praveenc7 commented on code in PR #18262:
URL: https://github.com/apache/pinot/pull/18262#discussion_r3135824310


##########
pinot-query-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/query/runtime/blocks/ArrowBlock.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.pinot.query.runtime.blocks;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.FieldVector;
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.NullVector;
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.VarCharVector;
+import org.apache.arrow.vector.VectorSchemaRoot;
+import org.apache.pinot.common.datablock.ArrowDataBlock;
+import org.apache.pinot.common.utils.DataSchema;
+
+
+/**
+ * An {@link MseBlock.Data} backed by an Apache Arrow {@link VectorSchemaRoot}.
+ *
+ * <p>This is the columnar block type for the Multi-Stage Query Engine when 
Arrow is enabled. The
+ * {@link #asRowHeap()} and {@link #asSerialized()} methods provide a fallback 
path for operators that
+ * don't yet consume Arrow blocks directly — they materialize the off-heap 
columnar data into the legacy
+ * row-heap format. These fallback conversions are expensive (every primitive 
gets boxed, every string
+ * allocated on heap); they exist as a compatibility bridge, not as the 
intended hot path.
+ *
+ * <p><b>Lifetime:</b> the block's off-heap buffers are owned by the {@code 
BufferAllocator} used to
+ * construct it (typically a per-query or per-stage child of the root 
allocator). When that allocator
+ * closes, every block it produced is freed atomically. Individual blocks 
<em>do not</em> need to be
+ * released by operator code — the allocator is the unit of ownership.
+ *
+ * <p>{@link #close()} is provided for explicit early disposal (e.g. in tests, 
or when a caller wants to
+ * free a block before its allocator closes). It is <b>not</b> 
reference-counted; calling it twice will
+ * attempt to close the underlying {@link ArrowDataBlock} twice.
+ *
+ * <p>To move a block across allocator scopes (e.g. across stage boundaries or 
onto the wire), use
+ * Arrow's {@code TransferPair} API — this is zero-copy and preserves the 
allocator-ownership invariant.
+ */
+public class ArrowBlock implements MseBlock.Data, AutoCloseable {
+  private final ArrowDataBlock _dataBlock;
+
+  public ArrowBlock(ArrowDataBlock dataBlock) {
+    _dataBlock = dataBlock;
+  }
+
+  public ArrowDataBlock getDataBlock() {
+    return _dataBlock;
+  }
+
+  // ----- MseBlock.Data -----
+
+  @Override
+  public int getNumRows() {
+    return _dataBlock.getNumberOfRows();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public DataSchema getDataSchema() {
+    return _dataBlock.getDataSchema();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isRowHeap() {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isSerialized() {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isArrow() {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ArrowBlock asArrow() {
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Materializes the Arrow columnar data into a row-heap block. This is the 
fallback path for operators
+   * that don't yet consume Arrow blocks directly; it is expensive (every 
primitive gets boxed, every string
+   * allocated on heap).
+   *
+   * <p>The returned {@link RowHeapDataBlock} is independent of this block's 
off-heap buffers — the caller
+   * may close this block (or let its allocator close) without affecting the 
row-heap copy. This block is
+   * <em>not</em> closed as a side effect.
+   *
+   * <p>TODO: remove this method once all operators consume {@link ArrowBlock} 
directly.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public RowHeapDataBlock asRowHeap() {
+    int numRows = getNumRows();
+    int numCols = _dataBlock.getNumberOfColumns();
+    VectorSchemaRoot root = _dataBlock.getRoot();
+    Object[][] rows = new Object[numRows][numCols];
+    for (int colIdx = 0; colIdx < numCols; colIdx++) {
+      FieldVector vector = root.getVector(colIdx);
+      if (vector instanceof NullVector) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (vector instanceof VarCharVector) {
+        for (int row = 0; row < numRows; row++) {
+          Object value = vector.getObject(row);
+          if (value != null) {
+            rows[row][colIdx] = value.toString();
+          }
+        }
+      } else {
+        for (int row = 0; row < numRows; row++) {
+          rows[row][colIdx] = vector.getObject(row);

Review Comment:
   Thanks @xiangfu0 for the review. That's a valid point. Changed the 
implementation to account for this and updated the test



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