On (info "(coreutils) sort invocation") ‘-R’ ‘--random-sort’ ‘--sort=random’ Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values. Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is like a random permutation of the inputs (*note shuf invocation::), except that keys with the same value sort together...
OK, but you need to mention some examples of why someone would want to "sort" something "randomly". OK, I have one: You have a list of URLs. You know there are probably duplicates in there, that you want to get rid of. But you also don't want to make it look like you have "machine sorted them." You want them to still look "hand assembled." So you use sort --random-sort --unique on them!