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https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-3395?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel&focusedCommentId=13141357#comment-13141357
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Jonathan Ellis commented on CASSANDRA-3395:
-------------------------------------------

This is tricky, but I think I know what's happening.

First, hinted handoff isn't important to reproducing, but bouncing nodes is.  
You need a node to miss an update to get this.

If you do that, then you can get this situation, as seen in Brandon's log:

all 3 nodes reply: (not strictly necessary, all we need is two nodes that 
disagree with each other)
{noformat}
DEBUG [ReadRepairStage:8] 2011-10-21 19:35:23,105 RowDigestResolver.java (line 
62) resolving 3 responses
{noformat}

The responses don't match:
{noformat}
DEBUG [pool-2-thread-6] 2011-10-21 19:35:23,105 StorageProxy.java (line 615) 
Digest mismatch: org.apache.cassandra.service.DigestMismatchException: Mismatch 
for key DecoratedKey(91747740688180627279175449712403223124, 
747465737472617732) (6705a2ef7042fd98f2c30c5450d33e17 vs 
bf8c16eb98f3209d3abb723ee8c33185)
{noformat}

The coordinator requests the actual data from each replica and merges the 
responses:
{noformat}
DEBUG [pool-2-thread-6] 2011-10-21 19:35:23,107 SliceQueryFilter.java (line 
123) collecting 0 of 2147483647: 00004ecb:false:4@1319226304173446
DEBUG [pool-2-thread-6] 2011-10-21 19:35:23,108 SliceQueryFilter.java (line 
123) collecting 1 of 2147483647: 00004ecc:false:4@1319226304178304
{noformat}

Note that 00004ecb=20171, and 00004ecc=20172.  So both columns are present, and 
the coordinator now has a slice of [20171, 20172].  It repairs the missing 
data, then reverses the order as requested in the query and returns [20172, 
20171] to the client.

So, the bug on the Cassandra side is that we don't re-restrict the resultset to 
the requested count after a digest mismatch, before sending it to the client.

Then, the client calls popitem() on the result, which means you get back the 
*last* item in the resultset, i.e., 20171.

In short: Cassandra needs to fix sending back more results than requested when 
there are different versions on different nodes that need to be resolved.  
We'll address this as part of the related CASSANDRA-3303.  Unfortunately, this 
code path is one that we know from experience is easy to introduce regressions 
to, so I don't think we can safely do this in 0.8; the fix will be in 1.0.2+.

However, a simple workaround exists, which is for clients to consume results 
from the front of the row, instead of the back.
                
> Quorum returns incorrect results during hinted handoff
> ------------------------------------------------------
>
>                 Key: CASSANDRA-3395
>                 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-3395
>             Project: Cassandra
>          Issue Type: Bug
>          Components: Core
>    Affects Versions: 0.8.0
>            Reporter: Brandon Williams
>            Assignee: Brandon Williams
>             Fix For: 0.8.8
>
>         Attachments: logs.tar.bz2, ttest.py, ttestraw.py
>
>
> In a 3 node cluster with RF=3 and using a single coordinator, if 
> monotonically increasing columns are inserted into a row and the latest one 
> sliced (both at QUORUM) during HH replay occasionally this column will not be 
> seen.

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