Vaksin influensa & vaksin prevenar ini beda bu !!
Dua2 vaksin ini emang ada.
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs289/en/
Development of new vaccines
A number of new vaccines with major potential for controlling infectious
diseases are at advanced stages of development. Among the illnesses targeted
are rotavirus diarrhoea, pneumococcal disease, and cervical cancer (as
caused by human papillomavirus), which together kill more than a million
people each year, most of them in developing countries. In addition to these
efforts against diseases of global importance, progress is being made on a
vaccine for the regional menace posed by meningococcal meningitis serogroup
A, which causes frequent epidemics and high rates of death and disability in
African countries south of the Sahara.
These advanced candidate vaccines are the focus of the information provided
below. However, it should be noted that continuing, intensive efforts are
under way to develop effective vaccines for AIDS, malaria, dengue,
leishmaniasis, and shigella dysentery, among others.
Vaccine development proceeds through discovery, process engineering,
toxicology and animal studies to human Phase I, II, and III trials. The
process can take more than 10 years, depending on the disease. The human
trials focus initially on safety, involving small groups of people (I); then
progress to moderate-sized "target" populations (persons close to the age
and other characteristics for whom the vaccine is intended) to determine
both safety and the stimulation of immune response (II); and finally to
large target populations to establish whether a vaccine actually prevents a
disease as intended (efficacy) (III).
The current situation of a number of new vaccines in development is
described below:
Rotavirus
Acute diarrhoea is responsible for nearly 1.9 million deaths per year in
children under age five. Rotavirus is responsible for as much as one fourth
of these casualties, almost all of which occur in developing countries.
*Status of vaccine development:* RotaRix, a vaccine developed by
GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), showed an efficacy rate against severe rotavirus
diarrhoea of 87% in a clinical study of 1986 infants in Venezuela, Brazil,
and Mexico, and is now licensed in Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and
Kuwait, although currently used only in the private market. A Phase III
trial of over 60 000 infants was carried out in Latin America in 2003-2004,
and efficacy results are expected soon. Phase III trials also are under way
in South Africa and Bangladesh.
RotaTeq, a vaccine developed by Merck, protected more than 95% of recipients
from severe rotavirus diarrhoea in a clinical trial of 1946 infants in
Finland. A Phase III trial of more than 70 000 infants in the United States
and European countries has been carried out to investigate safety, and a
subset of that group was followed to determine efficacy. The results of
these studies are expected by mid 2005. Trials in Asia and Africa - where
different strains of the virus may predominate - are likely to start this
year but may not be completed for several years.
Rotavirus vaccines in earlier stages of development include two vaccines
sponsored by the United States National Institutes of Health; a neonatal
vaccine developed by an Indian-US consortium; and an Australian neonatal
vaccine.
*Challenges:* A vaccine must be effective against numerous rotavirus strains
(serotypes), including those prominent in developing countries. Large,
stringent safety trials are necessary because an earlier, unrelated
rotavirus vaccine appeared to cause, in rare cases, a serious complication
called intussusception, a reverse telescoping of one part of the intestine
into another. Candidate vaccines, since they are live, oral vaccines, must
be shown not to interfere with oral polio vaccine; and must be shown to be
safe in HIV-infected children. Price is also likely to be an issue.
*Prospects:* Rotavirus vaccines will be ready for use in some additional
countries by 2006, but information on their effectiveness in Africa and Asia
will not be available until 2008. They are expected to be ready for
widespread use in immunization programmes in Africa and Asia by 2009.
Pneumococcal disease
Acute lower respiratory infections are responsible for two million deaths
per year and a large proportion of these are pneumococcal disease. A recent
study (Cutts F. et al., The Lancet 2005) in The Gambia indicates that more
than one third of these deaths might be caused by the bacterium
Streptococcus pneumoniae. Most victims are children in developing countries.
Pneumonia deaths far outnumber deaths from meningitis. Nonetheless, in
non-epidemic situations, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main cause of
meningitis fatalities in sub-Saharan Africa; of those who develop
pneumococcal meningitis, 40-75 % either die or are permanently disabled.
Children infected with HIV/AIDS are 20-40 times more likely to contract
pneumococcal disease than children without HIV/AIDS.
*Status of vaccine development:* A seven-valent conjugate vaccine called
Prevnar is designed to act against seven strains of pneumococcal disease. It
has been developed by Wyeth and is licensed in the United States and several
other countries, but does not include two serotypes (types 1 and 5) that
cause a high percentage of pneumococcal illness in developing countries.
(Conjugate vaccines, which have proven to be highly effective, are made by
linking purified polysaccharides - complex sugars - from the coat of a
disease-causing bacterium to a protein "carrier.") In the United States, use
of this vaccine has led to a dramatic decline in rates of pneumococcal
disease, not only in immunized children, but also in the un-immunized
population through reduced transmission. Wyeth has now completed evaluation
of a nine-valent conjugate vaccine, including serotypes 1 and 5. A Phase III
trial of the vaccine involving 40 000 people was completed in South Africa
in 2002, and a Phase III trial with 17 437 subjects was concluded in the
Gambia in 2004. In the South African trial, the vaccine offered a rate of
protection against invasive disease caused by the relevant serotypes of 83%
in HIV-uninfected children and 65% in HIV-infected children. Results just
released from The Gambia trial show the vaccine was 77% effective in
preventing infections caused by the relevant serotypes; that it resulted in
37% fewer cases of pneumonia (as confirmed by chest X-ray) as compared with
a control group; and that recipients experienced a 16% reduction in overall
mortality. A vaccine containing these nine serotypes with or without
additional serotypes is expected to be submitted for licensure within the
next three to four years.
In addition, two 11-valent vaccines for pneumococcal disease - developed by
two different pharmaceutical firms - are undergoing evaluation.
*Challenges:* It can be difficult to establish the extent of pneumococcal
disease as developing countries often lack the clinical and laboratory
facilities, the expertise, and the resources to do so. As a result, public
health decision-makers are often unaware of the prevalence of the disease
and of the toll it exacts in death and disability. Because of the scarcity
of data from developing countries, there is concern over whether the seven-
and nine-valent vaccines contain the serotypes appropriate for all
countries. Concerns remain - although results to date are encouraging - that
prevention of some serotypes of pneumococcal disease may lead to increased
incidence of other serotypes. The price of the vaccine, although still to be
set for developing countries, may be too high for them to afford without
special financing arrangements.
*Prospects:* A vaccine providing effective protection against pneumococcal
disease for young children in developing countries may be ready for use in
2008-2009, and could be introduced in such countries provided adequate
supply and financial help are arranged.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Sexually transmitted HPV is the major cause of cervical cancer, the most
common cause of cancer deaths among women in developing countries. About 500
000 cases occur each year, 80% of them in developing countries. Cervical
cancer kills some 240 000 women annually.
*Status of vaccine development:* Phase III trials are under way of two
commercial vaccines, each given in three doses. One, developed by Merck,
covers four types of HPV, including the cancer-causing types 16 and 18 and
types 6 and 11 for non-cancerous genital warts. The multi-year Merck trial,
with an enrolment of over 25 000 women, is expected to conclude this year.
The second vaccine, developed by GSK, covers HPV types 16 and 18 alone. The
GSK trial began in 2004, has an enrolment of about 30 000 women, and is
still under way.
Results of a Phase II trial on a monovalent type 16 vaccine were published
by Merck in 2002. GSK published Phase II results of its bivalent type 16 and
18 vaccine in 2004. Both studies indicate that the candidate vaccines are
well-tolerated; that they are highly immunogenic (produce antibodies); that
they are greater than 90% effective in protecting against the relevant viral
infections; and that they offer virtually complete protection against
persistent infections by the target viruses.
*Challenges:* HPV types 16 and 18 cause 70% of HPV cervical cancers, but the
vaccines in development will not cover the 30% of cancers attributed to
other HPV types. Because these other types are numerous, significantly
expanding vaccine coverage against them may present technical challenges for
manufacturers. The duration of the immunity conferred by the vaccines is not
yet known, but studies are planned that will look at this question. Because
HPV is spread by sexual contact, and the high-risk years for infection are
roughly from ages 18 to 25, the best subjects for vaccination will likely be
pre-adolescents or adolescents, unlike for traditional vaccination
programmes, which are aimed mostly at infants and pregnant women. Access to
the vaccines is likely to be an issue in developing countries due to limited
resources for the implementation of vaccination programmes.
*Prospects:* Both vaccines may be licensed within one or two years in the
United States and Europe. Discussions are ongoing about collecting the
necessary data for introducing the vaccines into developing countries. Their
systematic use in developing countries may well depend on local
epidemiology, acceptability, financial resources, and the feasibility of
vaccinating adolescents.
Meningococcal meningitis A (Men A)
The African "meningitis belt" - which includes all or part of 21 countries
stretching south of the Sahara desert from Senegal to Ethiopia - is the site
of frequent epidemics, usually caused by serogroup A meningitis. Over the
past decade more than 700 000 cases have been reported. Roughly 10-20 % of
persons infected die, and one out of five survivors is likely to suffer from
a permanent disability such as hearing loss, mental retardation, or
paralysis. The rate of meningitis epidemics in the region has increased in
recent years.
*Status of vaccine development:* Polysaccharide vaccines (vaccines made from
complex sugars taken from the outer coats of the Men bacterium) are
currently in use, but are not very effective at protecting young children,
do not create long-lasting immunity, and do not confer a "herd effect" -
that is, do not prevent spread of the disease in non-vaccinated people
through reduction of the carriage of the infectious agent by vaccinated
people during epidemics. Because of these shortcomings, immunization with
polysaccharide vaccines is usually undertaken only after the onset of an
epidemic.
To provide greater and more efficient protection, a public-private effort
called the Meningitis Vaccine Project (MVP) is developing a Men A conjugate
vaccine. This vaccine is intended to have long-lasting effect, to create
immunity in infants, and to allow protection to be conferred in advance
through mass immunization programmes. Toxicology studies and animal studies
have been successfully completed, and the animal studies suggest the
conjugate vaccine is highly immunogenic - that is, stimulates high levels of
antibodies against Men A infection. Phase I trials will begin in May 2005 in
India.
Other conjugate vaccines, including a tetravalent vaccine covering
serogroups A, C, Y, and W135, are being developed by the private sector; and
a tetravalent vaccine has recently been licensed by Sanofi-Pasteur in the
United States.
*Challenges:* Clinical development of the Men A conjugate vaccine must still
be carried out - it must be shown to be safe and effective in humans in
Phase I, II, and III trials. In addition, other meningococcal meningitis
strains are circulating in Africa which will not be controlled by a vaccine
for serogroup A. One strain, referred to as W135, has recently caused
epidemics in Burkina Faso and has become more prevalent, although its
long-term potential as an epidemic agent is not known.
*Prospects:* A low-priced conjugate vaccine for Men A may be ready for
widespread use in the African meningitis belt by 2008 or 2009, thanks to an
innovative arrangement for development and production. The vaccine was
designed by the Center for Biological Evaluation and Research of the United
States Food and Drug Administration. The technology was then transferred
without intellectual property charges to the Serum Institute of India, which
carries out production at the lower costs prevailing in a developing
country. The Serum Institute uses raw materials (group A polysaccharides)
supplied by SynCo Bio Partners of the Netherlands. The arrangement is
expected to keep costs as low as US$ 0.40 per dose, making the vaccine
affordable for low-income countries. Much of this vaccine-development
project was underwritten by a US$ 70 million grant from the Bill & Melinda
Gates Foundation.
WHO Initiative for Vaccine Research (IVR)
The WHO Initiative for Vaccine Research was established in 2001 to
streamline the various vaccine research and development projects being
carried out by different departments of WHO (including the Special Programme
for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases: TDR) and UNAIDS. IVR also
provides leadership, priority setting, and coordination among efforts
worldwide to develop vaccines against neglected diseases, particularly
diseases endemic in developing countries. In addition to collaboration
within WHO, IVR works in close association with international organizations,
philanthropic organizations, academic medical institutions, and private- and
public-sector partners active in the research and development of vaccines.
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
From: "Lif Rahayu" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Reply-To: balita-anda@balita-anda.com
To: balita-anda@balita-anda.com
Subject: Re: [balita-anda] Vaksin Flu Burung
Date: Thu, 7 Sep 2006 10:53:28 +0700
Bu,
TIDAK ADA VAKSIN FLU BURUNG, yang ada hanyalah vaksin influenza. Di kantor
saya sedang digalakkan vaksin influenza, dan ini pun hanya mencegah 30-35%
virus flu yang ada, karena virus flu buanyak sekali. Lumayan mahal lho, saya
kurang tahu berapa, soalnya, dapetnya gratisan. Menurut penjelasa dokter
kantor saya, kenapa perlu diberi vaksin influenza, lha wong gak mencegah flu
burung lhoo.
Jawabnya:
"vaksin influenza diberikan agar vaksin flu type B atau C (yang biasa ada di
manusia), pada saat tubuh manusia kena vrus flu type A (flu burung etc),
tidak bermutasi dan menyebabkan munculnya virus flu baru yang lebih ganas
dan bisa menular dari manusia ke manusia, karena saat ini flu burung baru
dapat ditularkan dari hewan ke manusia, belum manusia ke manusia. kalau
sudah bisa ditularkan dari manusia ke manuisa, wah, bisa jadi wabah pandemik
nantinya..."
begitu, Bu.
On 9/7/06, Patty Haris <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
Harganya kurang lebih berkisar 900 rb - 1,2 jt.
Vaksin ini emang sudah terbukti efektif untuk di LN namun Vaksin ini masih
dikembangkan di indo & blum ada penelitian ttg keefektifan vaksin ini di
Indo.
Patty
From: lia <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Reply-To: balita-anda@balita-anda.com
To: balita-anda@balita-anda.com
Subject: [balita-anda] Vaksin Flu Burung
Date: Wed, 6 Sep 2006 20:44:57 -0700 (PDT)
Bapak/Ibu ,
Anak saya disarankan utk divaksin Prevenar oleh Dokternya , katanya utk
mencegah flu burung . Mohon tanya , apakah ada yg sdh pernah anaknya
disuntik
vaksin ini dan apakah benar flu burung sudah ada vaksinnya ya , dan
harganya
berapaan . Soalnya saya mau cari data dulu sblm pemberian vaksin ke anak
saya
. Thanks.
Lia
__________________________________________________
Do You Yahoo!?
Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around
http://mail.yahoo.com
--------------------------------------------------------------
Kirim bunga, http://www.indokado.com
Info balita: http://www.balita-anda.com
Peraturan milis, email ke: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
menghubungi admin, email ke: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
_________________________________________________________________
Express yourself instantly with MSN Messenger! Download today it's FREE!
http://messenger.msn.click-url.com/go/onm00200471ave/direct/01/
--------------------------------------------------------------
Kirim bunga, http://www.indokado.com
Info balita: http://www.balita-anda.com
Peraturan milis, email ke: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
menghubungi admin, email ke: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
_________________________________________________________________
Express yourself instantly with MSN Messenger! Download today it's FREE!
http://messenger.msn.click-url.com/go/onm00200471ave/direct/01/
--------------------------------------------------------------
Kirim bunga, http://www.indokado.com
Info balita: http://www.balita-anda.com
Peraturan milis, email ke: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
menghubungi admin, email ke: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
