Muslim woman listens to Abdul Hadi Awang, president of the Pan-Malaysian
Islamic party (PAS) delivering opening speech during the PAS General Assembly
in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Sept. 12, 2003. A fierce debate has broken out
across the Arab world and even in non-Arab Muslim countries like Malaysia over
women's increasing use of the full Muslim face veil, after a top British
official called them disturbing. (AP Photo/Andy Wong)
By NADIA ABOU EL-MAGD, Associated Press Writer
Tue Oct 31, 1:52 PM ET
CAIRO, Egypt - The origin of the debate could not be more intimate: what a
woman chooses to wear before she leaves home. But the increasing popularity of
the full Muslim face veil has set off an emotional dispute in the Arab world
over whether the covering is required by Islam for modesty or a dangerous sign
of political extremism.
The debate is most intense in Egypt, the world's largest Arab country, where
one university two weeks ago banned women who wear the face veil, or niqab,
from living in a hostel, and government-backed newspapers have launched a
campaign against it.
"The niqab vogue: an imported innovation, used by the political extremists,"
read a recent banner on the pro-government Al Mussawar Weekly. "Our new battle
is against the niqab," added Mohammed Fatouh, a specialist on Islamic issues in
another government-owned weekly, Rose el-Youssef.
Salama Ahmed Salama, a columnist in Egypt's biggest government daily,
Al-Ahram, was more blunt: "It expresses an extremist attitude ... Wearing the
niqab is as outrageous as wearing a bathing suit or pajamas to the office."
On any given street in the capital, the face of one woman will be fully
covered, with only her eyes peering through; nearby another woman will cover
her hair, leaving her face bare, and still another will have her face and hair
free of any covering.
The dispute highlights the growing wave of conservative Islamic practice
across the Arab world and among Muslims living in the West and the intense
struggle between secular governments and Islamic opposition groups. Head
scarves fell out of favor among some urban Arab women in the 1920s and 1930s
but began reappearing in the 1970s and 1980s. The evolution has been steady
with more women covering their hair each year and more also wearing body cloaks.
But the biggest dispute has been over the niqab a full facial veil that
leaves only a slit for the eyes that re-emerged in Egypt in the late 1980s and
has since grown in popularity, both in the Arab world and among Arab Muslims in
the West.
Former British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw said in early October that he
asks women who visit his office to remove the veil so he can see their faces,
and called it a disturbing sign of the divisions in British society. Aishah
Azmi, a 24-year-old Muslim teaching assistant in northern England, was then
suspended from her job for refusing to remove a black veil that left only her
eyes visible.
In Egypt, the issue has simmered for years and caught new fire after Straw's
comments.
The president of Helwan University on the outskirts of Cairo banned students
who wear the niqab from living at the university's hostel, citing security
reasons and leading to small protests by students.
The female head of the Islamic department of the women's college at Al-Azhar
University, Soad Saleh, was recently sued by a radical cleric and received
death threats after she said she was "disgusted by women in niqab."
In the West, traditional Muslim dress is seen as a refusal by Muslim
immigrants to assimilate and accept Europe's secular values. Two years ago,
France banned head scarves and other religious symbols from public places,
enraging many Muslim immigrants. Australia's top Islamic cleric also recently
sparked outrage when he said that women who do not dress modestly invite rape.
In the Arab world, the dispute centers on fears of growing Islamic extremism
and concerns by secular governments, like Egypt's, that they will lose ground
to Islamic opposition groups.
Complicating the issue, there is no uniform religious opinion across the
Muslim world about whether a head scarf much less a face veil is required.
Some view various forms of head scarves and niqabs as signs of cultural or
Islamic pride. Others, however, view face veils as indications of Islamic
extremist political opposition.
But some who wear the face veil contend they do so for purely personal
religious reasons.
"Believe me, we are normal human beings. But they deal with us like
terrorists who are going to blow up everything," said Ashgan, a woman wearing
the veil at Helwan University, who would give only her first name during an
interview with
The Associated Press because she did not want to appear immodest.
She began wearing the niqab three years ago, and takes it off her face just
before she enters the hostel's gate, she said.
The top theological authority of Al-Azhar University, the highest seat of
Sunni Muslim learning, said he accepted the Helwan University decision to keep
women wearing niqabs from the hostel as long as Helwan officials do not require
women to also remove their head scarves.
Clerics who believe women should be veiled refer to a verse in the Quran to
back up their beliefs: "O Prophet! Tell your wives and your daughters and the
women of the believers to draw their cloaks all over their bodies."
Many Islamic scholars do say that covering the hair is a religious duty, but
others disagree and say the verse has other interpretations. As for the face
veil, the majority of Islamic scholars say it is not required but is merely a
custom that dates back to tribal, nomadic societies living in the Arabian
desert before Islam began.
In Saudi Arabia, most women wear a face veil along with a head scarf and full
black cloak or face harassment by religious police.
Many Egyptian women took off their head scarves in the 1920s. But Egypt
became more religious in the 1970s and women began wearing scarves again, even
though the government does not encourage it.
Egypt keeps newscasters who wear head scarves off its TV stations; the
president's wife, Suzanne Mubarak, and most female officials wear neither head
scarf nor face veil.
But the streets are full of veiled women. There are no accurate statistics on
Egypt's 75 million people, about 10 percent of whom are Christian Copts who do
not wear veils. But between 70-80 percent of all Egyptian Muslim women are
believed to wear a head scarf, according to most estimates.
---------------------------------
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