Got the references, and I will check them out. Thanks a lot!

Best Regards, Hailiang

>   These papers might help:
>
> J. Appl. Cryst. (1997). 30, 396-399, F. M. D. Vellieux and B. W. Dijkstra
>
> J. Appl. Cryst. (1997). 30, 400-401, F. M. D. Vellieux
>
> Speaking of 3fo2fc or 5fo3fc, ... etc maps (see classic works on this
> published 30+ years ago), I guess the main rationale for using them in
> those cases arises from the facts that
>
> 2Fo-Fc = Fo + (Fo-Fc),
> 3Fo-2Fc = Fo +2(Fo-Fc)
>
> and so on, and not from whether the one map is more (or less) model
> biased than the other one.
>
> Randy Read (1986) showed  that 2mFo-DFc is least model biased. The m and
> D coefficients has to be computed using test reflections (Urzhumtsev et
> al, 199?). To be precise, it is actually
>
> 2mFo-DFc for acentric reflections
> and mFo for centric reflections
>
> Pavel.
>
>
> On 7/29/10 12:12 PM, Hailiang Zhang wrote:
>> Hi,
>>
>> I frequently find 3mFo-2DFc maps have been used for model building. I am
>> not sure whether they have less model bias than 2mFo-DFc maps, and I
>> appreciate for any references.
>>
>> Best Regards, Hailiang
>
>
>

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