This is an automated email from the ASF dual-hosted git repository.

ggregory pushed a commit to branch master
in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-validator.git


The following commit(s) were added to refs/heads/master by this push:
     new 114ce504 Javadoc: Use {@code ...}
114ce504 is described below

commit 114ce5049493ef3464a7bad7b2b8e1db2f654dff
Author: Gary Gregory <garydgreg...@gmail.com>
AuthorDate: Wed Jan 17 09:29:47 2024 -0500

    Javadoc: Use {@code ...}
---
 .../apache/commons/validator/EmailValidator.java   |  2 +-
 .../java/org/apache/commons/validator/Field.java   |  2 +-
 .../apache/commons/validator/ISBNValidator.java    |  2 +-
 .../org/apache/commons/validator/UrlValidator.java |  8 ++++----
 .../org/apache/commons/validator/Validator.java    |  2 +-
 .../apache/commons/validator/ValidatorAction.java  |  2 +-
 .../routines/AbstractCalendarValidator.java        |  8 ++++----
 .../routines/AbstractFormatValidator.java          |  6 +++---
 .../routines/AbstractNumberValidator.java          | 10 ++++-----
 .../validator/routines/BigDecimalValidator.java    | 12 +++++------
 .../validator/routines/BigIntegerValidator.java    | 10 ++++-----
 .../commons/validator/routines/ByteValidator.java  | 12 +++++------
 .../validator/routines/CalendarValidator.java      | 20 +++++++++---------
 .../commons/validator/routines/CodeValidator.java  |  4 ++--
 .../validator/routines/CreditCardValidator.java    |  2 +-
 .../validator/routines/CurrencyValidator.java      |  2 +-
 .../commons/validator/routines/DateValidator.java  | 24 +++++++++++-----------
 .../validator/routines/DoubleValidator.java        | 12 +++++------
 .../commons/validator/routines/EmailValidator.java |  2 +-
 .../commons/validator/routines/FloatValidator.java | 12 +++++------
 .../commons/validator/routines/ISBNValidator.java  | 10 ++++-----
 .../commons/validator/routines/ISINValidator.java  |  2 +-
 .../commons/validator/routines/ISSNValidator.java  |  8 ++++----
 .../validator/routines/IntegerValidator.java       | 12 +++++------
 .../commons/validator/routines/LongValidator.java  | 10 ++++-----
 .../validator/routines/PercentValidator.java       |  2 +-
 .../commons/validator/routines/RegexValidator.java |  4 ++--
 .../commons/validator/routines/ShortValidator.java | 12 +++++------
 .../commons/validator/routines/TimeValidator.java  | 20 +++++++++---------
 .../commons/validator/routines/UrlValidator.java   |  8 ++++----
 .../commons/validator/routines/package-info.java   |  4 ++--
 .../commons/validator/util/ValidatorUtils.java     |  2 +-
 .../commons/validator/GenericValidatorImpl.java    |  2 +-
 .../apache/commons/validator/ValidatorTest.java    |  4 ++--
 34 files changed, 127 insertions(+), 127 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/EmailValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/EmailValidator.java
index 4c9e57c5..55a29138 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/EmailValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/EmailValidator.java
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ public class EmailValidator {
     /**
      * <p>Checks if a field has a valid e-mail address.</p>
      *
-     * @param email The value validation is being performed on.  A 
<code>null</code>
+     * @param email The value validation is being performed on.  A {@code null}
      * value is considered invalid.
      * @return true if the email address is valid.
      */
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/Field.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/Field.java
index 800ff784..cf10b809 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/Field.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/Field.java
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ public class Field implements Cloneable, Serializable {
 
     /**
      * Gets the <code>Arg</code> object at the given position.  If the key
-     * finds a <code>null</code> value then the default value will be
+     * finds a {@code null} value then the default value will be
      * retrieved.
      * @param key The name the Arg is stored under.  If not found, the default
      * Arg for the given position (if any) will be retrieved.
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/ISBNValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/ISBNValidator.java
index 5cfeec44..665cd3b5 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/ISBNValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/ISBNValidator.java
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public class ISBNValidator {
      * divided by 11 according to the ISBN algorithm.  If the result is zero,
      * the ISBN is valid.  This method accepts formatted or raw ISBN codes.
      *
-     * @param isbn Candidate ISBN number to be validated. <code>null</code> is
+     * @param isbn Candidate ISBN number to be validated. {@code null} is
      * considered invalid.
      * @return true if the string is a valid ISBN code.
      */
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/UrlValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/UrlValidator.java
index a2b464ee..ee918eea 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/UrlValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/UrlValidator.java
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ public class UrlValidator implements Serializable {
     /**
      * <p>Checks if a field has a valid URL address.</p>
      *
-     * @param value The value validation is being performed on.  A 
<code>null</code>
+     * @param value The value validation is being performed on.  A {@code null}
      * value is considered invalid.
      * @return true if the URL is valid.
      */
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ public class UrlValidator implements Serializable {
 
     /**
      * Returns true if the authority is properly formatted.  An authority is 
the combination
-     * of hostname and port.  A <code>null</code> authority value is 
considered invalid.
+     * of hostname and port.  A {@code null} authority value is considered 
invalid.
      * @param authority Authority value to validate.
      * @return true if authority (hostname and port) is valid.
      */
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ public class UrlValidator implements Serializable {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns true if the path is valid.  A <code>null</code> value is 
considered invalid.
+     * Returns true if the path is valid.  A {@code null} value is considered 
invalid.
      * @param path Path value to validate.
      * @return true if path is valid.
      */
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ public class UrlValidator implements Serializable {
      * Validate scheme. If schemes[] was initialized to a non null,
      * then only those scheme's are allowed.  Note this is slightly different
      * than for the constructor.
-     * @param scheme The scheme to validate.  A <code>null</code> value is 
considered
+     * @param scheme The scheme to validate.  A {@code null} value is 
considered
      * invalid.
      * @return true if valid.
      */
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/Validator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/Validator.java
index 91994afb..262aecd1 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/Validator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/Validator.java
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ public class Validator implements Serializable {
      * Sets the class loader to be used for instantiating application objects
      * when required.
      *
-     * @param classLoader The new class loader to use, or <code>null</code>
+     * @param classLoader The new class loader to use, or {@code null}
      *  to revert to the standard rules
      */
     public void setClassLoader(final ClassLoader classLoader) {
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/ValidatorAction.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/ValidatorAction.java
index e78b8421..b2caa59c 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/ValidatorAction.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/ValidatorAction.java
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ public class ValidatorAction implements Serializable {
     }
 
     /**
-     * If the result object is a <code>Boolean</code>, it will return its 
value. If not it will return {@code false} if the object is <code>null</code> 
and
+     * If the result object is a <code>Boolean</code>, it will return its 
value. If not it will return {@code false} if the object is {@code null} and
      * {@code true} if it isn't.
      */
     private boolean isValid(final Object result) {
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/AbstractCalendarValidator.java
 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/AbstractCalendarValidator.java
index 841caf73..324a5707 100644
--- 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/AbstractCalendarValidator.java
+++ 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/AbstractCalendarValidator.java
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractCalendarValidator extends 
AbstractFormatValidator
      *    and/or <code>Locale</code>.</p>
      *
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against or
-     *        <code>null</code> to use the default for the <code>Locale</code>.
+     *        {@code null} to use the default for the <code>Locale</code>.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the currency format, system default 
if null.
      * @return The <code>DateFormat</code> to created.
      */
@@ -400,10 +400,10 @@ public abstract class AbstractCalendarValidator extends 
AbstractFormatValidator
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
      * @param timeZone The Time Zone used to parse the date, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed value if valid or <code>null</code> if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed value if valid or {@code null} if invalid.
      */
     protected Object parse(String value, final String pattern, final Locale 
locale, final TimeZone timeZone) {
 
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractCalendarValidator extends 
AbstractFormatValidator
      * @param value The parsed object created.
      * @param formatter The Format used to parse the value with.
      * @return The parsed value converted to the appropriate type
-     *         if valid or <code>null</code> if invalid.
+     *         if valid or {@code null} if invalid.
      */
     @Override
     protected abstract Object processParsedValue(Object value, Format 
formatter);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/AbstractFormatValidator.java
 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/AbstractFormatValidator.java
index 827ea709..6797a345 100644
--- 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/AbstractFormatValidator.java
+++ 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/AbstractFormatValidator.java
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractFormatValidator implements 
Serializable {
      *    and/or <code>Locale</code>.</p>
      *
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against or
-     *        <code>null</code> to use the default for the <code>Locale</code>.
+     *        {@code null} to use the default for the <code>Locale</code>.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the currency format, system default 
if null.
      * @return The <code>NumberFormat</code> to created.
      */
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractFormatValidator implements 
Serializable {
      *
      * @param value The value to be parsed.
      * @param formatter The Format to parse the value with.
-     * @return The parsed value if valid or <code>null</code> if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed value if valid or {@code null} if invalid.
      */
     protected Object parse(final String value, final Format formatter) {
 
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractFormatValidator implements 
Serializable {
      * @param value The parsed object created.
      * @param formatter The Format used to parse the value with.
      * @return The parsed value converted to the appropriate type
-     *         if valid or <code>null</code> if invalid.
+     *         if valid or {@code null} if invalid.
      */
     protected abstract Object processParsedValue(Object value, Format 
formatter);
 
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/AbstractNumberValidator.java
 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/AbstractNumberValidator.java
index 9c4d7ea5..e2dc0f1c 100644
--- 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/AbstractNumberValidator.java
+++ 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/AbstractNumberValidator.java
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractNumberValidator extends 
AbstractFormatValidator {
      *    and/or <code>Locale</code>.</p>
      *
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against or
-     *        <code>null</code> to use the default for the <code>Locale</code>.
+     *        {@code null} to use the default for the <code>Locale</code>.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the currency format, system default 
if null.
      * @return The <code>NumberFormat</code> to created.
      */
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractNumberValidator extends 
AbstractFormatValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
      * @return {@code true} if the value is valid.
      */
@@ -254,9 +254,9 @@ public abstract class AbstractNumberValidator extends 
AbstractFormatValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed value if valid or <code>null</code> if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed value if valid or {@code null} if invalid.
      */
     protected Object parse(String value, final String pattern, final Locale 
locale) {
         value = value == null ? null : value.trim();
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractNumberValidator extends 
AbstractFormatValidator {
      * @param value The parsed object created.
      * @param formatter The Format used to parse the value with.
      * @return The parsed value converted to the appropriate type
-     *         if valid or <code>null</code> if invalid.
+     *         if valid or {@code null} if invalid.
      */
     @Override
     protected abstract Object processParsedValue(Object value, Format 
formatter);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/BigDecimalValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/BigDecimalValidator.java
index c98c505e..f521ab4e 100644
--- 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/BigDecimalValidator.java
+++ 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/BigDecimalValidator.java
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ public class BigDecimalValidator extends 
AbstractNumberValidator {
      *    <code>Locale</code>.
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
-     * @return The parsed <code>BigDecimal</code> if valid or <code>null</code>
+     * @return The parsed <code>BigDecimal</code> if valid or {@code null}
      *  if invalid.
      */
     public BigDecimal validate(final String value) {
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ public class BigDecimalValidator extends 
AbstractNumberValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the number format, system default 
if null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>BigDecimal</code> if valid or 
<code>null</code> if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>BigDecimal</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public BigDecimal validate(final String value, final Locale locale) {
         return (BigDecimal)parse(value, (String)null, locale);
@@ -216,8 +216,8 @@ public class BigDecimalValidator extends 
AbstractNumberValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
-     * @return The parsed <code>BigDecimal</code> if valid or 
<code>null</code> if invalid.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
+     * @return The parsed <code>BigDecimal</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public BigDecimal validate(final String value, final String pattern) {
         return (BigDecimal)parse(value, pattern, (Locale)null);
@@ -229,9 +229,9 @@ public class BigDecimalValidator extends 
AbstractNumberValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>BigDecimal</code> if valid or 
<code>null</code> if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>BigDecimal</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public BigDecimal validate(final String value, final String pattern, final 
Locale locale) {
         return (BigDecimal)parse(value, pattern, locale);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/BigIntegerValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/BigIntegerValidator.java
index 1b9a3489..45c5157a 100644
--- 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/BigIntegerValidator.java
+++ 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/BigIntegerValidator.java
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ public class BigIntegerValidator extends 
AbstractNumberValidator {
      *    <code>Locale</code>.
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
-     * @return The parsed <code>BigInteger</code> if valid or <code>null</code>
+     * @return The parsed <code>BigInteger</code> if valid or {@code null}
      *  if invalid.
      */
     public BigInteger validate(final String value) {
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ public class BigIntegerValidator extends 
AbstractNumberValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the number format, system default 
if null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>BigInteger</code> if valid or 
<code>null</code> if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>BigInteger</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public BigInteger validate(final String value, final Locale locale) {
         return (BigInteger)parse(value, (String)null, locale);
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ public class BigIntegerValidator extends 
AbstractNumberValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against.
-     * @return The parsed <code>BigInteger</code> if valid or 
<code>null</code> if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>BigInteger</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public BigInteger validate(final String value, final String pattern) {
         return (BigInteger)parse(value, pattern, (Locale)null);
@@ -200,9 +200,9 @@ public class BigIntegerValidator extends 
AbstractNumberValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>BigInteger</code> if valid or 
<code>null</code> if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>BigInteger</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public BigInteger validate(final String value, final String pattern, final 
Locale locale) {
         return (BigInteger)parse(value, pattern, locale);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ByteValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ByteValidator.java
index 96be9918..63869ae4 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ByteValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ByteValidator.java
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ public class ByteValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator {
      * @param value The parsed <code>Number</code> object created.
      * @param formatter The Format used to parse the value with.
      * @return The parsed <code>Number</code> converted to a
-     *   <code>Byte</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if invalid.
+     *   <code>Byte</code> if valid or {@code null} if invalid.
      */
     @Override
     protected Object processParsedValue(final Object value, final Format 
formatter) {
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ public class ByteValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator {
      *    <code>Locale</code>.
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Byte</code> if valid or <code>null</code>
+     * @return The parsed <code>Byte</code> if valid or {@code null}
      *  if invalid.
      */
     public Byte validate(final String value) {
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ public class ByteValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the number format, system default 
if null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Byte</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Byte</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Byte validate(final String value, final Locale locale) {
         return (Byte)parse(value, (String)null, locale);
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ public class ByteValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Byte</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Byte</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Byte validate(final String value, final String pattern) {
         return (Byte)parse(value, pattern, (Locale)null);
@@ -246,9 +246,9 @@ public class ByteValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Byte</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Byte</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Byte validate(final String value, final String pattern, final 
Locale locale) {
         return (Byte)parse(value, pattern, locale);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/CalendarValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/CalendarValidator.java
index 08d5c8a0..5f09d0bd 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/CalendarValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/CalendarValidator.java
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ public class CalendarValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *    <code>Locale</code> and <code>TimeZone</code>.
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or <code>null</code>
+     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or {@code null}
      *  if invalid.
      */
     public Calendar validate(final String value) {
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ public class CalendarValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or <code>null</code> 
if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Calendar validate(final String value, final Locale locale) {
         return (Calendar)parse(value, (String)null, locale, (TimeZone)null);
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ public class CalendarValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
      * @param timeZone The Time Zone used to parse the date, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or <code>null</code> 
if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Calendar validate(final String value, final Locale locale, final 
TimeZone timeZone) {
         return (Calendar)parse(value, (String)null, locale, timeZone);
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ public class CalendarValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or <code>null</code> 
if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Calendar validate(final String value, final String pattern) {
         return (Calendar)parse(value, pattern, (Locale)null, (TimeZone)null);
@@ -285,9 +285,9 @@ public class CalendarValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or <code>null</code> 
if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Calendar validate(final String value, final String pattern, final 
Locale locale) {
         return (Calendar)parse(value, pattern, locale, (TimeZone)null);
@@ -299,10 +299,10 @@ public class CalendarValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
      * @param timeZone The Time Zone used to parse the date, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or <code>null</code> 
if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Calendar validate(final String value, final String pattern, final 
Locale locale, final TimeZone timeZone) {
         return (Calendar)parse(value, pattern, locale, timeZone);
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ public class CalendarValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against.
      * @param timeZone The Time Zone used to parse the date, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or <code>null</code> 
if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Calendar validate(final String value, final String pattern, final 
TimeZone timeZone) {
         return (Calendar)parse(value, pattern, (Locale)null, timeZone);
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ public class CalendarValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param timeZone The Time Zone used to parse the date, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or <code>null</code>
+     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or {@code null}
      *  if invalid.
      */
     public Calendar validate(final String value, final TimeZone timeZone) {
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/CodeValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/CodeValidator.java
index f2d6b7bb..e02ad8f2 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/CodeValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/CodeValidator.java
@@ -242,14 +242,14 @@ public final class CodeValidator implements Serializable {
 
     /**
      * Validate the code returning either the valid code or
-     * <code>null</code> if invalid.
+     * {@code null} if invalid.
      * <p>
      * Note that this method trims the input
      * and if there is a {@link RegexValidator} it may also
      * change the input as part of the validation.
      *
      * @param input The code to validate
-     * @return The code if valid, otherwise <code>null</code>
+     * @return The code if valid, otherwise {@code null}
      * if invalid
      */
     public Object validate(final String input) {
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/CreditCardValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/CreditCardValidator.java
index 1630b432..98868e5a 100644
--- 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/CreditCardValidator.java
+++ 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/CreditCardValidator.java
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ public class CreditCardValidator implements Serializable {
     /**
      * Checks if the field is a valid credit card number.
      * @param card The card number to validate.
-     * @return The card number if valid or <code>null</code>
+     * @return The card number if valid or {@code null}
      * if invalid.
      */
     public Object validate(final String card) {
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/CurrencyValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/CurrencyValidator.java
index 87a2e4e4..f88ce052 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/CurrencyValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/CurrencyValidator.java
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ public class CurrencyValidator extends BigDecimalValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value to be parsed.
      * @param formatter The Format to parse the value with.
-     * @return The parsed value if valid or <code>null</code> if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed value if valid or {@code null} if invalid.
      */
     @Override
     protected Object parse(final String value, final Format formatter) {
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/DateValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/DateValidator.java
index 8562b206..90c4328e 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/DateValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/DateValidator.java
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ public class DateValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *    <code>Locale</code> and <code>TimeZone</code>.
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Date</code> if valid or <code>null</code>
+     * @return The parsed <code>Date</code> if valid or {@code null}
      *  if invalid.
      */
     public Date validate(final String value) {
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ public class DateValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Date</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Date</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Date validate(final String value, final Locale locale) {
         return (Date)parse(value, (String)null, locale, (TimeZone)null);
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ public class DateValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
      * @param timeZone The Time Zone used to parse the date, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Date</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Date</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Date validate(final String value, final Locale locale, final 
TimeZone timeZone) {
         return (Date)parse(value, (String)null, locale, timeZone);
@@ -284,8 +284,8 @@ public class DateValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Date</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Date</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Date validate(final String value, final String pattern) {
         return (Date)parse(value, pattern, (Locale)null, (TimeZone)null);
@@ -297,9 +297,9 @@ public class DateValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Date</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Date</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Date validate(final String value, final String pattern, final 
Locale locale) {
         return (Date)parse(value, pattern, locale, (TimeZone)null);
@@ -311,10 +311,10 @@ public class DateValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
      * @param timeZone The Time Zone used to parse the date, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Date</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Date</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Date validate(final String value, final String pattern, final 
Locale locale, final TimeZone timeZone) {
         return (Date)parse(value, pattern, locale, timeZone);
@@ -326,9 +326,9 @@ public class DateValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
      * @param timeZone The Time Zone used to parse the date, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Date</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Date</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Date validate(final String value, final String pattern, final 
TimeZone timeZone) {
         return (Date)parse(value, pattern, (Locale)null, timeZone);
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ public class DateValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param timeZone The Time Zone used to parse the date, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Date</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Date</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Date validate(final String value, final TimeZone timeZone) {
         return (Date)parse(value, (String)null, (Locale)null, timeZone);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/DoubleValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/DoubleValidator.java
index 428ebd07..8702da4a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/DoubleValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/DoubleValidator.java
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ public class DoubleValidator extends 
AbstractNumberValidator {
      * @param value The parsed <code>Number</code> object created.
      * @param formatter The Format used to parse the value with.
      * @return The validated/converted <code>Double</code> value if valid
-     * or <code>null</code> if invalid.
+     * or {@code null} if invalid.
      */
     @Override
     protected Object processParsedValue(final Object value, final Format 
formatter) {
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ public class DoubleValidator extends 
AbstractNumberValidator {
      *    <code>Locale</code>.
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Double</code> if valid or <code>null</code>
+     * @return The parsed <code>Double</code> if valid or {@code null}
      *  if invalid.
      */
     public Double validate(final String value) {
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ public class DoubleValidator extends 
AbstractNumberValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the number format, system default 
if null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Double</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Double</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Double validate(final String value, final Locale locale) {
         return (Double)parse(value, (String)null, locale);
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ public class DoubleValidator extends 
AbstractNumberValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against.
-     * @return The parsed <code>BigDecimal</code> if valid or 
<code>null</code> if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>BigDecimal</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Double validate(final String value, final String pattern) {
         return (Double)parse(value, pattern, (Locale)null);
@@ -241,9 +241,9 @@ public class DoubleValidator extends 
AbstractNumberValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Double</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Double</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Double validate(final String value, final String pattern, final 
Locale locale) {
         return (Double)parse(value, pattern, locale);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/EmailValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/EmailValidator.java
index 3cf1f7c1..d370d080 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/EmailValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/EmailValidator.java
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ public class EmailValidator implements Serializable {
     /**
      * <p>Checks if a field has a valid e-mail address.</p>
      *
-     * @param email The value validation is being performed on.  A 
<code>null</code>
+     * @param email The value validation is being performed on.  A {@code null}
      *              value is considered invalid.
      * @return true if the email address is valid.
      */
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/FloatValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/FloatValidator.java
index 999184cd..ed1c67c9 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/FloatValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/FloatValidator.java
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ public class FloatValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator 
{
      * @param value The parsed <code>Number</code> object created.
      * @param formatter The Format used to parse the value with.
      * @return The parsed <code>Number</code> converted to a
-     *   <code>Float</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if invalid.
+     *   <code>Float</code> if valid or {@code null} if invalid.
      */
     @Override
     protected Object processParsedValue(final Object value, final Format 
formatter) {
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ public class FloatValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator 
{
      *    <code>Locale</code>.
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Float</code> if valid or <code>null</code>
+     * @return The parsed <code>Float</code> if valid or {@code null}
      *  if invalid.
      */
     public Float validate(final String value) {
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ public class FloatValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator 
{
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the number format, system default 
if null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Float</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Float</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Float validate(final String value, final Locale locale) {
         return (Float)parse(value, (String)null, locale);
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ public class FloatValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator 
{
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Float</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Float</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Float validate(final String value, final String pattern) {
         return (Float)parse(value, pattern, (Locale)null);
@@ -258,9 +258,9 @@ public class FloatValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator 
{
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Float</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Float</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Float validate(final String value, final String pattern, final 
Locale locale) {
         return (Float)parse(value, pattern, locale);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ISBNValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ISBNValidator.java
index 8f07c624..e0229ee9 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ISBNValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ISBNValidator.java
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import 
org.apache.commons.validator.routines.checkdigit.ISBN10CheckDigit;
  * the {@link EAN13CheckDigit} routine).
  * <p>
  * The <code>validate()</code> methods return the ISBN code with formatting
- * characters removed if valid or <code>null</code> if invalid.
+ * characters removed if valid or {@code null} if invalid.
  * <p>
  * This validator also provides the facility to convert ISBN-10 codes to
  * ISBN-13 if the <code>convert</code> property is {@code true}.
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ public class ISBNValidator implements Serializable {
      * characters.
      *
      * @param isbn10 The ISBN-10 code to convert
-     * @return A converted ISBN-13 code or <code>null</code>
+     * @return A converted ISBN-13 code or {@code null}
      * if the ISBN-10 code is not valid
      */
     public String convertToISBN13(final String isbn10) {
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ public class ISBNValidator implements Serializable {
      * <code>convertToISBN13</code> is {@code true}.
      *
      * @param code The code to validate.
-     * @return A valid ISBN code if valid, otherwise <code>null</code>.
+     * @return A valid ISBN code if valid, otherwise {@code null}.
      */
     public String validate(final String code) {
         String result = validateISBN13(code);
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ public class ISBNValidator implements Serializable {
      *
      * @param code The code to validate.
      * @return A valid ISBN-10 code if valid,
-     * otherwise <code>null</code>.
+     * otherwise {@code null}.
      */
     public String validateISBN10(final String code) {
         final Object result = isbn10Validator.validate(code);
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ public class ISBNValidator implements Serializable {
      *
      * @param code The code to validate.
      * @return A valid ISBN-13 code if valid,
-     * otherwise <code>null</code>.
+     * otherwise {@code null}.
      */
     public String validateISBN13(final String code) {
         final Object result = isbn13Validator.validate(code);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ISINValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ISINValidator.java
index a0c0f354..6e379f6e 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ISINValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ISINValidator.java
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ public class ISINValidator implements Serializable {
      * Check the code is valid ISIN code.
      *
      * @param code The code to validate.
-     * @return A valid ISIN code if valid, otherwise <code>null</code>.
+     * @return A valid ISIN code if valid, otherwise {@code null}.
      */
     public Object validate(final String code) {
         final Object validate = VALIDATOR.validate(code);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ISSNValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ISSNValidator.java
index 4080a9b6..53c49ec7 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ISSNValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ISSNValidator.java
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ public class ISSNValidator implements Serializable {
      *
      * @param issn The ISSN code to convert
      * @param suffix the two digit suffix, e.g. "00"
-     * @return A converted EAN-13 code or <code>null</code>
+     * @return A converted EAN-13 code or {@code null}
      * if the input ISSN code is not valid
      */
     public String convertToEAN13(final String issn, final String suffix) {
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ public class ISSNValidator implements Serializable {
      * That is a 13 digit EAN-13 code with the '977' prefix
      *
      * @param ean13 The ISSN code to convert
-     * @return A valid ISSN code or <code>null</code>
+     * @return A valid ISSN code or {@code null}
      * if the input ISSN EAN-13 code is not valid
      * @since 1.7
      */
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ public class ISSNValidator implements Serializable {
      * the 'ISSN ' prefix removed (if it was present)
      *
      * @param code The code to validate.
-     * @return A valid ISSN code if valid, otherwise <code>null</code>.
+     * @return A valid ISSN code if valid, otherwise {@code null}.
      */
     public Object validate(final String code) {
         return VALIDATOR.validate(code);
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ public class ISSNValidator implements Serializable {
      * If valid, this method returns the EAN code
      *
      * @param code The code to validate.
-     * @return A valid EAN code if valid, otherwise <code>null</code>.
+     * @return A valid EAN code if valid, otherwise {@code null}.
      * @since 1.7
      */
     public Object validateEan(final String code) {
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/IntegerValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/IntegerValidator.java
index 7c09432a..11b3b113 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/IntegerValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/IntegerValidator.java
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ public class IntegerValidator extends 
AbstractNumberValidator {
      * @param value The parsed <code>Number</code> object created.
      * @param formatter The Format used to parse the value with.
      * @return The parsed <code>Number</code> converted to an
-     *   <code>Integer</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if invalid.
+     *   <code>Integer</code> if valid or {@code null} if invalid.
      */
     @Override
     protected Object processParsedValue(final Object value, final Format 
formatter) {
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ public class IntegerValidator extends 
AbstractNumberValidator {
      *    <code>Locale</code>.
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Integer</code> if valid or <code>null</code>
+     * @return The parsed <code>Integer</code> if valid or {@code null}
      *  if invalid.
      */
     public Integer validate(final String value) {
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ public class IntegerValidator extends 
AbstractNumberValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the number format, system default 
if null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Integer</code> if valid or <code>null</code> 
if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Integer</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Integer validate(final String value, final Locale locale) {
         return (Integer)parse(value, (String)null, locale);
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ public class IntegerValidator extends 
AbstractNumberValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Integer</code> if valid or <code>null</code> 
if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Integer</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Integer validate(final String value, final String pattern) {
         return (Integer)parse(value, pattern, (Locale)null);
@@ -246,9 +246,9 @@ public class IntegerValidator extends 
AbstractNumberValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Integer</code> if valid or <code>null</code> 
if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Integer</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Integer validate(final String value, final String pattern, final 
Locale locale) {
         return (Integer)parse(value, pattern, locale);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/LongValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/LongValidator.java
index 4f59ba2d..09c9d523 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/LongValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/LongValidator.java
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ public class LongValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator {
      *    <code>Locale</code>.
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Long</code> if valid or <code>null</code>
+     * @return The parsed <code>Long</code> if valid or {@code null}
      *  if invalid.
      */
     public Long validate(final String value) {
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ public class LongValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the number format, system default 
if null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Long</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Long</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Long validate(final String value, final Locale locale) {
         return (Long)parse(value, (String)null, locale);
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ public class LongValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Long</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Long</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Long validate(final String value, final String pattern) {
         return (Long)parse(value, pattern, (Locale)null);
@@ -241,9 +241,9 @@ public class LongValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Long</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Long</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Long validate(final String value, final String pattern, final 
Locale locale) {
         return (Long)parse(value, pattern, locale);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/PercentValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/PercentValidator.java
index d1262bf1..343cad1a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/PercentValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/PercentValidator.java
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ public class PercentValidator extends BigDecimalValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value to be parsed.
      * @param formatter The Format to parse the value with.
-     * @return The parsed value if valid or <code>null</code> if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed value if valid or {@code null} if invalid.
      */
     @Override
     protected Object parse(final String value, final Format formatter) {
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/RegexValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/RegexValidator.java
index a12437c3..7b623196 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/RegexValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/RegexValidator.java
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ public class RegexValidator implements Serializable {
      *
      * @param value The value to validate.
      * @return String array of the <i>groups</i> matched if
-     * valid or <code>null</code> if invalid
+     * valid or {@code null} if invalid
      */
     public String[] match(final String value) {
         if (value == null) {
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ public class RegexValidator implements Serializable {
      *
      * @param value The value to validate.
      * @return Aggregated String value comprised of the
-     * <i>groups</i> matched if valid or <code>null</code> if invalid
+     * <i>groups</i> matched if valid or {@code null} if invalid
      */
     public String validate(final String value) {
         if (value == null) {
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ShortValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ShortValidator.java
index 24a64ef7..34626185 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ShortValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/ShortValidator.java
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ public class ShortValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator 
{
      * @param value The parsed <code>Number</code> object created.
      * @param formatter The Format used to parse the value with.
      * @return The parsed <code>Number</code> converted to a
-     *   <code>Short</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if invalid.
+     *   <code>Short</code> if valid or {@code null} if invalid.
      */
     @Override
     protected Object processParsedValue(final Object value, final Format 
formatter) {
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ public class ShortValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator 
{
      *    <code>Locale</code>.
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Short</code> if valid or <code>null</code>
+     * @return The parsed <code>Short</code> if valid or {@code null}
      *  if invalid.
      */
     public Short validate(final String value) {
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ public class ShortValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator 
{
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the number format, system default 
if null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Short</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Short</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Short validate(final String value, final Locale locale) {
         return (Short)parse(value, (String)null, locale);
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ public class ShortValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator 
{
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Short</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Short</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Short validate(final String value, final String pattern) {
         return (Short)parse(value, pattern, (Locale)null);
@@ -244,9 +244,9 @@ public class ShortValidator extends AbstractNumberValidator 
{
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Short</code> if valid or <code>null</code> if 
invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Short</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Short validate(final String value, final String pattern, final 
Locale locale) {
         return (Short)parse(value, pattern, locale);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/TimeValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/TimeValidator.java
index 474a22c0..90148b3f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/TimeValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/TimeValidator.java
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ public class TimeValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *    and <code>TimeZone</code>.
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or <code>null</code>
+     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or {@code null}
      *  if invalid.
      */
     public Calendar validate(final String value) {
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ public class TimeValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the time format, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or <code>null</code> 
if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Calendar validate(final String value, final Locale locale) {
         return (Calendar)parse(value, (String)null, locale, (TimeZone)null);
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ public class TimeValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the time format, system default if 
null.
      * @param timeZone The Time Zone used to parse the time, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or <code>null</code> 
if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Calendar validate(final String value, final Locale locale, final 
TimeZone timeZone) {
         return (Calendar)parse(value, (String)null, locale, timeZone);
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ public class TimeValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or <code>null</code> 
if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Calendar validate(final String value, final String pattern) {
         return (Calendar)parse(value, pattern, (Locale)null, (TimeZone)null);
@@ -234,9 +234,9 @@ public class TimeValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or <code>null</code> 
if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Calendar validate(final String value, final String pattern, final 
Locale locale) {
         return (Calendar)parse(value, pattern, locale, (TimeZone)null);
@@ -248,10 +248,10 @@ public class TimeValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against, or the
-     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if <code>null</code>.
+     *        default for the <code>Locale</code> if {@code null}.
      * @param locale The locale to use for the date format, system default if 
null.
      * @param timeZone The Time Zone used to parse the date, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or <code>null</code> 
if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Calendar validate(final String value, final String pattern, final 
Locale locale, final TimeZone timeZone) {
         return (Calendar)parse(value, pattern, locale, timeZone);
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ public class TimeValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param pattern The pattern used to validate the value against.
      * @param timeZone The Time Zone used to parse the time, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or <code>null</code> 
if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Calendar validate(final String value, final String pattern, final 
TimeZone timeZone) {
         return (Calendar)parse(value, pattern, (Locale)null, timeZone);
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ public class TimeValidator extends 
AbstractCalendarValidator {
      *
      * @param value The value validation is being performed on.
      * @param timeZone The Time Zone used to parse the time, system default if 
null.
-     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or <code>null</code> 
if invalid.
+     * @return The parsed <code>Calendar</code> if valid or {@code null} if 
invalid.
      */
     public Calendar validate(final String value, final TimeZone timeZone) {
         return (Calendar)parse(value, (String)null, (Locale)null, timeZone);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/UrlValidator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/UrlValidator.java
index 9334c3d1..62fb1697 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/UrlValidator.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/UrlValidator.java
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ public class UrlValidator implements Serializable {
      * Note that the method calls #isValidAuthority()
      * which checks that the domain is valid.
      *
-     * @param value The value validation is being performed on.  A 
<code>null</code>
+     * @param value The value validation is being performed on.  A {@code null}
      * value is considered invalid.
      * @return true if the URL is valid.
      */
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ public class UrlValidator implements Serializable {
 
     /**
      * Returns true if the authority is properly formatted.  An authority is 
the combination
-     * of hostname and port.  A <code>null</code> authority value is 
considered invalid.
+     * of hostname and port.  A {@code null} authority value is considered 
invalid.
      * Note: this implementation validates the domain unless a RegexValidator 
was provided.
      * If a RegexValidator was supplied and it matches, then the authority is 
regarded
      * as valid with no further checks, otherwise the method checks against the
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ public class UrlValidator implements Serializable {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns true if the path is valid.  A <code>null</code> value is 
considered invalid.
+     * Returns true if the path is valid.  A {@code null} value is considered 
invalid.
      * @param path Path value to validate.
      * @return true if path is valid.
      */
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ public class UrlValidator implements Serializable {
      * then only those schemes are allowed.
      * Otherwise the default schemes are "http", "https", "ftp".
      * Matching is case-blind.
-     * @param scheme The scheme to validate.  A <code>null</code> value is 
considered
+     * @param scheme The scheme to validate.  A {@code null} value is 
considered
      * invalid.
      * @return true if valid.
      */
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/package-info.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/package-info.java
index cd6c8988..a2a31e5e 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/package-info.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/routines/package-info.java
@@ -413,9 +413,9 @@
  * whether validation was successful.</li>
  * <li><code>validate()</code> methods return a <code>String</code>
  * value of the matched <i>groups</i> aggregated together or
- * <code>null</code> if invalid.</li>
+ * {@code null} if invalid.</li>
  * <li><code>match()</code> methods return a <code>String</code> array
- * of the matched <i>groups</i> or <code>null</code> if invalid.</li>
+ * of the matched <i>groups</i> or {@code null} if invalid.</li>
  * </ul>
  * </li>
  * <li><b>Case Sensitivity</b> - matching can be done in either a <i>case
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/util/ValidatorUtils.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/util/ValidatorUtils.java
index 2557c408..127b739a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/util/ValidatorUtils.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/validator/util/ValidatorUtils.java
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ public class ValidatorUtils {
      * <code>String</code>.  If the property is a <code>String[]</code> or
      * <code>Collection</code> and it is empty, an empty <code>String</code>
      * "" is returned.  Otherwise, property.toString() is returned.  This 
method
-     * may return <code>null</code> if there was an error retrieving the
+     * may return {@code null} if there was an error retrieving the
      * property.
      *
      * @param bean The bean object.
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/validator/GenericValidatorImpl.java 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/validator/GenericValidatorImpl.java
index 9b1a7663..701622c0 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/validator/GenericValidatorImpl.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/validator/GenericValidatorImpl.java
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ public class GenericValidatorImpl {
     /**
      * Checks if the field is required.
      *
-     * @return boolean If the field isn't <code>null</code> and has a length 
greater than zero, {@code true} is returned. Otherwise {@code false}.
+     * @return boolean If the field isn't {@code null} and has a length 
greater than zero, {@code true} is returned. Otherwise {@code false}.
      */
     public static boolean validateRequired(final Object bean, final Field 
field) {
         final String value = ValidatorUtils.getValueAsString(bean, 
field.getProperty());
diff --git a/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/validator/ValidatorTest.java 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/validator/ValidatorTest.java
index ed72c6a2..56a7097a 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/validator/ValidatorTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/validator/ValidatorTest.java
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ public class ValidatorTest {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Formats a <code>String</code> to a <code>Date</code>. The 
<code>Validator</code> will interpret a <code>null</code> as validation having 
failed.
+     * Formats a <code>String</code> to a <code>Date</code>. The 
<code>Validator</code> will interpret a {@code null} as validation having 
failed.
      */
     public static Date formatDate(final Object bean, final Field field) {
         final String value = ValidatorUtils.getValueAsString(bean, 
field.getProperty());
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ public class ValidatorTest {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Verify that one value generates an error and the other passes. The 
validation method being tested returns an object (<code>null</code> will be 
considered
+     * Verify that one value generates an error and the other passes. The 
validation method being tested returns an object ({@code null} will be 
considered
      * an error).
      */
     @Test

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