>From below at end: (quote) "...One review of the literature found "physiologic and ocular differences across alter personalities." ..." (unquote) Often one personality needs glasses and another can see fine. Same eyes. No explanation. We don't know what this is. Often some personalities do not know of others. But at times they all come together and produce what is called in the military a 'Clear eyes'.
Truth is... we don't know too much at all. Michael > Dissociative Identity Disorder From the Child Abuse Wiki > > _http://childabusewiki.org/index.php?title=Dissociative_Identity_Disorder_ > (http://childabusewiki.org/index.php?title=Dissociative_Identity_Disorder) > > copied with permission > > Dissociative identity disorder (formerly called Multiple Personality > Disorder or MPD) is defined in the DSM-IV-TR as the presence of two or > more > personality states or distinct identities that repeatedly take control of > oneâs > behavior. The patient has an inability to recall personal information. > The > extent of this lack of recall is too great to be explained by normal > forgetfulness. The disorder cannot be due to the direct physical effects > of a > general medical condition or substance.[1] > > DID entails a failure to integrate certain aspects of memory, > consciousness and identity. Patients experience frequent gaps in their > memory for their > personal history, past and present. Patients with DID report having > severe > physical and sexual abuse, especially during childhood. The reports of > patients with DID are often validated by objective evidence.[1] > > Physical evidence may include variations in physiological functions in > different identity states, including differences in vision, levels of > pain > tolerance, symptoms of asthma, the response of blood glucose to insulin > and > sensitivity to allergens. Other physical findings may include scars from > physical abuse or self-inflicted injuries, headaches or migraines, asthma > and > irritable bowel syndrome.[1] > > DID is found in a variety of cultures around the world. It is diagnosed > three to nine times more often in adult females than males. Females > average > 15 or more identities, males eight identities. The sharp rise in the > reported cases of DID in the U.S. may be due the greater awareness of > DIDâs > diagnosis, which has caused an increased identification of those that > were > previously undiagnosed.[1] > > The average time period from DIDâs first presentation of symptoms to > its > diagnosis is six to seven years. DID may become less manifest as patients > reach past their late 40âs, but it can reemerge during stress, trauma > or > substance abuse. It is suggested in several studies that DID is more > likely to > occur with first-degree biological relatives of people that already have > DID, than in the regular population.[1] > > > Symptomatology > > Individuals diagnosed with DID demonstrate a variety of symptoms with > wide > fluctuations across time; functioning can vary from severe impairment in > daily functioning to normal or high abilities.[2] > > Patients may experience an extremely broad array of other symptoms that > resemble epilepsy, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, post > traumatic stress disorder, personality disorders, and eating > disorders.[2] > > Causes > > The causes of dissociative identity disorder are theoretically linked > with > the interaction of overwhelming stress, traumatic antecedents,[3] > insufficient childhood nurturing, and an innate ability to dissociate > memories or > experiences from consciousness.[2] Prolonged child abuse is frequently a > factor, with a very high percentage of patients reporting documented > abuse[4] > often confirmed by objective evidence.[1] The Diagnostic and Statistical > Manual of Mental Disorders states that patients with DID often report > having > a history of severe physical and sexual abuse. The reports of patients > suffering from DID are "often confirmed by objective evidence," and the > DSM > notes that the abusers in those situations may be inclined to "deny or > distortâ > these acts.[1] Research has consistently shown that DID is characterized > by reports of extensive childhood trauma, usually child abuse.[5][6][7] > Dissociation is recognized as a symptomatic presentation in response to > psychological trauma, extreme emotional stress, and in association with > emotional > dysregulation and borderline personality disorder.[8] A study of 12 > murderers established the connection between early severe abuse and > DID[9]. > > DSM inclusion > > DID meets all of the guidelines for inclusion in the DSM and is supported > by taxometric research.[10] Research has established DID as a valid > diagnosis.[10] In one study, DID was found to be a genuine disorder with a > constant set of core features.[11] > > History > > The 19th century saw a number of reported cases of multiple personalities > which Rieber estimated would be close to 100.[12] > > By the late 19th century there was a general realization that emotionally > traumatic experiences could cause long-term disorders which may manifest > with a variety of symptoms.[13] Between 1880 and 1920, many great > international medical conferences devoted a lot of time to sessions on > dissociation.[14] > > Starting in about 1927, there was a large increase in the number of > reported cases of schizophrenia, which was matched by an equally large > decrease > in the number of multiple personality reports.[14] Bleuler also included > multiple personality in his category of schizophrenia. It was found in > the > 1980s that MPD patients are often misdiagnosed as suffering from > schizophrenia.[14] Multiple personality disorder began to emerge as a > separate disorder > in the 1970s when an initially small number of clinicians worked to > re-establish MPD as a legitimate diagnosis.[14] > > > Physiological Evidence > > Physiological evidence has provided additional evidence to back the > existence of DID. One review of the literature found "physiologic and > ocular > differences across alter personalities." [15]. Additional studies have > been > found showing optical differences in DID cases.[16][17] One study found > that > "eight of the nine MPD subjects consistently manifested physiologically > distinct alter personality states."[18]. Other reviews have found > additional > physiological differences[19]. Brain mapping has also found physiological > differences in alternate personalities[20]. A variety of psychiatric > rating > scales found that multiple personality is strongly related to childhood > trauma > rather than to an underlying electrophysiological dysfunction[21]. > > > References at > _http://childabusewiki.org/index.php?title=Dissociative_Identity_Disorder_ > (http://childabusewiki.org/index.php?title=Dissociative_Identity_Disorder) >
