Consider this one: Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. I think it may have all the relevant terms? I've always liked to think of scientists more as natural philosophers, although I think there should be something with a connotation of "art" in there as well, since we do some of our own creating as well, and not just pure description. The creating could be in how we describe things, e.g., Cartesian coordinate sytems, which don't exist in the natural world.
JPK -----Original Message----- From: CCP4 bulletin board [mailto:CCP4BB@JISCMAIL.AC.UK] On Behalf Of Tim Gruene Sent: Saturday, November 29, 2014 8:39 AM To: CCP4BB@JISCMAIL.AC.UK Subject: Re: [ccp4bb] are mathematician scientists ?! (previously Free Reflections as Percent and not a Number) Dear Sasha, I was taught that 'scientist' was best translated into German as 'Naturwissenschaftler' rather than the general term 'Wissenschaftler'. Mathematicians were philosophers and e.g. economy belongs maybe to humanities. I thought this distinction was also made at the Imperial College were my English learned at school settled further. I am not a native speaker, if I am wrong I would like to apolgise - I meant no offense. Best, Tim On 11/29/2014 01:47 PM, Alexandre OURJOUMTSEV wrote: > Dear Tim, > > as you know I avoid making public comments and prefer enjoying the > comments done by others, however this time is hard to resist :-) > > I was surprised by your mail : do you mean that mathematicians are NOT > SCIENTISTS ?! Do you mean that they are nasty persons who fight against > "normal biologists", do not let them developing new techniques and prevent > them from achieving their holy goals ? > > I think (hope) all of us are a sort "natürphilosophes" (is it a right term in > German ? "estestvoispytatel'" = "естествоиспытатель" in Russian), all of us > trying to solve the same Global Problems, looking on them from different > sides and applying the best of our individual knowledge. This diversity is a > force of our community, and there is a very nice article by Kathleen Lonsdale > dated by September 1953 (!!! more than 60 year ago! ) in Acta Cryst, 6, > 874-875, entitled "The training of modern crystallographers". She is talking > exactly about "chemists, biochemists, physicists, geologists, engineers or > mathematicians" (we can make this list much longer); a short and excellent > text. > > Each of us has a "center of gravity of individual knowledge" in different > domains, and professional points of view are useful to contribute into > development of the respective parts of our Global Project (not only Global > Phasing :-). Then I see nothing wrong if an expert in methods (Pavel in this > case; I think he deserves this word) gives a general point of view to a > person who "wants to improve crystallographic methods" because without such > general points of view (usually based on a profound experience of many other > experts) the improvements we are waiting for may not come or will come with a > pain (cannot resist from citing Arthur Conan Doyle: "All refinement is > through sorrow"). > > I hope that it was just an unfortunate phrase in your mail and that everybody > understands what exactly you had in mind :-) During my life I was lucky > seeing fantastic collaborative projects of biologists and mathematicians. > > With best regards, > > Sacha Urzhumtsev > > Prof. of Universities of Lorraine and of Strasbourg > > ________________________________________ > De : CCP4 bulletin board [CCP4BB@JISCMAIL.AC.UK] de la part de Tim > Gruene [t...@shelx.uni-ac.gwdg.de] Envoyé : samedi 29 novembre 2014 > 11:16 À : CCP4BB@JISCMAIL.AC.UK Objet : Re: [ccp4bb] Free Reflections > as Percent and not a Number > > Hi Pavel, > > I think your email highlights one of the differences between us and > one of the reasons for this discussion: > > I am a scientist, not a mathematician - I want to improve > crystallographic methods because people who solve crystal structures > want an answer to a biological or chemical or physical question rather > than because they enjoy watching the realisation of a mathematical > definition. I like Ken Follett's definition of a physicist, for whom > reality is a poor approximation to theory, but the motivation for my > research runs the other way round. > > Cheers, > Tim > > On 11/29/2014 05:12 AM, Pavel Afonine wrote: >> Hi Tim, >> >> your examples are valid and valuable, and clearly exemplify existing >> problems, limitations as well as common misconceptions. >> >> However, if you follow mathematics and strict definitions thereof, >> then crystallographic structure refinement is nothing but an >> optimization problem that, fundamentally, to be defined requires: a) >> definition of model parameterization, b) definition of a function >> that relates experimental data and model parameters, and c) >> definition of a method that changes model parameters in a such a way >> that optimizes (most of the time minimizes) the chosen (at step "b") >> function. >> >> Please don't think that I've just made up or invented these "a)-b)-c)" >> steps above.. In fact, this has been published, for example, in *Acta >> Cryst.* (1985). A*41*, 327-333, and then reiterated using modern >> jargon, for example, in *Acta Cryst.* (2012). D*68*, 352-367. >> >> (I say "for example" above just to stick to the context and also >> point out that you can find more examples in crystallographic >> literature as well as in totally different disciplines such as >> economics, aerospace science etc.) >> >> Anyways, once all the above (a-b-c) are set and defined, then your >> only goal is as "simple" as finding the global minimum of the >> function that you have chosen to optimize. >> >> Anything else beyond that are either technical details or various >> inefficiencies related to improper model parameterization, improper >> target choice or using limited optimization tool. >> >> All the best, >> Pavel >> >> >> On Fri, Nov 28, 2014 at 11:40 AM, Tim Gruene >> <t...@shelx.uni-ac.gwdg.de> >> wrote: >> >>> Dear Pavel, >>> >>> there is a beautiful paper called 'Where freedom is given, liberties >>> are taken' by Kleywegt and Jones, but also a wide variety of >>> articles that >>> (fortunately) fought hard for the introduction of Rfree to the >>> (macro-)crystallographic community. >>> >>> In there is mentioned the threading of an amino acid chain backwards >>> into the density achieving (by refinement) a lower R-value than the >>> original one. Since this was achieved with refinement, the former >>> structure was closer to the global minimum than the latter one. >>> Apparently none of these authors had an idea how to modify the >>> target function so that this would not happen - whyfore they >>> suggested to use cross validation to avoid it. >>> >>> If you don't like this line of thought, I can offer a different one: >>> >>> there is a vast number of sets of parameters that ideally fit your data: >>> fill your asymmetric unit randomly with atoms so that your data to >>> parameter ratio is 1 or lower. Refine unrestrained and your are >>> going to end up with an R-value of 0. For unrestrained refinement, >>> the formula for the R-value corresponds (maybe not for maximum >>> likelhood based target functions, you may have to do some >>> translation here) to the target function, which usually has a lower >>> bound of zero, hence this vast number of "structures" all reached >>> the global minimum. Note that the deposited structure has an R value >>> much greater than 0, i.e. it is far away from the global minimum. >>> >>> In order to improve the situation, one modifies the target function >>> by adding restraints. They increase the target value of all >>> "structures", but in general those for the arbitrary solutions >>> increase so much more than that for an acceptable solution that most >>> of those are lifted above that of an acceptable solution. >>> As an example, one of the structures for the yeast polymerase I >>> contains about 34,500 atoms, i.e. the target function is minimised >>> in a 138,000 dimensional space. I don't think there is a proof that >>> any set of restraints is ever so ideal that all false solutions are >>> lifted above the target value of the accepted solution. In fact, >>> without being able to proove it, I doubt that this the case, which >>> lead me to the below claim that we don,t necessarily want to reach >>> the global minimum of the target function. >>> >>> Of course an acceptable structure actually may have a target value >>> representing a global minimum, but I don't think this is always true. >>> >>> Best, >>> Tim >>> >>> On 11/28/2014 05:42 PM, Pavel Afonine wrote: >>>> Hi Tim, >>>> >>>> you don't necessarily want to find the global minimum (...) >>>> >>>> >>>> this contradicts the definition of crystallographic structure refinement. >>>> If finding the global minimum is not what you ultimately want then >>>> either the refinement target or model parameterization are poor. >>>> >>>> Clearly, given complexity of refinement target function profile (in >>>> case >>> of >>>> macromolecules) we unlikely to reach the global minimum; however, >>> reaching >>>> it is what we aim for (by definition and construction of refinement >>>> program) . >>>> >>>> Pavel >>>> >>> >>> -- >>> Dr Tim Gruene >>> Institut fuer anorganische Chemie >>> Tammannstr. 4 >>> D-37077 Goettingen >>> >>> GPG Key ID = A46BEE1A >>> >>> >> > > -- > Dr Tim Gruene > Institut fuer anorganische Chemie > Tammannstr. 4 > D-37077 Goettingen > > GPG Key ID = A46BEE1A > -- Dr Tim Gruene Institut fuer anorganische Chemie Tammannstr. 4 D-37077 Goettingen GPG Key ID = A46BEE1A
