Mba, umur Marvel anak saya 3 bulan jalan 3 minggu Mba...jadi terlambat yang 2 bulan, itu bagaimana Mba, Thx ya...
Mama Marvellino Tiesmin Simatupang Corporate Business Development -----Original Message----- From: [email protected] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Behalf Of mama_rakhel2002 Sent: Thursday, July 07, 2005 4:50 PM To: [email protected] Subject: [Ayahbunda-Online] Re: Suntik HiB...mohon info... Bunda....berikut keterengan ttg HIB dan meningitis (penyakit) yg bisa disebabkan oleh bakteri yg bernama Haemophilus influenza tipe b, artikel2 dibawah sesuai info yg saya dapat dr medicastore.com dan a.l mayoclinic.com . Kalo boleh tau si kecil usianya berapa yah? Menurut anjuran IDAI dan WHO, Imunisasi Hib diberikan diusia 2, 4 dan 6 bulan, kemudian booster usia 18 bln (pemberiannya bisa di simultan dgn DPT Polio= nama vaksinnya Tetract Hib atau Infanrix Hib) Tapi kalo seandaainya sudah terlambat mis. si kecil udah berusia 7 bln-12 bulan maka bisa diberikan 2 kali dgn interval waktu min 4 minggu. Kalo si kecil udah di atas 12 bulan dan blm mendapat Hib maka cukup diberikan 1 kali. Kalo aku pribadi sangat menganjurkan utk pemberian imunisasi ini karena hanya dgn imunisasi ini pencegahannya. Karena saya pribadi pernah mengalami kejadian anak teman kantor suami usianya 15 bulan meninggal karena meningitis. Semoga membantu. Rgds, Santi +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Imunisasi Hib Imunisasi Hib membantu mencegah infeksi oleh Haemophilus influenza tipe b. Organisme ini bisa menyebabkan meningitis, pneumonia dan infeksi tenggorokan berat yang bisa menyebabkan anak tersedak. Vaksin Hib diberikan sebanyak 3 kali suntikan, biasanya pada saat anak berumur 2, 4 dan 6 bulan. Original Article: http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00118 Meningitis Overview Meningitis is an infection and inflammation of the membranes (meninges) and cerebrospinal fluid surrounding your brain and spinal cord. Before current vaccines, most meningitis cases occurred in children younger than 5 years, but the incidence of the disease has increased among young people between the ages of 15 and 24. Older adults also tend to have a higher incidence of meningitis. Viruses, bacteria and fungi can cause meningitis. The seriousness of the infection and the best treatment depend on the cause of the infection. Bacterial meningitis is generally much more serious than viral meningitis, and quick treatment is necessary. The cause of most cases of meningitis is viruses. About 700 Americans die of meningitis each year. If you suspect that you or someone in your family has signs or symptoms of meningitis, seek medical care right away. There's no way to tell what kind of meningitis you have without seeing your doctor. Signs and symptoms It's easy to mistake the early signs and symptoms of meningitis for the flu. They may develop over a period of one or two days, but some types of meningitis can prove fatal in a matter of days. If you or your child has bacterial meningitis, delaying treatment increases the risk of permanent brain damage. Seek medical care right away if you or anyone in your family has any of the following signs or symptoms: * A high fever * Severe headache * Vomiting or nausea with headache * Confusion * Seizures * Sleepiness or difficulty waking up * Stiff neck * Sensitivity to light * Lack of interest in drinking and eating Signs in newborns Newborns and young infants may not have the classic signs and symptoms of headache and stiff neck. Instead, they may cry constantly, seem unusually sleepy or irritable, and eat poorly. Sometimes the soft spots on an infant's head may bulge. A very late sign may be a spasm consisting of extreme hyperextension of the body (opisthotonos). Causes Bacteria, viruses and fungi all can cause meningitis. Identifying the source of the infection is an important part of developing a treatment plan. Bacterial meningitis A number of strains of bacteria can cause acute bacterial meningitis. The most common include: * Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). This bacterium is the most common cause of meningitis in infants and young children in the United States. It most often occurs when the bacterium enters your bloodstream and migrates to your brain and spinal cord. You may also have this type of bacteria in your lungs, where it causes pneumonia. Pneumococcal meningitis may also be associated with an ear infection. In these cases, it's not clear which came first the meningitis or the ear infection since they usually occur together. * Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus). This bacterium is another leading cause of bacterial meningitis. Meningococcal meningitis commonly occurs when bacteria from an upper respiratory infection enter your bloodstream. It's highly contagious and may cause local epidemics in college dormitories and boarding schools and on military bases. * Haemophilus influenzae (haemophilus). Before the 1990s, Haemophilus influenzae type b bacterium (Hib) was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis. But new Hib vaccines given to all children in the United States as part of the routine immunization schedule have greatly reduced the number of cases of this type of meningitis. When it occurs, it tends to follow an upper respiratory infection, ear infection (otitis media) or sinusitis. * Listeria monocytogenes (listeria). This bacterium can be found almost anywhere in soil, in dust and in foods that have become contaminated with these bacteria. In the past, contaminated foods have included soft cheeses, hot dogs and luncheon meats. Many wild and domestic animals also carry the bacteria. Fortunately, most healthy people exposed to listeria don't become ill, although pregnant women, newborns and older adults are especially susceptible. Listeria also crosses the placental barrier, and infections in late pregnancy may cause a baby to be stillborn or die shortly after birth. In adults and children, exposure to the listeria bacterium can cause meningitis. Acute bacterial meningitis also can occur when bacteria invade the meninges directly, rather than through the bloodstream. Common causes include ear or sinus infections and skull fractures. Viral meningitis Viral meningitis is usually mild and often clears on its own in 10 days or less. A group of common viruses known as enteroviruses, which cause stomach flu, are responsible for about 90 percent of viral meningitis in the United States. These viruses tend to circulate in late summer and early fall. Viruses associated with mumps, herpes infection, West Nile virus or other diseases can also cause viral meningitis. Chronic meningitis Ongoing (chronic) forms of meningitis occur when slow-growing organisms invade the membranes and fluid surrounding your brain. Although acute meningitis strikes suddenly, chronic meningitis develops over four weeks or more. Nevertheless, the signs and symptoms of chronic meningitis headaches, fever, vomiting and mental cloudiness are similar to those of acute meningitis. This type of meningitis is rare. Fungal meningitis Cryptococcal meningitis is a fungal form of the disease that affects people with immune deficiencies, such as AIDS. It's life-threatening if not treated with an antifungal medication. Other causes Meningitis can also result from drug allergies, some types of cancer and inflammatory diseases such as lupus. Risk factors A few risk factors can make you or your child more likely to be infected with meningitis: * Age. Children younger than 5 years, young people ages 18 to 24 and older adults are more likely to develop meningitis than the rest of the population. * Living in a community setting. College students living in dormitories, personnel on military bases and children in boarding schools and child-care facilities are at increased risk of meningococcal meningitis, probably because infectious diseases tend to spread quickly wherever large groups of people congregate. * Pregnancy. If you're pregnant, you're more likely to contract listeriosis an infection caused by the listeria bacteria, which may also cause meningitis. If you have listeriosis, your unborn baby is at risk, too. * Working with animals. People who work with domestic animals, including dairy farmers and ranchers, also have a higher risk of contracting listeria, which can lead to meningitis. Other factors that may compromise your immune system including AIDS, diabetes and use of immunosuppressant drugs also make you more susceptible to meningitis. Removal of your spleen, an important part of your immune system, may also increase your risk. When to seek medical advice If you or someone in your family has signs or symptoms of meningitis such as fever, severe headache, vomiting and stiff neck get medical care right away. Viral meningitis may resolve without treatment in a few days, but bacterial meningitis can be serious and can come on very quickly. There's no way to know what kind of meningitis you or your child has without seeing your doctor. If you or your child has bacterial meningitis, the sooner the treatment begins, the better the chances of a recovery without serious complications. Also talk to your doctor if a family member or someone you work with has meningitis. You may need to take medications to prevent you from getting sick. Screening and diagnosis Your doctor or pediatrician can diagnose meningitis based on a medical history, a physical exam and certain diagnostic tests. During the exam, your doctor may check for signs of infection around the head, ears, throat and the skin along the spine. You or your child may undergo the following diagnostic tests: * Throat culture. A throat culture can find and identify the bacteria causing meningitis, which is important in selecting the right antibiotic for treatment. * Imaging. X-rays and computerized tomography (CT) scans of the chest, skull or sinuses will reveal any swelling or inflammation. These tests can also help your doctor look for infection in other areas of the body. * Spinal tap (lumbar puncture). The definitive diagnosis of meningitis is often made by analyzing a sample of your cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is extracted during a procedure known as a spinal tap. In people with meningitis, the CSF fluid often shows a low sugar (glucose) level along with an increased white blood cell count. CSF analysis may also help your doctor identify the exact bacteria that's causing the illness. * Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. If your doctor suspects viral meningitis, he or she may order a test known as a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to check for the presence of certain viruses. If you have chronic meningitis caused by cancer or an inflammatory illness, you may need additional tests. In all cases, however, your doctor's goal will be to make an accurate diagnosis and start treatment as soon as possible. Complications The complications of meningitis can be severe. The longer you or your child has the disease without treatment, the greater the risk of seizures and of permanent neurologic damage, including hearing loss, blindness, loss of speech, learning disabilities, behavior problems and brain damage, even paralysis. Non-neurologic complications may include kidney and adrenal gland failure. Your adrenal glands produce a number of important hormones, including cortisol, which helps your body deal with stress. Bacterial infections of your central nervous system progress quickly. Within a matter of days, the disease can lead to shock and death. Treatment Acute bacterial meningitis requires prompt treatment with intravenous antibiotics to ensure recovery and reduce the risk of complications. The antibiotic or combination of antibiotics chosen depends on the type of bacteria causing the infection. Often, analyzing a sample of cerebrospinal fluid can help identify the bacteria. If you or your child has bacterial meningitis, your doctor may recommend a general antibiotic until he or she can determine the exact cause of the meningitis. If you or your child has bacterial meningitis, your doctor may recommend treatments for brain swelling, shock, convulsions or dehydration. Infected sinuses or mastoids the bones behind the outer ear that connect to the middle ear may need to be drained. Any fluid that has accumulated between the brain and the membranes that surround it may also need to be drained or surgically removed. Viral meningitis can't be cured with antibiotics, but most cases resolve on their own in a week or so without therapy. Mild cases of viral meningitis are usually treated with bed rest, plenty of fluids and over-the-counter pain medications to help reduce fever and relieve body aches. If your meningitis is caused by the herpes virus, your doctor may also recommend an antiviral medication aimed at this virus. Prevention Some types of meningitis are contagious. You may be exposed to the bacteria when someone with meningitis coughs or sneezes. The bacteria can also spread through kissing or sharing eating utensils, a toothbrush or a cigarette. You're also at increased risk if you live or work with someone with the disease. You can reduce your risk of contracting meningitis by avoiding exposure to the viruses that cause meningitis. That means avoiding exposure to upper respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. If you're pregnant, reduce your risk of listeriosis by cooking meat thoroughly and avoiding cheeses made from unpasteurized milk. Something as simple as careful hand washing may be one of the best ways to stay well. Teach your children to wash their hands often, especially before they eat and after using the toilet, spending time in a crowded public place or petting animals. Show them how to wash their hands vigorously, covering both the front and back of each hand with soap and rinsing thoroughly under running water. In addition, boost your immune system by getting enough rest, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet with plenty of fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Immunizations Some forms of bacterial meningitis can be prevented with the following vaccinations: * Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib). Children in the United States routinely receive this vaccine as part of the recommended schedule of vaccines, starting at about 2 months of age. The vaccine is also recommended for some adults, including those with sickle cell disease or AIDS. * Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). This vaccine is also part of the regular immunization schedule for all children younger than 2 years in the United States. In addition, it's recommended for children between the ages of 2 and 5 who are at high risk of pneumococcal disease, including children with chronic heart or lung disease or cancer. * Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV). Older children and adults who need protection from pneumococcal bacteria may receive this vaccine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the PPV vaccine for all adults older than 65 and younger adults and children with compromised immune systems or chronic illnesses such as heart disease, diabetes or sickle cell anemia. * Meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4). As of May 2005, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend this vaccine be routinely administered for the following previously unvaccinated groups: children 11-12 years old, adolescents at high school entry (about age 15), and college freshmen living in dormitories. By Mayo Clinic staff DS00118 June 07, 2005 © 1998-2005 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). All rights reserved. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.com," "Mayo Clinic Health Information," "Reliable information for a healthier life" and the triple-shield Mayo logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. NAMA Meningitis DEFINISI Meningitis adalah suatu peradangan pada selaput yang membungkus otak (meningens). PENYEBAB Meningitis terjadi akibat infeksi bakteri. Sebagian besar kasus meningitis pada bayi baru lahir merupakan komplikasi dari sepsis (infeksi darah). GEJALA Gejalanya berupa: - demam atau suhu tubuh yang sangat rendah - gangguan pernafasan - jaundice (sakit kuning) - bayi tampak mengantuk - kejang - muntah - rewel. Pada 25% kasus, ubun-ubun bayi tampak menonjol atau teraba keras karena adanya peningkatan tekanan cairan di sekeliling otak. Bisa terjadi kerusakan pada saraf yang mengontrol gerakan mata dan wajah sehingga terjadi gerakan mata ke arah dalam dan luar atau wajahnya mencong ke salah satu sisi. Di dalam otak bayi bisa terbentuk abses (kantong nanah). Jika abses membesar, maka tekanan terhadap otak akan meningkat dan menyebabkan muntah, pembesaran kepala serta penonjolan ubun-ubun. Jika gejalanya semakin memburuk, berarti abses telah pecah dan mengeluarkan nanahnya ke dalam rongga di sekeliling otak sehingga infeksi semakin menyebar. PROGNOSIS Meskipun telah diberikan pengobatan, sebanyak 30% bayi meninggal. Jika terjadi abses, angka kematian mendekati 75%. 20-50% bayi yang bertahan hidup, mengalami kerusakan otak dan saraf (misalnya hidrosefalus, tuli dan keterbelakangan mental). DIAGNOSA Diagnosis ditegakkan berdasarkan gejala, hasil pemeriksaan fisik dan hasil pemeriksaan terhadap contoh cairan serebrospinal yang diperoleh melalui pungsi lumbal. USG dilakukan untuk melihat adanya abses. PENGOBATAN Antibiotik dosis tinggi diberikan melalui infus. --- In [email protected], "tiesmin" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > -------------------------------------------------- > Moms... > Aku mau tanya suntik HiB apa sih? katanya untuk otak? apa benar? > seberapa perlu suntik HiB ini? dan umur berapa boleh suntik HiB? > Mohon infonya donk moms...Thx Moms > > > > Mama Marvellino > Tiesmin Simatupang > Corporate Business Development > ------------------------------------------------- Subscribe: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Unsubscribe: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Info Belanja si Kecil: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Yahoo! Groups Links Subscribe: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Unsubscribe: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Info Belanja si Kecil: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Yahoo! Groups Links <*> To visit your group on the web, go to: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Ayahbunda-Online/ <*> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] <*> Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to: http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
