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jdanek pushed a commit to branch main
in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/qpid-python.git

commit 787c8b9475a0a6daffb6883feeba93fea6fdd062
Author: Jiri Daněk <jda...@redhat.com>
AuthorDate: Mon Apr 10 11:21:22 2023 +0200

    QPID-8631: use b"" to mark bytestring literals
---
 qpid/codec.py                   |   6 +-
 qpid/codec010.py                |   4 +-
 qpid/compat.py                  |   4 +-
 qpid/connection08.py            |   8 +--
 qpid/delegates.py               |   2 +-
 qpid/framer.py                  |  10 ++--
 qpid/framing.py                 |  10 ++--
 qpid/messaging/driver.py        |   6 +-
 qpid/tests/codec.py             |  62 ++++++++++-----------
 qpid/tests/codec010.py          |   6 +-
 qpid/tests/connection.py        |  22 ++++----
 qpid/tests/framing.py           | 120 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 qpid/tests/messaging/message.py |  10 ++--
 qpid/tests/spec010.py           |   8 +--
 qpid_tests/broker_0_9/echo.py   |   2 +-
 15 files changed, 140 insertions(+), 140 deletions(-)

diff --git a/qpid/codec.py b/qpid/codec.py
index a300dc5..01c4309 100644
--- a/qpid/codec.py
+++ b/qpid/codec.py
@@ -667,13 +667,13 @@ class Codec:
 
   def encode_boolean(self, s):
     if (s):
-      self.pack("!c", "\x01")
+      self.pack("!c", b"\x01")
     else:
-      self.pack("!c", "\x00")
+      self.pack("!c", b"\x00")
 
   def decode_boolean(self):
     b = self.unpack("!c")
-    if b == "\x00":
+    if b == b"\x00":
       return False
     else:
       # AMQP spec says anything else is True
diff --git a/qpid/codec010.py b/qpid/codec010.py
index 8f9eee0..f742d4a 100644
--- a/qpid/codec010.py
+++ b/qpid/codec010.py
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ class Codec(Packer):
     return self.read(self.read_uint32())
   def write_vbin32(self, b):
     if isinstance(b, buffer):
-      b = str(b)
+      b = bytes(b)
     # Allow unicode values in connection 'response' field
     if isinstance(b, unicode):
       b = b.encode('utf8')
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ class Codec(Packer):
 
 class StringCodec(Codec):
 
-  def __init__(self, encoded = ""):
+  def __init__(self, encoded = b""):
     self.encoded = encoded
 
   def read(self, n):
diff --git a/qpid/compat.py b/qpid/compat.py
index f3559ab..c6619bd 100644
--- a/qpid/compat.py
+++ b/qpid/compat.py
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ if sys.platform in ('win32', 'cygwin'):
       self.write_sock = write_sock
 
     def _do_write(self):
-      self.write_sock.send("\0")
+      self.write_sock.send(b"\0")
 
     def _do_read(self):
       self.read_sock.recv(65536)
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ else:
       self.read_fd, self.write_fd = os.pipe()
 
     def _do_write(self):
-      os.write(self.write_fd, "\0")
+      os.write(self.write_fd, b"\0")
 
     def _do_read(self):
       os.read(self.read_fd, 65536)
diff --git a/qpid/connection08.py b/qpid/connection08.py
index d8f14a2..338e79f 100644
--- a/qpid/connection08.py
+++ b/qpid/connection08.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class SockIO:
     self.sock.sendall(buf)
 
   def read(self, n):
-    data = ""
+    data = b""
     while len(data) < n:
       try:
         s = self.sock.recv(n - len(data))
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ class Connection:
   INIT="!4s4B"
 
   def init(self):
-    self.codec.pack(Connection.INIT, "AMQP", 1, 1, self.spec.major,
+    self.codec.pack(Connection.INIT, b"AMQP", 1, 1, self.spec.major,
                     self.spec.minor)
 
   def tini(self):
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class Connection:
       frame.channel = channel
       end = c.decode_octet()
       if end != self.FRAME_END:
-             garbage = ""
+             garbage = b""
              while end != self.FRAME_END:
                garbage += chr(end)
                end = c.decode_octet()
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ class Connection:
     frame.subchannel = subchannel
     end = c.decode_octet()
     if end != self.FRAME_END:
-      garbage = ""
+      garbage = b""
       while end != self.FRAME_END:
         garbage += chr(end)
         end = c.decode_octet()
diff --git a/qpid/delegates.py b/qpid/delegates.py
index 482f59f..487a376 100644
--- a/qpid/delegates.py
+++ b/qpid/delegates.py
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class Client(Delegate):
     cli_minor = 10
     self.connection.write_header(cli_major, cli_minor)
     magic, _, _, major, minor = self.connection.read_header()
-    if not (magic == "AMQP" and major == cli_major and minor == cli_minor):
+    if not (magic == b"AMQP" and major == cli_major and minor == cli_minor):
       raise VersionError("client: %s-%s, server: %s-%s" %
                          (cli_major, cli_minor, major, minor))
 
diff --git a/qpid/framer.py b/qpid/framer.py
index e676612..b0146b2 100644
--- a/qpid/framer.py
+++ b/qpid/framer.py
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ class Framer(Packer):
   def __init__(self, sock):
     self.sock = sock
     self.sock_lock = RLock()
-    self.tx_buf = ""
-    self.rx_buf = ""
+    self.tx_buf = b""
+    self.rx_buf = b""
     self.security_layer_tx = None
     self.security_layer_rx = None
     self.maxbufsize = 65535
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class Framer(Packer):
         self._write(cipher_buf)
       else:
         self._write(self.tx_buf)
-      self.tx_buf = ""
+      self.tx_buf = b""
       frm.debug("FLUSHED")
     finally:
       self.sock_lock.release()
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class Framer(Packer):
         else:
           continue
       except socket.error as e:
-        if self.rx_buf != "":
+        if self.rx_buf != b"":
           raise e
         else:
           raise Closed()
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class Framer(Packer):
   def write_header(self, major, minor):
     self.sock_lock.acquire()
     try:
-      self.pack(Framer.HEADER, "AMQP", 1, 1, major, minor)
+      self.pack(Framer.HEADER, b"AMQP", 1, 1, major, minor)
       self.flush()
     finally:
       self.sock_lock.release()
diff --git a/qpid/framing.py b/qpid/framing.py
index a441487..e44918b 100644
--- a/qpid/framing.py
+++ b/qpid/framing.py
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class Segment:
 class FrameDecoder:
 
   def __init__(self):
-    self.input = ""
+    self.input = b""
     self.output = []
     self.parse = self.__frame_header
 
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ class FrameDecoder:
 class FrameEncoder:
 
   def __init__(self):
-    self.output = ""
+    self.output = b""
 
   def write(self, *frames):
     for frame in frames:
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class FrameEncoder:
 
   def read(self):
     result = self.output
-    self.output = ""
+    self.output = b""
     return result
 
 class SegmentDecoder:
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class SegmentDecoder:
 
       if seg == None:
         seg = Segment(frm.isFirstSegment(), frm.isLastSegment(),
-                      frm.type, frm.track, frm.channel, "")
+                      frm.type, frm.track, frm.channel, b"")
         self.fragments[key] = seg
 
       seg.payload += frm.payload
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ class OpEncoder:
       seg = Segment(True, False, seg_type, seg_track, op.channel, enc)
       self.segments.append(seg)
       if hasattr(op, "headers") and op.headers is not None:
-        hdrs = ""
+        hdrs = b""
         for h in op.headers:
           hdrs += self.encode_compound(h)
         seg = Segment(False, False, segment_type.header, seg_track, op.channel,
diff --git a/qpid/messaging/driver.py b/qpid/messaging/driver.py
index cb6c931..ae2d4e6 100644
--- a/qpid/messaging/driver.py
+++ b/qpid/messaging/driver.py
@@ -631,8 +631,8 @@ class Engine:
     self.address_cache = Cache(self.connection.address_ttl)
 
     self._status = CLOSED
-    self._buf = ""
-    self._hdr = ""
+    self._buf = b""
+    self._hdr = b""
     # Set _last_in and _last_out here so heartbeats will be timed from the
     # beginning of connection if no data is sent/received.
     self._last_in = time.time()
@@ -885,7 +885,7 @@ class Engine:
   def open(self):
     self._reset()
     self._status = OPEN
-    self._buf += struct.pack(HEADER, "AMQP", 1, 1, 0, 10)
+    self._buf += struct.pack(HEADER, b"AMQP", 1, 1, 0, 10)
 
   def disconnect(self):
     self.write_op(ConnectionClose(close_code.normal))
diff --git a/qpid/tests/codec.py b/qpid/tests/codec.py
index 03f6fc2..6520e0e 100644
--- a/qpid/tests/codec.py
+++ b/qpid/tests/codec.py
@@ -121,10 +121,10 @@ class IntegerTestCase(BaseDataTypes):
 
         BaseDataTypes.__init__(self, *args)
         self.const_integer = 2
-        self.const_integer_octet_encoded = '\x02'
-        self.const_integer_short_encoded = '\x00\x02'
-        self.const_integer_long_encoded = '\x00\x00\x00\x02'
-        self.const_integer_long_long_encoded = 
'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02'
+        self.const_integer_octet_encoded = b'\x02'
+        self.const_integer_short_encoded = b'\x00\x02'
+        self.const_integer_long_encoded = b'\x00\x00\x00\x02'
+        self.const_integer_long_long_encoded = 
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02'
 
     # -------------------------- #
     # Unsigned Octect - 8 bits   #
@@ -308,35 +308,35 @@ class BitTestCase(BaseDataTypes):
         """
         sends in 11
         """
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_bit', 1, 1), '\x03', '11 
bit encoding FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_bit', 1, 1), b'\x03', '11 
bit encoding FAILED...')
 
     # -------------------
     def test_bit2(self):
         """
         sends in 10011
         """
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_bit', 1, 1, 0, 0, 1), 
'\x13', '10011 bit encoding FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_bit', 1, 1, 0, 0, 1), 
b'\x13', '10011 bit encoding FAILED...')
 
     # -------------------
     def test_bit3(self):
         """
         sends in 1110100111 [10 bits(right to left), should be compressed into 
two octets]
         """
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_bit', 1,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,1), 
'\xa7\x03', '1110100111(right to left) bit encoding FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_bit', 1,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,1), 
b'\xa7\x03', '1110100111(right to left) bit encoding FAILED...')
 
     # ------------------------------------
     def test_bit_decode_1(self):
         """
         decode bit 1
         """
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_bit', '\x01'), 1, 'decode 
bit 1 FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_bit', b'\x01'), 1, 'decode 
bit 1 FAILED...')
 
     # ------------------------------------
     def test_bit_decode_0(self):
         """
         decode bit 0
         """
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_bit', '\x00'), 0, 'decode 
bit 0 FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_bit', b'\x00'), 0, 'decode 
bit 0 FAILED...')
 
 # -----------------------------------
 # -----------------------------------
@@ -355,28 +355,28 @@ class StringTestCase(BaseDataTypes):
         """
         0 length short string
         """
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_shortstr', ''), '\x00', '0 
length short string encoding FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_shortstr', b''), b'\x00', 
'0 length short string encoding FAILED...')
 
     # -------------------------------------------
     def test_short_string_positive_length(self):
         """
         positive length short string
         """
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_shortstr', 'hello world'), 
'\x0bhello world', 'positive length short string encoding FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_shortstr', b'hello world'), 
b'\x0bhello world', 'positive length short string encoding FAILED...')
 
     # -------------------------------------------
     def test_short_string_out_of_upper_range(self):
         """
         string length > 255
         """
-        self.failUnlessRaises(Exception, self.codec.encode_shortstr, 'x'*256)
+        self.failUnlessRaises(Exception, self.codec.encode_shortstr, b'x'*256)
 
     # ------------------------------------
     def test_short_string_decode(self):
         """
         short string decode
         """
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_shortstr', '\x0bhello 
world'), 'hello world', 'short string decode FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_shortstr', b'\x0bhello 
world'), b'hello world', 'short string decode FAILED...')
 
 
     # ------------------------------------------------------------- #
@@ -388,21 +388,21 @@ class StringTestCase(BaseDataTypes):
         """
         0 length long string
         """
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_longstr', ''), 
'\x00\x00\x00\x00', '0 length long string encoding FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_longstr', b''), 
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00', '0 length long string encoding FAILED...')
 
     # -------------------------------------------
     def test_long_string_positive_length(self):
         """
         positive length long string
         """
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_longstr', 'hello world'), 
'\x00\x00\x00\x0bhello world', 'positive length long string encoding FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_longstr', b'hello world'), 
b'\x00\x00\x00\x0bhello world', 'positive length long string encoding 
FAILED...')
 
     # ------------------------------------
     def test_long_string_decode(self):
         """
         long string decode
         """
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_longstr', 
'\x00\x00\x00\x0bhello world'), 'hello world', 'long string decode FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_longstr', 
b'\x00\x00\x00\x0bhello world'), b'hello world', 'long string decode FAILED...')
 
 
 # --------------------------------------
@@ -431,15 +431,15 @@ class FieldTableTestCase(BaseDataTypes):
         """
 
         BaseDataTypes.__init__(self, *args)
-        self.const_field_table_dummy_dict = {'$key1':'value1','$key2':'value2'}
-        self.const_field_table_dummy_dict_encoded = 
'\x00\x00\x00\x22\x05$key2S\x00\x00\x00\x06value2\x05$key1S\x00\x00\x00\x06value1'
+        self.const_field_table_dummy_dict = 
{b'$key2':b'value2',b'$key1':b'value1'}
+        self.const_field_table_dummy_dict_encoded = 
b'\x00\x00\x00\x22\x05$key2S\x00\x00\x00\x06value2\x05$key1S\x00\x00\x00\x06value1'
 
     # -------------------------------------------
     def test_field_table_name_value_pair(self):
         """
         valid name value pair
         """
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_table', 
{'$key1':'value1'}), '\x00\x00\x00\x11\x05$key1S\x00\x00\x00\x06value1', 'valid 
name value pair encoding FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_table', 
{'$key1':'value1'}), b'\x00\x00\x00\x11\x05$key1S\x00\x00\x00\x06value1', 
'valid name value pair encoding FAILED...')
 
     # ---------------------------------------------------
     def test_field_table_multiple_name_value_pair(self):
@@ -469,28 +469,28 @@ class ContentTestCase(BaseDataTypes):
         """
         inline content
         """
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_content', 'hello inline 
message'), '\x00\x00\x00\x00\x14hello inline message', 'inline content encoding 
FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_content', 'hello inline 
message'), b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x14hello inline message', 'inline content 
encoding FAILED...')
 
     # --------------------------------
     def test_content_reference(self):
         """
         reference content
         """
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_content', 
ReferenceId('dummyId')), '\x01\x00\x00\x00\x07dummyId', 'reference content 
encoding FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_content', 
ReferenceId('dummyId')), b'\x01\x00\x00\x00\x07dummyId', 'reference content 
encoding FAILED...')
 
     # ------------------------------------
     def test_content_inline_decode(self):
         """
         inline content decode
         """
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_content', 
'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x14hello inline message'), 'hello inline message', 'inline 
content decode FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_content', 
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x14hello inline message'), b'hello inline message', 'inline 
content decode FAILED...')
 
     # ------------------------------------
     def test_content_reference_decode(self):
         """
         reference content decode
         """
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_content', 
'\x01\x00\x00\x00\x07dummyId').id, 'dummyId', 'reference content decode 
FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_content', 
b'\x01\x00\x00\x00\x07dummyId').id, b'dummyId', 'reference content decode 
FAILED...')
 
 # -----------------------------------
 # -----------------------------------
@@ -498,21 +498,21 @@ class BooleanTestCase(BaseDataTypes):
 
     # -------------------
     def test_true_encode(self):
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_boolean', True), '\x01', 
'True encoding FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_boolean', True), b'\x01', 
'True encoding FAILED...')
 
     # -------------------
     def test_true_decode(self):
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_boolean', '\x01'), True, 
'True decoding FAILED...')
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_boolean', '\x02'), True, 
'True decoding FAILED...')
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_boolean', '\xFF'), True, 
'True decoding FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_boolean', b'\x01'), True, 
'True decoding FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_boolean', b'\x02'), True, 
'True decoding FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_boolean', b'\xFF'), True, 
'True decoding FAILED...')
 
     # -------------------
     def test_false_encode(self):
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_boolean', False), '\x00', 
'False encoding FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.callFunc('encode_boolean', False), b'\x00', 
'False encoding FAILED...')
 
     # -------------------
     def test_false_decode(self):
-        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_boolean', '\x00'), False, 
'False decoding FAILED...')
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.readFunc('decode_boolean', b'\x00'), False, 
'False decoding FAILED...')
 
 # -----------------------------------
 # -----------------------------------
@@ -663,7 +663,7 @@ def oldtests():
       for i in range(10):
         dotest("bit", [x == "1" for x in value*i])
 
-    for value in ({}, {"asdf": "fdsa", "fdsa": 1, "three": 3}, {"one": 1}):
+    for value in ({}, {b"asdf": b"fdsa", b"fdsa": 1, b"three": 3}, {b"one": 
1}):
       dotest("table", value)
 
     for type in ("octet", "short", "long", "longlong"):
@@ -671,7 +671,7 @@ def oldtests():
         dotest(type, value)
 
     for type in ("shortstr", "longstr"):
-      for value in ("", "a", "asdf"):
+      for value in (b"", b"a", b"asdf"):
         dotest(type, value)
 
 # -----------------------------------------
diff --git a/qpid/tests/codec010.py b/qpid/tests/codec010.py
index cf0ab50..7f22b89 100644
--- a/qpid/tests/codec010.py
+++ b/qpid/tests/codec010.py
@@ -43,10 +43,10 @@ class CodecTest(TestCase):
     self.check("map", {"unicode": u"this is a unicode test"})
 
   def testMapBinary(self):
-    self.check("map", {"binary": 
"\x7f\xb4R^\xe5\xf0:\x89\x96E1\xf6\xfe\xb9\x1b\xf5"})
+    self.check("map", {"binary": 
b"\x7f\xb4R^\xe5\xf0:\x89\x96E1\xf6\xfe\xb9\x1b\xf5"})
 
   def testMapBuffer(self):
-    s = "\x7f\xb4R^\xe5\xf0:\x89\x96E1\xf6\xfe\xb9\x1b\xf5"
+    s = b"\x7f\xb4R^\xe5\xf0:\x89\x96E1\xf6\xfe\xb9\x1b\xf5"
     dec = self.check("map", {"buffer": buffer(s)}, False)
     assert dec["buffer"] == s
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class CodecTest(TestCase):
   def testMapAll(self):
     decoded = self.check("map", {"string": "this is a test",
                                  "unicode": u"this is a unicode test",
-                                 "binary": 
"\x7f\xb4R^\xe5\xf0:\x89\x96E1\xf6\xfe\xb9\x1b\xf5",
+                                 "binary": 
b"\x7f\xb4R^\xe5\xf0:\x89\x96E1\xf6\xfe\xb9\x1b\xf5",
                                  "int": 3,
                                  "long": 2**32,
                                  "timestamp": timestamp(0),
diff --git a/qpid/tests/connection.py b/qpid/tests/connection.py
index f223501..e1dc7dd 100644
--- a/qpid/tests/connection.py
+++ b/qpid/tests/connection.py
@@ -103,11 +103,11 @@ class ConnectionTest(TestCase):
     c = self.connect()
     c.start(10)
 
-    ssn1 = c.session("test1", timeout=10)
-    ssn2 = c.session("test2", timeout=10)
+    ssn1 = c.session(b"test1", timeout=10)
+    ssn2 = c.session(b"test2", timeout=10)
 
-    assert ssn1 == c.sessions["test1"]
-    assert ssn2 == c.sessions["test2"]
+    assert ssn1 == c.sessions[b"test1"]
+    assert ssn2 == c.sessions[b"test2"]
     assert ssn1.channel != None
     assert ssn2.channel != None
     assert ssn1 in c.attached.values()
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class ConnectionTest(TestCase):
     assert ssn2 not in c.attached.values()
     assert ssn2 not in c.sessions.values()
 
-    ssn = c.session("session", timeout=10)
+    ssn = c.session(b"session", timeout=10)
 
     assert ssn.channel != None
     assert ssn in c.sessions.values()
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class ConnectionTest(TestCase):
       assert cmd.headers == None
       assert cmd.payload == None
 
-    msg = Message("this is a test")
+    msg = Message(b"this is a test")
     ssn.message_transfer("four", message=msg)
     cmd = self.queue.get(10)
     assert cmd.destination == "four"
@@ -159,14 +159,14 @@ class ConnectionTest(TestCase):
     echos = ssn.incoming("echo")
 
     for i in range(10):
-      ssn.message_transfer("echo", message=Message("test%d" % i))
+      ssn.message_transfer("echo", message=Message(b"test%d" % i))
 
     ssn.auto_sync=False
     ssn.message_transfer("abort")
 
     for i in range(10):
       m = echos.get(timeout=10)
-      assert m.body == "test%d" % i
+      assert m.body == b"test%d" % i
 
     try:
       m = echos.get(timeout=10)
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class ConnectionTest(TestCase):
     echos.listen(listener, exc_listener)
 
     for i in range(10):
-      ssn.message_transfer("echo", message=Message("test%d" % i))
+      ssn.message_transfer("echo", message=Message(b"test%d" % i))
 
     ssn.auto_sync=False
     ssn.message_transfer("abort")
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ class ConnectionTest(TestCase):
 
     for i in range(10):
       m = messages.pop(0)
-      assert m.body == "test%d" % i
+      assert m.body == b"test%d" % i
 
     assert len(exceptions) == 1
 
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ class ConnectionTest(TestCase):
     c.start(10)
     s = c.session("test")
     s.auto_sync = False
-    s.message_transfer("echo", message=Message("test"))
+    s.message_transfer("echo", message=Message(b"test"))
     s.sync(10)
 
   def testHeartbeat(self):
diff --git a/qpid/tests/framing.py b/qpid/tests/framing.py
index 2d987f8..2b39143 100644
--- a/qpid/tests/framing.py
+++ b/qpid/tests/framing.py
@@ -103,42 +103,42 @@ class FrameTest(Base):
       self.cmp_frames(f, df)
 
   def testEmpty(self):
-    self.enc_dec([Frame(0, 0, 0, 0, "")],
-                 "\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00")
+    self.enc_dec([Frame(0, 0, 0, 0, b"")],
+                 b"\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00")
 
   def testSingle(self):
-    self.enc_dec([Frame(0, 0, 0, 1, "payload")],
-                 "\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00payload")
+    self.enc_dec([Frame(0, 0, 0, 1, b"payload")],
+                 b"\x00\x00\x00\x13\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00payload")
 
   def testMaxChannel(self):
-    self.enc_dec([Frame(0, 0, 0, 65535, "max-channel")],
-                 "\x00\x00\x00\x17\x00\x00\xff\xff\x00\x00\x00\x00max-channel")
+    self.enc_dec([Frame(0, 0, 0, 65535, b"max-channel")],
+                 
b"\x00\x00\x00\x17\x00\x00\xff\xff\x00\x00\x00\x00max-channel")
 
   def testMaxType(self):
-    self.enc_dec([Frame(0, 255, 0, 0, "max-type")],
-                 "\x00\xff\x00\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00max-type")
+    self.enc_dec([Frame(0, 255, 0, 0, b"max-type")],
+                 b"\x00\xff\x00\x14\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00max-type")
 
   def testMaxTrack(self):
-    self.enc_dec([Frame(0, 0, 15, 0, "max-track")],
-                 "\x00\x00\x00\x15\x00\x0f\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00max-track")
+    self.enc_dec([Frame(0, 0, 15, 0, b"max-track")],
+                 b"\x00\x00\x00\x15\x00\x0f\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00max-track")
 
   def testSequence(self):
-    self.enc_dec([Frame(0, 0, 0, 0, "zero"),
-                  Frame(0, 0, 0, 1, "one"),
-                  Frame(0, 0, 1, 0, "two"),
-                  Frame(0, 0, 1, 1, "three"),
-                  Frame(0, 1, 0, 0, "four"),
-                  Frame(0, 1, 0, 1, "five"),
-                  Frame(0, 1, 1, 0, "six"),
-                  Frame(0, 1, 1, 1, "seven"),
-                  Frame(1, 0, 0, 0, "eight"),
-                  Frame(1, 0, 0, 1, "nine"),
-                  Frame(1, 0, 1, 0, "ten"),
-                  Frame(1, 0, 1, 1, "eleven"),
-                  Frame(1, 1, 0, 0, "twelve"),
-                  Frame(1, 1, 0, 1, "thirteen"),
-                  Frame(1, 1, 1, 0, "fourteen"),
-                  Frame(1, 1, 1, 1, "fifteen")])
+    self.enc_dec([Frame(0, 0, 0, 0, b"zero"),
+                  Frame(0, 0, 0, 1, b"one"),
+                  Frame(0, 0, 1, 0, b"two"),
+                  Frame(0, 0, 1, 1, b"three"),
+                  Frame(0, 1, 0, 0, b"four"),
+                  Frame(0, 1, 0, 1, b"five"),
+                  Frame(0, 1, 1, 0, b"six"),
+                  Frame(0, 1, 1, 1, b"seven"),
+                  Frame(1, 0, 0, 0, b"eight"),
+                  Frame(1, 0, 0, 1, b"nine"),
+                  Frame(1, 0, 1, 0, b"ten"),
+                  Frame(1, 0, 1, 1, b"eleven"),
+                  Frame(1, 1, 0, 0, b"twelve"),
+                  Frame(1, 1, 0, 1, b"thirteen"),
+                  Frame(1, 1, 1, 0, b"fourteen"),
+                  Frame(1, 1, 1, 1, b"fifteen")])
 
 class SegmentTest(Base):
 
@@ -168,54 +168,54 @@ class SegmentTest(Base):
       self.cmp_segments(s1, s2)
 
   def testEmpty(self):
-    self.enc_dec([Segment(True, True, 0, 0, 0, "")],
+    self.enc_dec([Segment(True, True, 0, 0, 0, b"")],
                  [Frame(FIRST_FRM | LAST_FRM | FIRST_SEG | LAST_SEG, 0, 0, 0,
-                        "")])
+                        b"")])
 
   def testSingle(self):
-    self.enc_dec([Segment(True, True, 0, 0, 0, "payload")],
+    self.enc_dec([Segment(True, True, 0, 0, 0, b"payload")],
                  [Frame(FIRST_FRM | LAST_FRM | FIRST_SEG | LAST_SEG, 0, 0, 0,
-                        "payload")])
+                        b"payload")])
 
   def testMaxChannel(self):
-    self.enc_dec([Segment(False, False, 0, 0, 65535, "max-channel")],
-                 [Frame(FIRST_FRM | LAST_FRM, 0, 0, 65535, "max-channel")])
+    self.enc_dec([Segment(False, False, 0, 0, 65535, b"max-channel")],
+                 [Frame(FIRST_FRM | LAST_FRM, 0, 0, 65535, b"max-channel")])
 
   def testMaxType(self):
-    self.enc_dec([Segment(False, False, 255, 0, 0, "max-type")],
-                 [Frame(FIRST_FRM | LAST_FRM, 255, 0, 0, "max-type")])
+    self.enc_dec([Segment(False, False, 255, 0, 0, b"max-type")],
+                 [Frame(FIRST_FRM | LAST_FRM, 255, 0, 0, b"max-type")])
 
   def testMaxTrack(self):
-    self.enc_dec([Segment(False, False, 0, 15, 0, "max-track")],
-                 [Frame(FIRST_FRM | LAST_FRM, 0, 15, 0, "max-track")])
+    self.enc_dec([Segment(False, False, 0, 15, 0, b"max-track")],
+                 [Frame(FIRST_FRM | LAST_FRM, 0, 15, 0, b"max-track")])
 
   def testSequence(self):
-    self.enc_dec([Segment(True, False, 0, 0, 0, "one"),
-                  Segment(False, False, 0, 0, 0, "two"),
-                  Segment(False, True, 0, 0, 0, "three")],
-                 [Frame(FIRST_FRM | LAST_FRM | FIRST_SEG, 0, 0, 0, "one"),
-                  Frame(FIRST_FRM | LAST_FRM, 0, 0, 0, "two"),
-                  Frame(FIRST_FRM | LAST_FRM | LAST_SEG, 0, 0, 0, "three")])
+    self.enc_dec([Segment(True, False, 0, 0, 0, b"one"),
+                  Segment(False, False, 0, 0, 0, b"two"),
+                  Segment(False, True, 0, 0, 0, b"three")],
+                 [Frame(FIRST_FRM | LAST_FRM | FIRST_SEG, 0, 0, 0, b"one"),
+                  Frame(FIRST_FRM | LAST_FRM, 0, 0, 0, b"two"),
+                  Frame(FIRST_FRM | LAST_FRM | LAST_SEG, 0, 0, 0, b"three")])
 
   def testInterleaveChannel(self):
-    frames = [Frame(0, 0, 0, 0, chr(ord("a") + i)) for i in range(7)]
+    frames = [Frame(0, 0, 0, 0, b'%c' % (ord("a") + i,)) for i in range(7)]
     frames[0].flags |= FIRST_FRM
     frames[-1].flags |= LAST_FRM
 
-    ilvd = [Frame(0, 0, 0, 1, chr(ord("a") + i)) for i in range(7)]
+    ilvd = [Frame(0, 0, 0, 1, b'%c' % (ord("a") + i,)) for i in range(7)]
 
-    self.enc_dec([Segment(False, False, 0, 0, 0, "abcdefg")], frames, ilvd, 
max_payload=1)
+    self.enc_dec([Segment(False, False, 0, 0, 0, b"abcdefg")], frames, ilvd, 
max_payload=1)
 
   def testInterleaveTrack(self):
-    frames = [Frame(0, 0, 0, 0, "%c%c" % (ord("a") + i, ord("a") + i + 1))
+    frames = [Frame(0, 0, 0, 0, b"%c%c" % (ord("a") + i, ord("a") + i + 1))
               for i in range(0, 8, 2)]
     frames[0].flags |= FIRST_FRM
     frames[-1].flags |= LAST_FRM
 
-    ilvd = [Frame(0, 0, 1, 0, "%c%c" % (ord("a") + i, ord("a") + i + 1))
+    ilvd = [Frame(0, 0, 1, 0, b"%c%c" % (ord("a") + i, ord("a") + i + 1))
             for i in range(0, 8, 2)]
 
-    self.enc_dec([Segment(False, False, 0, 0, 0, "abcdefgh")], frames, ilvd, 
max_payload=2)
+    self.enc_dec([Segment(False, False, 0, 0, 0, b"abcdefgh")], frames, ilvd, 
max_payload=2)
 
 from qpid.ops import *
 
@@ -245,46 +245,46 @@ class OpTest(Base):
     self.enc_dec([MessageTransfer(destination="asdf", sync=True)])
 
   def testEmptyPayloadMT(self):
-    self.enc_dec([MessageTransfer(payload="")])
+    self.enc_dec([MessageTransfer(payload=b"")])
 
   def testPayloadMT(self):
-    self.enc_dec([MessageTransfer(payload="test payload")])
+    self.enc_dec([MessageTransfer(payload=b"test payload")])
 
   def testHeadersEmptyPayloadMT(self):
     self.enc_dec([MessageTransfer(headers=[DeliveryProperties()])])
 
   def testHeadersPayloadMT(self):
-    self.enc_dec([MessageTransfer(headers=[DeliveryProperties()], 
payload="test payload")])
+    self.enc_dec([MessageTransfer(headers=[DeliveryProperties()], 
payload=b"test payload")])
 
   def testMultiHeadersEmptyPayloadMT(self):
     self.enc_dec([MessageTransfer(headers=[DeliveryProperties(), 
MessageProperties()])])
 
   def testMultiHeadersPayloadMT(self):
-    self.enc_dec([MessageTransfer(headers=[MessageProperties(), 
DeliveryProperties()], payload="test payload")])
+    self.enc_dec([MessageTransfer(headers=[MessageProperties(), 
DeliveryProperties()], payload=b"test payload")])
 
   def testContentTypeHeadersPayloadMT(self):
-    
self.enc_dec([MessageTransfer(headers=[MessageProperties(content_type="text/plain")],
 payload="test payload")])
+    
self.enc_dec([MessageTransfer(headers=[MessageProperties(content_type="text/plain")],
 payload=b"test payload")])
 
   def testMulti(self):
     self.enc_dec([MessageTransfer(),
                   MessageTransfer(sync=True),
                   MessageTransfer(destination="one"),
                   MessageTransfer(destination="two", sync=True),
-                  MessageTransfer(destination="three", payload="test 
payload")])
+                  MessageTransfer(destination="three", payload=b"test 
payload")])
 
   def testControl(self):
-    self.enc_dec([SessionAttach(name="asdf")])
+    self.enc_dec([SessionAttach(name=b"asdf")])
 
   def testMixed(self):
-    self.enc_dec([SessionAttach(name="fdsa"), 
MessageTransfer(destination="test")])
+    self.enc_dec([SessionAttach(name=b"fdsa"), 
MessageTransfer(destination="test")])
 
   def testChannel(self):
-    self.enc_dec([SessionAttach(name="asdf", channel=3), 
MessageTransfer(destination="test", channel=1)])
+    self.enc_dec([SessionAttach(name=b"asdf", channel=3), 
MessageTransfer(destination="test", channel=1)])
 
   def testCompound(self):
     
self.enc_dec([MessageTransfer(headers=[MessageProperties(reply_to=ReplyTo(exchange="exch",
 routing_key="rk"))])])
 
   def testListCompound(self):
-    
self.enc_dec([ExecutionResult(value=RecoverResult(in_doubt=[Xid(global_id="one"),
-                                                                
Xid(global_id="two"),
-                                                                
Xid(global_id="three")]))])
+    
self.enc_dec([ExecutionResult(value=RecoverResult(in_doubt=[Xid(global_id=b"one"),
+                                                                
Xid(global_id=b"two"),
+                                                                
Xid(global_id=b"three")]))])
diff --git a/qpid/tests/messaging/message.py b/qpid/tests/messaging/message.py
index ee5b56e..ed6604d 100644
--- a/qpid/tests/messaging/message.py
+++ b/qpid/tests/messaging/message.py
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ from qpid.tests.messaging import Base
 class MessageTests(Base):
 
   def testCreateString(self):
-    m = Message("string")
-    assert m.content == "string"
+    m = Message(b"string")
+    assert m.content == b"string"
     assert m.content_type is None
 
   def testCreateUnicode(self):
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class MessageEchoTests(Base):
     self.check(Message(u"unicode"))
 
 
-  TEST_MAP = {"key1": "string",
+  TEST_MAP = {"key1": b"string",
               "key2": u"unicode",
               "key3": 3,
               "key4": -3,
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class MessageEchoTests(Base):
               "key9": {"sub-key0": 3},
               "key10": True,
               "key11": False,
-              "x-amqp-0-10.app-id": "test-app-id",
+              "x-amqp-0-10.app-id": b"test-app-id",
               "x-amqp-0-10.content-encoding": "test-content-encoding"}
 
   def testMapContent(self):
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class MessageEchoTests(Base):
   def testProperties(self):
     msg = Message()
     msg.subject = "subject"
-    msg.correlation_id = str(self.test_id)
+    msg.correlation_id = str(self.test_id).encode()
     msg.durable = True
     msg.priority = 7
     msg.ttl = 60
diff --git a/qpid/tests/spec010.py b/qpid/tests/spec010.py
index cce8ca3..f662d7b 100644
--- a/qpid/tests/spec010.py
+++ b/qpid/tests/spec010.py
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ class SpecTest(TestCase):
   def testSessionHeader(self):
     sc = StringCodec()
     sc.write_compound(Header(sync=True))
-    assert sc.encoded == "\x01\x01"
+    assert sc.encoded == b"\x01\x01"
 
     sc = StringCodec()
     sc.write_compound(Header(sync=False))
-    assert sc.encoded == "\x01\x00"
+    assert sc.encoded == b"\x01\x00"
 
   def encdec(self, value):
     sc = StringCodec()
@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ class SpecTest(TestCase):
 
   def testXid(self):
     sc = StringCodec()
-    xid = Xid(format=0, global_id="gid", branch_id="bid")
+    xid = Xid(format=0, global_id=b"gid", branch_id=b"bid")
     sc.write_compound(xid)
-    assert sc.encoded == 
'\x00\x00\x00\x10\x06\x04\x07\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03gid\x03bid'
+    assert sc.encoded == 
b'\x00\x00\x00\x10\x06\x04\x07\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03gid\x03bid'
     dec = sc.read_compound(Xid)
     assert xid.__dict__ == dec.__dict__
 
diff --git a/qpid_tests/broker_0_9/echo.py b/qpid_tests/broker_0_9/echo.py
index b8b5535..6391d33 100644
--- a/qpid_tests/broker_0_9/echo.py
+++ b/qpid_tests/broker_0_9/echo.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class EchoTests(TestBase):
     self.assertTrue(self.frame_max_size >= self.client.conn.FRAME_MIN_SIZE)
 
   def test_empty_message(self):
-    body = ''
+    body = b''
     self.echo_message(body)
 
   def test_small_message(self):


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