On Wed, Oct 4, 2023 at 6:09 PM Till Backhaus <t...@backha.us> wrote: > This rather short Makefile shows exponential runtime depending on the number > of variables. > VAR_1 ?= $(shell echo 1) ...
VAR_1 is a recursively expanded variable. When make defines this variable, the value is set to string '$(shell echo 1)'. No subshell is spawned at this time. Each time make expands this variable, make spawns a shell and has the shell execute 'echo 1' and the output of the subshell is the result of the expansion. This is in contrast with VAR_X := $(shell echo 1) VAR_X is a simply expanded variable. When make defines this variable, make spawns a shell and has the shell execute 'echo 1' and sets the value of the variable to the output of the subshell. Then each time this variable is expanded, make won't spawn the shell again. The difference is critical in this scenario. With variables exported to subshell, each time make spawns a subshell, it has to expand all these variables. E.g. in order to expand VAR_7, make has to spawn a subshell. In order to spawn this subshell, make has to export VAR_6, VAR_5, etc. Each of those requires its own subshell, which again requires make to export these variables, etc. Prefer simply expanded variables with $(shell). regards, Dmitry
