy to explain more. >> >> Regards, >> Aman Sharma >> >> PhD Student >> KTH Royal Institute of Technology >> School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) >> Department of Theoretical Computer Science (TCS) >> <https://www.kth.se/profile/amansha>https://algomaster99.github.io/ >> > >
