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baunsgaard pushed a commit to branch main
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The following commit(s) were added to refs/heads/main by this push:
     new d5182a7164 [SYSTEMDS-3485] Precompile detect type patterns
d5182a7164 is described below

commit d5182a7164ce99df0a0bc46d3a5ea8fbfadc9fdd
Author: baunsgaard <[email protected]>
AuthorDate: Fri Jan 6 01:46:08 2023 +0100

    [SYSTEMDS-3485] Precompile detect type patterns
    
    This commit change the detect type to precompile the regex expressions
    The changes contained optimize the end-to-end sequence of:
    read - detectSchema - applySchema - write from 129.36 to 46.9 sec
    on criteo first 10 million on su1 node lines through optimizations:
    
    - Precompile
    - Shallow serialize
    - CSV reading with reuse cache arrays
    
    Closes #1760
---
 .gitignore                                         |   2 +
 .../apache/sysds/conf/ConfigurationManager.java    |   4 +
 src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/UnaryOp.java   |   1 -
 .../controlprogram/caching/FrameObject.java        |  41 ++--
 .../sysds/runtime/frame/data/FrameBlock.java       |  98 +++++----
 .../sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/Array.java    |  12 +-
 .../runtime/frame/data/columns/BitSetArray.java    |  20 +-
 .../runtime/frame/data/columns/BooleanArray.java   |  28 ++-
 .../runtime/frame/data/columns/DoubleArray.java    |  12 +-
 .../runtime/frame/data/columns/FloatArray.java     |  13 +-
 .../runtime/frame/data/columns/IntegerArray.java   |  20 +-
 .../runtime/frame/data/columns/LongArray.java      |  16 +-
 .../runtime/frame/data/columns/StringArray.java    | 147 ++++++++++----
 .../runtime/frame/data/iterators/RowIterator.java  |   5 +
 .../runtime/frame/data/lib/FrameLibAppend.java     |   1 -
 .../frame/data/lib/FrameLibApplySchema.java        |   7 +
 .../sysds/runtime/frame/data/lib/FrameUtil.java    | 133 +++++++++---
 .../cp/BinaryFrameFrameCPInstruction.java          |   4 +-
 .../instructions/cp/VariableCPInstruction.java     |   1 -
 .../spark/ComputationSPInstruction.java            |   2 -
 .../spark/utils/FrameRDDConverterUtils.java        |   1 -
 .../sysds/runtime/io/FrameReaderTextCSV.java       |  90 ++++++---
 .../runtime/io/FrameReaderTextCSVParallel.java     |  56 +++---
 .../org/apache/sysds/runtime/io/FrameWriter.java   |   7 +-
 .../apache/sysds/runtime/io/IOUtilFunctions.java   | 204 ++++++++++---------
 .../runtime/transform/encode/EncoderFactory.java   |   1 -
 .../org/apache/sysds/utils/MemoryEstimates.java    |  19 +-
 .../frame/{FrameAppendTest.java => FrameTest.java} |  18 +-
 .../sysds/test/component/frame/FrameUtilTest.java  | 127 ++++++++++++
 .../component/frame/array/CustomArrayTests.java    |  12 +-
 .../component/frame/array/FrameArrayTests.java     |   4 +-
 .../test/component/misc/IOUtilFunctionsTest.java   | 222 +++++++++++++++++++++
 .../test/functions/codegen/CellwiseTmplTest.java   |   2 +-
 .../functions/codegen/DAGCellwiseTmplTest.java     |   2 +-
 .../test/functions/codegen/MiscPatternTest.java    |   2 +-
 .../test/functions/codegen/MultiAggTmplTest.java   |   2 +-
 .../test/functions/codegen/OuterProdTmplTest.java  |   2 +-
 .../test/functions/codegen/RowAggTmplTest.java     |   2 +-
 .../functions/codegen/RowConv2DOperationsTest.java |   2 +-
 .../functions/codegen/RowVectorComparisonTest.java |   2 +-
 .../functions/codegen/SumProductChainTest.java     |   2 +-
 .../FederatedLineageTraceReuseTest.java            |   7 +
 .../multitenant/FederatedReuseReadTest.java        |   4 +-
 .../sysds/test/functions/frame/FrameMapTest.java   |  15 +-
 .../transform/TransformCSVFrameEncodeReadTest.java |  16 +-
 .../TransformFrameEncodeDecodeTokenTest.java       |   5 +-
 46 files changed, 1030 insertions(+), 363 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 89df46df01..3328942ceb 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -112,3 +112,5 @@ scripts/perftest/temp
 scripts/perftest/fed/results
 scripts/perftest/fed/scratch_space
 scripts/perftest/fed/temp
+
+src/test/scripts/functions/iogen/*.raw
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/conf/ConfigurationManager.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/conf/ConfigurationManager.java
index 18bd83e959..a2855e0eed 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/conf/ConfigurationManager.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/conf/ConfigurationManager.java
@@ -262,6 +262,10 @@ public class ConfigurationManager{
                        || OptimizerUtils.MAX_PARALLELIZE_ORDER);
        }
 
+       public static boolean isParallelIOEnabled(){
+               return getDMLConfig().getBooleanValue(DMLConfig.CP_PARALLEL_IO);
+       }
+
        public static boolean isBroadcastEnabled() {
                return 
(getDMLConfig().getBooleanValue(DMLConfig.ASYNC_SPARK_BROADCAST)
                        || OptimizerUtils.ASYNC_BROADCAST_SPARK);
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/UnaryOp.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/UnaryOp.java
index 97b3b4096d..b0fb1c24f8 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/UnaryOp.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/hops/UnaryOp.java
@@ -551,7 +551,6 @@ public class UnaryOp extends MultiThreadedHop
                        setDim2(1);
                }
                else if(_op == OpOp1.TYPEOF || _op == OpOp1.DETECTSCHEMA || _op 
== OpOp1.COLNAMES) {
-                       //TODO these three builtins should rather be moved to 
unary aggregates
                        setDim1(1);
                        setDim2(input.getDim2());
                }
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/caching/FrameObject.java
 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/caching/FrameObject.java
index 9d5c1af84f..cf745af50a 100644
--- 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/caching/FrameObject.java
+++ 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/controlprogram/caching/FrameObject.java
@@ -185,32 +185,27 @@ public class FrameObject extends CacheableData<FrameBlock>
        }
 
        @Override
-       protected FrameBlock readBlobFromHDFS(String fname, long[] dims)
-               throws IOException
-       {
+       protected FrameBlock readBlobFromHDFS(String fname, long[] dims) throws 
IOException {
                long clen = dims[1];
                MetaDataFormat iimd = (MetaDataFormat) _metaData;
                DataCharacteristics dc = iimd.getDataCharacteristics();
-               
-               //handle missing schema if necessary
-               ValueType[] lschema = (_schema!=null) ? _schema : 
-                       UtilFunctions.nCopies(clen>=1 ? (int)clen : 1, 
ValueType.STRING);
-               
-               //read the frame block
-               FrameBlock data = null;
-               try {
-                       data = isFederated() ? acquireReadAndRelease() :
-                               
FrameReaderFactory.createFrameReader(iimd.getFileFormat(), 
getFileFormatProperties())
-                                       .readFrameFromHDFS(fname, lschema, 
dc.getRows(), dc.getCols());
-               }
-               catch( DMLRuntimeException ex ) {
-                       throw new IOException(ex);
-               }
-               
-               //sanity check correct output
-               if( data == null )
-                       throw new IOException("Unable to load frame from file: 
"+fname);
-               
+
+               // handle missing schema if necessary
+               ValueType[] lschema = (_schema != null) ? _schema : 
UtilFunctions.nCopies(clen >= 1 ? (int) clen : 1,
+                       ValueType.STRING);
+
+               // read the frame block
+               FrameBlock data = isFederated() ? acquireReadAndRelease() : 
FrameReaderFactory
+                       .createFrameReader(iimd.getFileFormat(), 
getFileFormatProperties())
+                       .readFrameFromHDFS(fname, lschema, dc.getRows(), 
dc.getCols());
+
+               if(iimd.getFileFormat() == FileFormat.CSV)
+                       _metaData = _metaData instanceof MetaDataFormat ? new 
MetaDataFormat(data.getDataCharacteristics(),
+                               iimd.getFileFormat()) : new 
MetaData(data.getDataCharacteristics());
+
+               // sanity check correct output
+               if(data == null)
+                       throw new IOException("Unable to load frame from file: 
" + fname);
                return data;
        }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/FrameBlock.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/FrameBlock.java
index 4bf3495946..5e62723ed2 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/FrameBlock.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/FrameBlock.java
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
 import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
 import java.util.function.Function;
 import java.util.function.IntFunction;
@@ -46,9 +48,11 @@ import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 import org.apache.sysds.api.DMLException;
 import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.ValueType;
+import org.apache.sysds.conf.ConfigurationManager;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.DMLRuntimeException;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.codegen.CodegenUtils;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.caching.CacheBlock;
+import 
org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.parfor.stat.InfrastructureAnalyzer;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.parfor.util.IDSequence;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.frame.data.columns.Array;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.frame.data.columns.ArrayFactory;
@@ -71,6 +75,7 @@ import 
org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.operators.BinaryOperator;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.meta.DataCharacteristics;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.meta.MatrixCharacteristics;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.transform.encode.ColumnEncoderRecode;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.CommonThreadPool;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.DMVUtils;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.DataConverter;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.EMAUtils;
@@ -90,9 +95,6 @@ public class FrameBlock implements CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, 
Externalizable {
        /** internal configuration */
        private static final boolean REUSE_RECODE_MAPS = true;
 
-       /** The number of rows of the FrameBlock */
-       private int _numRows = -1;
-
        /** The schema of the data frame as an ordered list of value types */
        private ValueType[] _schema = null;
 
@@ -109,7 +111,6 @@ public class FrameBlock implements CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, 
Externalizable {
        private long _msize = -1;
 
        public FrameBlock() {
-               _numRows = 0;
        }
 
        /**
@@ -157,7 +158,6 @@ public class FrameBlock implements CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, 
Externalizable {
        }
 
        public FrameBlock(ValueType[] schema, String[] names, String[][] data) {
-               _numRows = 0; // maintained on append
                _schema = schema;
                _colnames = names;
                ensureAllocateMeta();
@@ -167,7 +167,6 @@ public class FrameBlock implements CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, 
Externalizable {
        }
 
        public FrameBlock(ValueType[] schema, String[] colNames, 
ColumnMetadata[] meta, Array<?>[] data) {
-               _numRows = data[0].size();
                _schema = schema;
                _colnames = colNames;
                _colmeta = meta;
@@ -181,7 +180,7 @@ public class FrameBlock implements CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, 
Externalizable {
         */
        @Override
        public int getNumRows() {
-               return _numRows;
+               return (_coldata == null || _coldata.length == 0 || _coldata[0] 
== null) ? 0 : _coldata[0].size();
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -210,10 +209,6 @@ public class FrameBlock implements CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, 
Externalizable {
                return s;
        }
 
-       public void setNumRows(int numRows) {
-               _numRows = numRows;
-       }
-
        /**
         * Get the number of columns of the frame block, that is the number of 
columns defined in the schema.
         *
@@ -341,15 +336,15 @@ public class FrameBlock implements 
CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, Externalizable {
         */
        public void ensureAllocatedColumns(int numRows) {
                _msize = -1;
-
+               final int nRow = getNumRows();
                // allocate column meta data if necessary
                ensureAllocateMeta();
                // early abort if already allocated
                if(_coldata != null && _schema.length == _coldata.length) {
                        // handle special case that to few rows allocated
-                       if(_numRows < numRows) {
+                       if(nRow < numRows) {
                                String[] tmp = new String[getNumColumns()];
-                               int len = numRows - _numRows;
+                               int len = numRows - nRow;
                                // TODO: Add append N function.
                                for(int i = 0; i < len; i++)
                                        appendRow(tmp);
@@ -361,8 +356,6 @@ public class FrameBlock implements CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, 
Externalizable {
                _coldata = new Array[_schema.length];
                for(int j = 0; j < _schema.length; j++)
                        _coldata[j] = ArrayFactory.allocate(_schema[j], 
numRows);
-
-               _numRows = numRows;
        }
 
        private void ensureAllocateMeta() {
@@ -381,9 +374,9 @@ public class FrameBlock implements CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, 
Externalizable {
         * @param newLen number of rows to compare with existing number of rows
         */
        public void ensureColumnCompatibility(int newLen) {
-               if(_coldata != null && _coldata.length > 0 && _numRows != 
newLen)
-                       throw new RuntimeException("Mismatch in number of rows: 
" + newLen + " (expected: " + _numRows + ")");
-               _numRows = newLen;
+               final int nRow = getNumRows();
+               if(_coldata != null && _coldata.length > 0 && nRow != newLen)
+                       throw new RuntimeException("Mismatch in number of rows: 
" + newLen + " (expected: " + nRow + ")");
        }
 
        public static String[] createColNames(int size) {
@@ -447,6 +440,18 @@ public class FrameBlock implements CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, 
Externalizable {
                _coldata[c].set(r, UtilFunctions.objectToObject(_schema[c], 
val));
        }
 
+       /**
+        * Sets the value in position (r,c), to the input string value, and at 
the individual arrays, convert to correct
+        * type.
+        * 
+        * @param r   row index
+        * @param c   column index
+        * @param val value to set at specified position
+        */
+       public void set(int r, int c, String val) {
+               _coldata[c].set(r, val);
+       }
+
        public void reset(int nrow, boolean clearMeta) {
                if(clearMeta) {
                        _schema = null;
@@ -477,7 +482,6 @@ public class FrameBlock implements CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, 
Externalizable {
                ensureAllocatedColumns(0);
                for(int j = 0; j < row.length; j++)
                        _coldata[j].append(row[j]);
-               _numRows++;
                _msize = -1;
        }
 
@@ -490,7 +494,6 @@ public class FrameBlock implements CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, 
Externalizable {
                ensureAllocatedColumns(0);
                for(int j = 0; j < row.length; j++)
                        _coldata[j].append(row[j]);
-               _numRows++;
        }
 
        /**
@@ -596,9 +599,7 @@ public class FrameBlock implements CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, 
Externalizable {
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
// modification
                _schema = empty ? tmpSchema : (ValueType[]) 
ArrayUtils.addAll(_schema, tmpSchema);
                _coldata = empty ? tmpData : (Array[]) 
ArrayUtils.addAll(_coldata, tmpData);
-               _numRows = cols[0].length;
                _msize = -1;
-
        }
 
        public static FrameBlock convertToFrameBlock(MatrixBlock mb, 
ValueType[] schema, int k) {
@@ -670,7 +671,7 @@ public class FrameBlock implements CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, 
Externalizable {
        @Override
        public void readFields(DataInput in) throws IOException {
                // read head (rows, cols)
-               _numRows = in.readInt();
+               final int nRow = in.readInt();
                final int numCols = in.readInt();
                final boolean isDefaultMeta = in.readBoolean();
                // allocate schema/meta data arrays
@@ -691,7 +692,7 @@ public class FrameBlock implements CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, 
Externalizable {
                                _colmeta[j] = new ColumnMetadata(); // must be 
allocated.
                        }
                        if(type >= 0) // if in allocated column data then read 
it
-                               _coldata[j] = ArrayFactory.read(in, _numRows);
+                               _coldata[j] = ArrayFactory.read(in, nRow);
                }
                _msize = -1;
        }
@@ -718,7 +719,7 @@ public class FrameBlock implements CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, 
Externalizable {
                        return _msize;
 
                // frame block header
-               long size = 16 + 4 + 4; // object, num rows, msize
+               double size = 16 + 4; // object, msize
 
                final int clen = getNumColumns();
 
@@ -735,14 +736,33 @@ public class FrameBlock implements 
CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, Externalizable {
 
                // data array
                size += MemoryEstimates.objectArrayCost(clen);
+
                if(_coldata == null) // not allocated estimate if allocated
                        for(int j = 0; j < clen; j++)
-                               ArrayFactory.getInMemorySize(_schema[j], 
_numRows);
-               else // allocated
-                       for(Array<?> aa : _coldata)
-                               size += aa.getInMemorySize();
-
-               return _msize = size;
+                               size += 
ArrayFactory.getInMemorySize(_schema[j], getNumRows());
+               else {// allocated
+                       if(getNumRows() > 1000 && getNumColumns() > 10 && 
ConfigurationManager.isParallelIOEnabled()) {
+                               final ExecutorService pool = 
CommonThreadPool.get(InfrastructureAnalyzer.getLocalParallelism());
+                               try {
+                                       size += pool.submit(() -> {
+                                               return 
Arrays.stream(_coldata).parallel() // parallel columns
+                                                       .map(x -> 
x.getInMemorySize()).reduce(0L, Long::sum);
+                                       }).get();
+                                       pool.shutdown();
+                               }
+                               catch(InterruptedException | ExecutionException 
e) {
+                                       pool.shutdown();
+                                       for(Array<?> aa : _coldata)
+                                               size += aa.getInMemorySize();
+                               }
+                       }
+                       else {
+                               for(Array<?> aa : _coldata)
+                                       size += aa.getInMemorySize();
+                       }
+               }
+               
+               return _msize = (long) size;
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -776,7 +796,7 @@ public class FrameBlock implements CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, 
Externalizable {
                // is always dense but strings have large array overhead per 
cell
                boolean ret = true;
                for(int j = 0; j < _schema.length && ret; j++)
-                       ret &= (_schema[j] != ValueType.STRING);
+                       ret &= _coldata[j].isShallowSerialize();
                return ret;
        }
 
@@ -896,7 +916,7 @@ public class FrameBlock implements CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, 
Externalizable {
                // allocate output frame (incl deep copy schema)
                if(ret == null)
                        ret = new FrameBlock();
-               ret._numRows = _numRows;
+
                ret._schema = _schema.clone();
                ret._colnames = (_colnames != null) ? _colnames.clone() : null;
                ret._colmeta = _colmeta.clone();
@@ -973,12 +993,11 @@ public class FrameBlock implements 
CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, Externalizable {
                        if(!isDefNames)
                                ret._colnames[j - cl] = getColumnName(j);
                }
-               ret._numRows = ru - rl + 1;
                if(ret._coldata == null)
                        ret._coldata = new Array[numCols];
 
                // fast-path: shallow copy column indexing
-               if(ret._numRows == _numRows && !deep) {
+               if(ret.getNumRows() == getNumRows() && !deep) {
                        // this shallow copy does not only avoid an array copy, 
but
                        // also allows for bi-directional reuses of recodemaps
                        for(int j = cl; j <= cu; j++)
@@ -1041,7 +1060,6 @@ public class FrameBlock implements 
CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, Externalizable {
        }
 
        public void copy(FrameBlock src) {
-               _numRows = src._numRows;
                int nCol = src.getNumColumns();
                _schema = Arrays.copyOf(src._schema, nCol);
                if(src._colnames != null)
@@ -1388,7 +1406,7 @@ public class FrameBlock implements 
CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, Externalizable {
                                        // appropriate one by using the 
similarity score
                                        if(probColList.size() > 1) {
                                                for(int w : probColList) {
-                                                       int randomIndex = 
ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(0, _numRows - 1);
+                                                       int randomIndex = 
ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(0, getNumRows() - 1);
                                                        Object value = 
this.get(randomIndex, w);
                                                        if(value != null) {
                                                                dataValue2 = 
value.toString();
@@ -1575,7 +1593,7 @@ public class FrameBlock implements 
CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, Externalizable {
 
                if(select == null) {
                        Object[] row = new Object[getNumColumns()];
-                       for(int i = 0; i < _numRows; i++) {
+                       for(int i = 0; i < getNumRows(); i++) {
                                boolean isEmpty = true;
                                for(int j = 0; j < getNumColumns(); j++) {
                                        row[j] = _coldata[j].get(i);
@@ -1648,7 +1666,7 @@ public class FrameBlock implements 
CacheBlock<FrameBlock>, Externalizable {
                }
 
                if(ret.getNumColumns() == 0 && emptyReturn) {
-                       String[][] arr = new String[_numRows][];
+                       String[][] arr = new String[getNumRows()][];
                        Arrays.fill(arr, new String[] {null});
                        return new FrameBlock(new ValueType[] 
{ValueType.STRING}, arr);
                }
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/Array.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/Array.java
index 0bdd8453fc..c757e3c7e8 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/Array.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/Array.java
@@ -121,6 +121,14 @@ public abstract class Array<T> implements Writable {
         */
        public abstract void set(int index, double value);
 
+       /**
+        * Set index to the given value of the string parsed.
+        * 
+        * @param index The index to set
+        * @param value The value to assign
+        */
+       public abstract void set(int index, String value);
+
        /**
         * Set range to given arrays value
         * 
@@ -215,7 +223,7 @@ public abstract class Array<T> implements Writable {
        /**
         * Slice out the sub range and return new array with the specified type.
         * 
-        * If the conversion fails fallback to normal slice
+        * If the conversion fails fallback to normal slice.
         * 
         * @param rl row start
         * @param ru row end (not included)
@@ -390,6 +398,8 @@ public abstract class Array<T> implements Writable {
         */
        public abstract void fill(T val);
 
+       public abstract boolean isShallowSerialize();
+
        /**
         * Overwrite of the java internal clone function for arrays, return a 
clone of underlying data that is mutable, (not
         * immutable data.)
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/BitSetArray.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/BitSetArray.java
index 69fa75a6e0..a648b8b3fd 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/BitSetArray.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/BitSetArray.java
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ public class BitSetArray extends Array<Boolean> {
 
        public BitSetArray(boolean[] data) {
                super(data.length);
+               if(data.length == 11)
+                       throw new DMLRuntimeException("Invalid length");
                _data = new long[_size / 64 + 1];
                // set bits.
                for(int i = 0; i < data.length; i++)
@@ -101,6 +103,11 @@ public class BitSetArray extends Array<Boolean> {
                set(index, value == 1.0);
        }
 
+       @Override
+       public void set(int index, String value) {
+               set(index, BooleanArray.parseBoolean(value));
+       }
+
        @Override
        public void set(int rl, int ru, Array<Boolean> value) {
                set(rl, ru, value, 0);
@@ -241,7 +248,7 @@ public class BitSetArray extends Array<Boolean> {
                final int endSize = this._size + other.size();
                final BitSetArray retBS = new BitSetArray(endSize);
                retBS.set(0, this._size - 1, this, 0);
-               retBS.set(this._size, endSize - 1, other,0);
+               retBS.set(this._size, endSize - 1, other, 0);
                return retBS;
        }
 
@@ -286,8 +293,8 @@ public class BitSetArray extends Array<Boolean> {
        }
 
        private BitSetArray sliceSimple(int rl, int ru) {
-               final boolean[] ret = new boolean[ru - rl + 1];
-               for(int i = rl, off = 0; i <= ru; i++, off++)
+               final boolean[] ret = new boolean[ru - rl];
+               for(int i = rl, off = 0; i < ru; i++, off++)
                        ret[off] = get(i);
                return new BitSetArray(ret);
        }
@@ -380,7 +387,7 @@ public class BitSetArray extends Array<Boolean> {
 
        @Override
        protected Array<Boolean> changeTypeBitSet() {
-               return clone();
+               return this;
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -460,6 +467,11 @@ public class BitSetArray extends Array<Boolean> {
                return get(i) ? 1.0 : 0.0;
        }
 
+       @Override
+       public boolean isShallowSerialize() {
+               return true;
+       }
+
        public static String longToBits(long l) {
                String bits = Long.toBinaryString(l);
                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(64);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/BooleanArray.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/BooleanArray.java
index f8a5f61ebc..d14cc23428 100644
--- 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/BooleanArray.java
+++ 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/BooleanArray.java
@@ -63,6 +63,11 @@ public class BooleanArray extends Array<Boolean> {
                _data[index] = value == 1.0;
        }
 
+       @Override
+       public void set(int index, String value) {
+               set(index, BooleanArray.parseBoolean(value));
+       }
+
        @Override
        public void set(int rl, int ru, Array<Boolean> value) {
                set(rl, ru, value, 0);
@@ -222,7 +227,7 @@ public class BooleanArray extends Array<Boolean> {
 
        @Override
        protected Array<Boolean> changeTypeBoolean() {
-               return clone();
+               return this;
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -278,14 +283,8 @@ public class BooleanArray extends Array<Boolean> {
        }
 
        @Override
-       public String toString() {
-               StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(_data.length * 5 + 2);
-               sb.append(super.toString() + ":[");
-               for(int i = 0; i < _size - 1; i++)
-                       sb.append((_data[i] ? 1 : 0) + ",");
-               sb.append(_data[_size - 1] ? 1 : 0);
-               sb.append("]");
-               return sb.toString();
+       public boolean isShallowSerialize() {
+               return true;
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -296,4 +295,15 @@ public class BooleanArray extends Array<Boolean> {
        protected static boolean parseBoolean(String value) {
                return value != null && (Boolean.parseBoolean(value) || 
value.equals("1") || value.equals("1.0"));
        }
+
+       @Override
+       public String toString() {
+               StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(_data.length * 5 + 2);
+               sb.append(super.toString() + ":[");
+               for(int i = 0; i < _size - 1; i++)
+                       sb.append((_data[i] ? 1 : 0) + ",");
+               sb.append(_data[_size - 1] ? 1 : 0);
+               sb.append("]");
+               return sb.toString();
+       }
 }
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/DoubleArray.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/DoubleArray.java
index a7026bb747..6c37faf8b3 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/DoubleArray.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/DoubleArray.java
@@ -61,6 +61,11 @@ public class DoubleArray extends Array<Double> {
                _data[index] = value;
        }
 
+       @Override
+       public void set(int index, String value){
+               set(index, parseDouble(value) );
+       }
+
        @Override
        public void set(int rl, int ru, Array<Double> value) {
                set(rl, ru, value, 0);
@@ -256,7 +261,7 @@ public class DoubleArray extends Array<Double> {
 
        @Override
        protected Array<Double> changeTypeDouble() {
-               return clone();
+               return this;
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -320,6 +325,11 @@ public class DoubleArray extends Array<Double> {
                        return Double.parseDouble(value);
        }
 
+       @Override
+       public boolean isShallowSerialize() {
+               return true;
+       }
+
        @Override
        public String toString() {
                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(_data.length * 5 + 2);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/FloatArray.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/FloatArray.java
index 90072a86a9..5c740310e8 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/FloatArray.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/FloatArray.java
@@ -60,6 +60,12 @@ public class FloatArray extends Array<Float> {
                _data[index] = (float) value;
        }
 
+
+       @Override
+       public void set(int index, String value){
+               set(index,parseFloat(value) );
+       }
+
        @Override
        public void set(int rl, int ru, Array<Float> value) {
                set(rl, ru, value, 0);
@@ -240,7 +246,7 @@ public class FloatArray extends Array<Float> {
 
        @Override
        protected Array<Float> changeTypeFloat() {
-               return clone();
+               return this;
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -274,6 +280,11 @@ public class FloatArray extends Array<Float> {
                        return Float.parseFloat(value);
        }
 
+       @Override
+       public boolean isShallowSerialize() {
+               return true;
+       }
+
        @Override
        public String toString() {
                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(_data.length * 5 + 2);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/IntegerArray.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/IntegerArray.java
index 71c6a17051..a94987ea15 100644
--- 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/IntegerArray.java
+++ 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/IntegerArray.java
@@ -60,6 +60,11 @@ public class IntegerArray extends Array<Integer> {
                _data[index] = (int) value;
        }
 
+       @Override
+       public void set(int index, String value) {
+               set(index, parseInt(value));
+       }
+
        @Override
        public void set(int rl, int ru, Array<Integer> value) {
                set(rl, ru, value, 0);
@@ -113,7 +118,7 @@ public class IntegerArray extends Array<Integer> {
                final int endSize = this._size + other.size();
                final int[] ret = new int[endSize];
                System.arraycopy(_data, 0, ret, 0, this._size);
-               System.arraycopy((int[])other.get(), 0, ret, this._size, 
other.size());
+               System.arraycopy((int[]) other.get(), 0, ret, this._size, 
other.size());
                return new IntegerArray(ret);
        }
 
@@ -144,7 +149,7 @@ public class IntegerArray extends Array<Integer> {
        public void reset(int size) {
                if(_data.length < size || _data.length > 2 * size)
                        _data = new int[size];
-                       else
+               else
                        for(int i = 0; i < size; i++)
                                _data[i] = 0;
                _size = size;
@@ -228,7 +233,7 @@ public class IntegerArray extends Array<Integer> {
 
        @Override
        protected Array<Integer> changeTypeInteger() {
-               return clone();
+               return this;
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -259,7 +264,7 @@ public class IntegerArray extends Array<Integer> {
        }
 
        @Override
-       public double getAsDouble(int i){
+       public double getAsDouble(int i) {
                return _data[i];
        }
 
@@ -270,7 +275,7 @@ public class IntegerArray extends Array<Integer> {
                        return Integer.parseInt(s);
                }
                catch(NumberFormatException e) {
-                       if(s.contains(".")){
+                       if(s.contains(".")) {
                                return Integer.parseInt(s.split("\\.")[0]);
                        }
                        else
@@ -278,6 +283,11 @@ public class IntegerArray extends Array<Integer> {
                }
        }
 
+       @Override
+       public boolean isShallowSerialize() {
+               return true;
+       }
+
        @Override
        public String toString() {
                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(_data.length * 5 + 2);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/LongArray.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/LongArray.java
index a705b3a095..4dbdc91d32 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/LongArray.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/LongArray.java
@@ -60,6 +60,11 @@ public class LongArray extends Array<Long> {
                _data[index] = (long) value;
        }
 
+       @Override
+       public void set(int index, String value) {
+               set(index, parseLong(value));
+       }
+
        @Override
        public void set(int rl, int ru, Array<Long> value) {
                set(rl, ru, value, 0);
@@ -112,7 +117,7 @@ public class LongArray extends Array<Long> {
                final int endSize = this._size + other.size();
                final long[] ret = new long[endSize];
                System.arraycopy(_data, 0, ret, 0, this._size);
-               System.arraycopy((long[])other.get(), 0, ret, this._size, 
other.size());
+               System.arraycopy((long[]) other.get(), 0, ret, this._size, 
other.size());
                return new LongArray(ret);
        }
 
@@ -144,7 +149,7 @@ public class LongArray extends Array<Long> {
        public void reset(int size) {
                if(_data.length < size || _data.length > 2 * size)
                        _data = new long[size];
-                       else
+               else
                        for(int i = 0; i < size; i++)
                                _data[i] = 0;
                _size = size;
@@ -239,7 +244,7 @@ public class LongArray extends Array<Long> {
 
        @Override
        protected Array<Long> changeTypeLong() {
-               return clone();
+               return this;
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -280,6 +285,11 @@ public class LongArray extends Array<Long> {
                }
        }
 
+       @Override
+       public boolean isShallowSerialize() {
+               return true;
+       }
+
        @Override
        public String toString() {
                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(_data.length * 5 + 2);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/StringArray.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/StringArray.java
index 908509b9f7..896225b6f2 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/StringArray.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/columns/StringArray.java
@@ -37,11 +37,18 @@ import org.apache.sysds.utils.MemoryEstimates;
 public class StringArray extends Array<String> {
        private String[] _data;
 
+       private long materializedSize = -1L;
+
        public StringArray(String[] data) {
                super(data.length);
                _data = data;
        }
 
+       private StringArray(String[] data, long materializedSize) {
+               this(data);
+               this.materializedSize = materializedSize;
+       }
+
        public String[] get() {
                return _data;
        }
@@ -54,16 +61,19 @@ public class StringArray extends Array<String> {
        @Override
        public void set(int index, String value) {
                _data[index] = value;
+               materializedSize = -1;
        }
 
        @Override
        public void set(int index, double value) {
                _data[index] = Double.toString(value);
+               materializedSize = -1;
        }
 
        @Override
        public void set(int rl, int ru, Array<String> value) {
                set(rl, ru, value, 0);
+               materializedSize = -1;
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -75,11 +85,13 @@ public class StringArray extends Array<String> {
                        else
                                _data[i] = null;
                }
+               materializedSize = -1;
        }
 
        @Override
        public void set(int rl, int ru, Array<String> value, int rlSrc) {
                System.arraycopy(((StringArray) value)._data, rlSrc, _data, rl, 
ru - rl + 1);
+               materializedSize = -1;
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -88,6 +100,7 @@ public class StringArray extends Array<String> {
                for(int i = rl; i <= ru; i++)
                        if(data2[i] != null)
                                _data[i] = data2[i];
+               materializedSize = -1;
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -97,6 +110,7 @@ public class StringArray extends Array<String> {
                        if(v != null)
                                _data[i] = v.toString();
                }
+               materializedSize = -1;
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -104,6 +118,7 @@ public class StringArray extends Array<String> {
                if(_data.length <= _size)
                        _data = Arrays.copyOf(_data, newSize());
                _data[_size++] = value;
+               materializedSize = -1;
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -112,13 +127,14 @@ public class StringArray extends Array<String> {
                final String[] ret = new String[endSize];
                System.arraycopy(_data, 0, ret, 0, this._size);
                System.arraycopy((String[]) other.get(), 0, ret, this._size, 
other.size());
-               ;
+               materializedSize = -1;
                return new StringArray(ret);
        }
 
        @Override
        public void write(DataOutput out) throws IOException {
                out.writeByte(FrameArrayType.STRING.ordinal());
+               out.writeLong(getInMemorySize());
                for(int i = 0; i < _size; i++)
                        out.writeUTF((_data[i] != null) ? _data[i] : "");
        }
@@ -126,6 +142,7 @@ public class StringArray extends Array<String> {
        @Override
        public void readFields(DataInput in) throws IOException {
                _size = _data.length;
+               materializedSize = in.readLong();
                for(int i = 0; i < _size; i++) {
                        String tmp = in.readUTF();
                        _data[i] = (!tmp.isEmpty()) ? tmp : null;
@@ -134,7 +151,7 @@ public class StringArray extends Array<String> {
 
        @Override
        public Array<String> clone() {
-               return new StringArray(Arrays.copyOf(_data, _size));
+               return new StringArray(Arrays.copyOf(_data, _size), 
materializedSize);
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -150,6 +167,7 @@ public class StringArray extends Array<String> {
                        for(int i = 0; i < size; i++)
                                _data[i] = null;
                _size = size;
+               materializedSize = -1;
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -175,50 +193,56 @@ public class StringArray extends Array<String> {
                return ValueType.STRING;
        }
 
+       private static final ValueType getHighest(ValueType state, ValueType c) 
{
+               switch(state) {
+                       case FP32:
+                               switch(c) {
+                                       case FP64:
+                                               return c;
+                                       default:
+                               }
+                               break;
+                       case INT64:
+                               switch(c) {
+                                       case FP64:
+                                       case FP32:
+                                               return c;
+                                       default:
+                               }
+                               break;
+                       case INT32:
+                               switch(c) {
+                                       case FP64:
+                                       case FP32:
+                                       case INT64:
+                                               return c;
+                                       default:
+                               }
+                               break;
+                       case BOOLEAN:
+                               switch(c) {
+                                       case FP64:
+                                       case FP32:
+                                       case INT64:
+                                       case INT32:
+                                               return c;
+                                       default:
+                               }
+                               break;
+                       default:
+
+               }
+               return state;
+       }
+
        @Override
        public ValueType analyzeValueType() {
                ValueType state = FrameUtil.isType(_data[0]);
                for(int i = 1; i < _size; i++) {
-                       ValueType c = FrameUtil.isType(_data[i]);
+                       ValueType c = FrameUtil.isType(_data[i], state);
                        if(c == ValueType.STRING || c == ValueType.UNKNOWN)
                                return ValueType.STRING;
-                       switch(state) {
-                               case FP32:
-                                       switch(c) {
-                                               case FP64:
-                                                       state = c;
-                                               default:
-                                       }
-                                       break;
-                               case INT64:
-                                       switch(c) {
-                                               case FP64:
-                                               case FP32:
-                                                       state = c;
-                                               default:
-                                       }
-                                       break;
-                               case INT32:
-                                       switch(c) {
-                                               case FP64:
-                                               case FP32:
-                                               case INT64:
-                                                       state = c;
-                                               default:
-                                       }
-                                       break;
-                               case BOOLEAN:
-                                       switch(c) {
-                                               case FP64:
-                                               case FP32:
-                                               case INT64:
-                                               case INT32:
-                                                       state = c;
-                                               default:
-                                       }
-                                       break;
-                               default:
-                       }
+                       state = getHighest(state, c);
                }
                return state;
        }
@@ -230,9 +254,12 @@ public class StringArray extends Array<String> {
 
        @Override
        public long getInMemorySize() {
+               if(materializedSize != -1)
+                       return materializedSize;
                long size = super.getInMemorySize(); // object header + object 
reference
                size += MemoryEstimates.stringArrayCost(_data);
-               return size;
+               size += 8; // estimated size cache
+               return materializedSize = size;
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -253,8 +280,10 @@ public class StringArray extends Array<String> {
                // detect type of transform.
                if(_data[0].toLowerCase().equals("true") || 
_data[0].toLowerCase().equals("false"))
                        return changeTypeBooleanStandard();
-               if(_data[0].equals("0") || _data[0].equals("1"))
+               else if(_data[0].equals("0") || _data[0].equals("1"))
                        return changeTypeBooleanNumeric();
+               else if(_data[0].toLowerCase().equals("t") || 
_data[0].toLowerCase().equals("f"))
+                       return changeTypeBooleanCharacter();
                else
                        throw new DMLRuntimeException("Not supported type of 
Strings to change to Booleans value: " + _data[0]);
        }
@@ -281,6 +310,31 @@ public class StringArray extends Array<String> {
                return new BooleanArray(ret);
        }
 
+       protected Array<Boolean> changeTypeBooleanCharacter() {
+               if(size() > ArrayFactory.bitSetSwitchPoint)
+                       return changeTypeBooleanCharacterBitSet();
+               else
+                       return changeTypeBooleanCharacterArray();
+       }
+
+       protected Array<Boolean> changeTypeBooleanCharacterBitSet() {
+               BitSet ret = new BitSet(size());
+               for(int i = 0; i < size(); i++)
+                       ret.set(i, isTrueCharacter(_data[i].charAt(0)));
+               return new BitSetArray(ret, size());
+       }
+
+       protected Array<Boolean> changeTypeBooleanCharacterArray() {
+               boolean[] ret = new boolean[size()];
+               for(int i = 0; i < size(); i++)
+                       ret[i] = isTrueCharacter(_data[i].charAt(0));
+               return new BooleanArray(ret);
+       }
+
+       private boolean isTrueCharacter(char a) {
+               return a == 'T' || a == 't';
+       }
+
        protected Array<Boolean> changeTypeBooleanNumeric() {
                if(size() > ArrayFactory.bitSetSwitchPoint)
                        return changeTypeBooleanNumericBitSet();
@@ -368,7 +422,7 @@ public class StringArray extends Array<String> {
 
        @Override
        public Array<String> changeTypeString() {
-               return clone();
+               return this;
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -390,6 +444,7 @@ public class StringArray extends Array<String> {
        public void fill(String value) {
                for(int i = 0; i < _size; i++)
                        _data[i] = value;
+               materializedSize = -1;
        }
 
        @Override
@@ -397,6 +452,12 @@ public class StringArray extends Array<String> {
                return Double.parseDouble(_data[i]);
        }
 
+       @Override
+       public boolean isShallowSerialize() {
+               long s = getInMemorySize();
+               return s / _size < 100;
+       }
+
        @Override
        public String toString() {
                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(_data.length * 5 + 2);
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/iterators/RowIterator.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/iterators/RowIterator.java
index d62a5d6cd9..68266fd9fa 100644
--- 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/iterators/RowIterator.java
+++ 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/iterators/RowIterator.java
@@ -21,10 +21,15 @@ package org.apache.sysds.runtime.frame.data.iterators;
 
 import java.util.Iterator;
 
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.frame.data.FrameBlock;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.UtilFunctions;
 
 public abstract class RowIterator<T> implements Iterator<T[]> {
+
+       protected static final Log LOG = 
LogFactory.getLog(RowIterator.class.getName());
+
        protected final FrameBlock _fb;
        protected final int[] _cols;
        protected final T[] _curRow;
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/lib/FrameLibAppend.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/lib/FrameLibAppend.java
index 54475b2640..6fd22ca4bc 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/lib/FrameLibAppend.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/lib/FrameLibAppend.java
@@ -83,7 +83,6 @@ public class FrameLibAppend {
                else if(b.getNumRows() == 0)
                        return a;
 
-               // ret._schema = a.getSchema().clone();
                String[] retColNames = (a.getColumnNames(false) != null) ? 
a.getColumnNames().clone() : null;
                ColumnMetadata[] retColMeta = new 
ColumnMetadata[a.getNumColumns()];
                for(int j = 0; j < nCol; j++)
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/lib/FrameLibApplySchema.java
 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/lib/FrameLibApplySchema.java
index 6fc4515b53..136afc9589 100644
--- 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/lib/FrameLibApplySchema.java
+++ 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/lib/FrameLibApplySchema.java
@@ -71,6 +71,13 @@ public class FrameLibApplySchema {
                        applySingleThread();
                else
                        applyMultiThread();
+               
+               boolean same = true;
+               for(int i = 0; i < columnsIn.length && same; i++)
+                       same = columnsIn[i] == columnsOut[i];
+               
+               if(same)
+                       return this.fb;
 
                final String[] colNames = fb.getColumnNames(false);
                final ColumnMetadata[] meta = fb.getColumnMetadata();
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/lib/FrameUtil.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/lib/FrameUtil.java
index b60f8a4fad..97130c5999 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/lib/FrameUtil.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/frame/data/lib/FrameUtil.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ package org.apache.sysds.runtime.frame.data.lib;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
@@ -34,6 +35,12 @@ import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.UtilFunctions;
 public interface FrameUtil {
        public static final Log LOG = 
LogFactory.getLog(FrameUtil.class.getName());
 
+       public static final Pattern booleanPattern = 
Pattern.compile("([tT]((rue)|(RUE))?|[fF]((alse)|(ALSE))?|0\\.0+|1\\.0+|0|1)");
+       public static final Pattern integerFloatPattern = 
Pattern.compile("[-+]?\\d+(\\.0+)?");
+       public static final Pattern floatPattern = 
Pattern.compile("[-+]?[0-9]*\\.?[0-9]*([eE][-+]?[0-9]+)?");
+
+       public static final Pattern dotSplitPattern = Pattern.compile("\\.");
+
        public static Array<?>[] add(Array<?>[] ar, Array<?> e) {
                if(ar == null)
                        return new Array[] {e};
@@ -43,59 +50,125 @@ public interface FrameUtil {
                return ret;
        }
 
-       public static ValueType isType(String val) {
-               if (val == null)
-                       return ValueType.UNKNOWN;
-               val = val.trim().toLowerCase().replaceAll("\"", "");
-               if(val.matches("(true|false|t|f|0|1|0\\.0+|1\\.0+)"))
+       private static ValueType isBooleanType(final String val, int len) {
+               if(val.length() <= 16 && booleanPattern.matcher(val).matches())
                        return ValueType.BOOLEAN;
-               else if(val.matches("[-+]?\\d+\\.0+")) { // 11.00000000 
1313241.0
-                       long maxValue = Long.parseLong(val.split("\\.")[0]);
-                       if((maxValue >= Integer.MIN_VALUE) && (maxValue <= 
Integer.MAX_VALUE))
-                               return ValueType.INT32;
-                       else
-                               return ValueType.INT64;
+               return null;
+       }
+
+       private static boolean simpleIntMatch(final String val, final int len) {
+               for(int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+                       final char c = val.charAt(i);
+                       if(c < '0' || c > '9')
+                               return false;
                }
-               else if(val.matches("[-+]?\\d+")) { // 1 3 6 192 14152131
-                       long maxValue = Long.parseLong(val);
-                       if((maxValue >= Integer.MIN_VALUE) && (maxValue <= 
Integer.MAX_VALUE))
-                               return ValueType.INT32;
-                       else
-                               return ValueType.INT64;
+               return true;
+       }
+
+       private static ValueType intType(final long value) {
+               if(value >= Integer.MIN_VALUE && value <= Integer.MAX_VALUE)
+                       return ValueType.INT32;
+               else
+                       return ValueType.INT64;
+       }
+
+       private static ValueType isIntType(final String val, final int len) {
+               if(len <= 22) {
+                       if(simpleIntMatch(val, len)){
+                               if(len < 8)
+                                       return ValueType.INT32;
+                               return intType(Long.parseLong(val));
+                       }
+                       else if(integerFloatPattern.matcher(val).matches()) {
+                               // 11.00000000 1313241.0 13 2415 -22
+                               final long value = 
Long.parseLong(val.contains(".") ? dotSplitPattern.split(val)[0] : val);
+                               return intType(value);
+                       }
                }
-               else if(val.matches("[-+]?[0-9]*\\.?[0-9]+([eE][-+]?[0-9]+)?")) 
{
-                       // parse float, and make back to string if equivalent 
use float.
+               return null;
+       }
+
+       private static ValueType isFloatType(final String val, final int len) {
+
+               if(len <= 25 && floatPattern.matcher(val).matches()) {
+                       // return isFloatType(v);
+                       // parse float and double,
+                       // and make back to string if equivalent use float.
+                       // This is expensive but accurate.
                        float f = Float.parseFloat(val);
-                       if(val.equals(Float.toString(f)))
+                       double d = Double.parseDouble(val);
+                       String v1 = Float.toString(f);
+                       String v2 = Double.toString(d);
+                       if(v1.equals(v2))
                                return ValueType.FP32;
                        else
                                return ValueType.FP64;
                }
                else if(val.equals("infinity") || val.equals("-infinity") || 
val.equals("nan"))
                        return ValueType.FP64;
-               else
-                       return ValueType.STRING;
+               return null;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get type type subject to minimum another type.
+        * 
+        * This enable skipping checking for boolean type if floats are already 
found.
+        * 
+        * @param val     The string value to check
+        * @param minType the minimum type to check.
+        * @return ValueType subject to restriction
+        */
+       public static ValueType isType(String val, ValueType minType) {
+               if(val == null)
+                       return ValueType.UNKNOWN;
+               final int len = val.length();
+               if(len == 0)
+                       return ValueType.UNKNOWN;
+               ValueType r = null;
+               switch(minType) {
+                       case UNKNOWN:
+                       case BOOLEAN:
+                               if(isBooleanType(val, len) != null)
+                                       return ValueType.BOOLEAN;
+                       case UINT8:
+                       case INT32:
+                       case INT64:
+                               r = isIntType(val, len);
+                               if(r != null)
+                                       return r;
+                       case FP32:
+                       case FP64:
+                               r = isFloatType(val, len);
+                               if(r != null)
+                                       return r;
+                       case STRING:
+                               return ValueType.STRING;
+                       default:
+                               throw new DMLRuntimeException("");
+               }
+       }
+
+       public static ValueType isType(String val) {
+               return isType(val, ValueType.BOOLEAN);
        }
 
-       public static ValueType isType(double val){
+       public static ValueType isType(double val) {
                if(val == 1.0d || val == 0.0d)
                        return ValueType.BOOLEAN;
-               else if((long)(val) == val){
-                       if((int)val == val)
+               else if((long) (val) == val) {
+                       if((int) val == val)
                                return ValueType.INT32;
                        else
                                return ValueType.INT64;
                }
-               else if((double)((float) val) == val )
+               else if((double) ((float) val) == val)
                        // Detecting FP32 could use some extra work.
-                       return ValueType.FP32; 
-               
-               
+                       return ValueType.FP32;
+
                return ValueType.FP64;
 
        }
 
-
        public static FrameBlock mergeSchema(FrameBlock temp1, FrameBlock 
temp2) {
                String[] rowTemp1 = 
IteratorFactory.getStringRowIterator(temp1).next();
                String[] rowTemp2 = 
IteratorFactory.getStringRowIterator(temp2).next();
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/BinaryFrameFrameCPInstruction.java
 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/BinaryFrameFrameCPInstruction.java
index fd749f8430..f7a8ccb54f 100644
--- 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/BinaryFrameFrameCPInstruction.java
+++ 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/BinaryFrameFrameCPInstruction.java
@@ -62,7 +62,9 @@ public class BinaryFrameFrameCPInstruction extends 
BinaryCPInstruction {
                        ValueType[] schema = new 
ValueType[inBlock2.getNumColumns()];
                        for(int i=0; i<inBlock2.getNumColumns(); i++)
                                schema[i] = 
ValueType.fromExternalString(inBlock2.get(0, i).toString());
-                       ec.setFrameOutput(output.getName(), 
inBlock1.applySchema(schema, ((MultiThreadedOperator)_optr).getNumThreads()));
+                       final int k = 
((MultiThreadedOperator)_optr).getNumThreads();
+                       final FrameBlock out = inBlock1.applySchema(schema, k);
+                       ec.setFrameOutput(output.getName(), out);
                }
                else {
                        // Execute binary operations
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/VariableCPInstruction.java
 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/VariableCPInstruction.java
index 6026f6692a..4c55c7207b 100644
--- 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/VariableCPInstruction.java
+++ 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/cp/VariableCPInstruction.java
@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@ import org.apache.sysds.runtime.lineage.LineageItem;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.lineage.LineageItemUtils;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.lineage.LineageTraceable;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixBlock;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.operators.MultiThreadedOperator;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.meta.DataCharacteristics;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.meta.MatrixCharacteristics;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.meta.MetaData;
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/spark/ComputationSPInstruction.java
 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/spark/ComputationSPInstruction.java
index 465ce35820..90312e0731 100644
--- 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/spark/ComputationSPInstruction.java
+++ 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/spark/ComputationSPInstruction.java
@@ -41,8 +41,6 @@ import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.MatrixIndexes;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.operators.Operator;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.meta.DataCharacteristics;
 
-import java.util.Map;
-
 public abstract class ComputationSPInstruction extends SPInstruction 
implements LineageTraceable {
        public CPOperand output;
        public CPOperand input1, input2, input3;
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/spark/utils/FrameRDDConverterUtils.java
 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/spark/utils/FrameRDDConverterUtils.java
index d26b2fcd9e..51d47af4f3 100644
--- 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/spark/utils/FrameRDDConverterUtils.java
+++ 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/instructions/spark/utils/FrameRDDConverterUtils.java
@@ -620,7 +620,6 @@ public class FrameRDDConverterUtils
                        //preallocate physical columns (to avoid re-allocations)
                        fb.ensureAllocatedColumns(_maxRowsPerBlock);
                        fb.reset(0, false); //reset data but keep schema
-                       fb.setNumRows(0);   //reset num rows to allow for append
                        
                        //handle meta data
                        if( _colnames != null )
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/io/FrameReaderTextCSV.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/io/FrameReaderTextCSV.java
index e87c1bf1d9..00a6fac5ec 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/io/FrameReaderTextCSV.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/io/FrameReaderTextCSV.java
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ import org.apache.sysds.runtime.frame.data.FrameBlock;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.Pair;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.transform.TfUtils;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.InputStreamInputFormat;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.UtilFunctions;
 
 /**
  * Single-threaded frame text csv reader.
@@ -117,6 +116,10 @@ public class FrameReaderTextCSV extends FrameReader {
        protected final int readCSVFrameFromInputSplit(InputSplit split, 
InputFormat<LongWritable, Text> informat,
                JobConf job, FrameBlock dest, ValueType[] schema, String[] 
names, long rlen, long clen, int rl, boolean first)
                throws IOException {
+               
+               if( rl > rlen) // in case this method is called wrongly
+                       throw new DMLRuntimeException("Invalid offset");
+               // return (int) rlen;
                boolean hasHeader = _props.hasHeader();
                boolean isFill = _props.isFill();
                double dfillValue = _props.getFillValue();
@@ -129,7 +132,7 @@ public class FrameReaderTextCSV extends FrameReader {
                LongWritable key = new LongWritable();
                Text value = new Text();
                int row = rl;
-               int col = -1;
+               final int nCol = dest.getNumColumns();
 
                // handle header if existing
                if(first && hasHeader) {
@@ -138,46 +141,54 @@ public class FrameReaderTextCSV extends FrameReader {
                }
 
                // Read the data
-               boolean emptyValuesFound = false;
                try {
+                       String[] parts = null; // cache array for line reading.
                        while(reader.next(key, value)) // foreach line
                        {
-                               String cellStr = value.toString().trim();
-                               emptyValuesFound = false;
-                               col = 0;
-                               String[] parts = 
IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(cellStr, delim);
+                               String cellStr = value.toString();
+                               boolean emptyValuesFound = false;
+                               cellStr = IOUtilFunctions.trim(cellStr);
+                               parts = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(cellStr, 
delim, parts);
+                               // sanity checks for empty values and number of 
columns
 
+                               final boolean mtdP = 
parts[0].equals(TfUtils.TXMTD_MVPREFIX);
+                               final boolean mtdx = 
parts[0].equals(TfUtils.TXMTD_NDPREFIX);
                                // parse frame meta data (missing values / num 
distinct)
-                               if(parts[0].equals(TfUtils.TXMTD_MVPREFIX) || 
parts[0].equals(TfUtils.TXMTD_NDPREFIX)) {
-                                       
if(parts[0].equals(TfUtils.TXMTD_MVPREFIX))
+                               if(mtdP || mtdx) {
+                                       parts = 
IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(cellStr, delim);
+                                       if(parts.length != dest.getNumColumns() 
+ 1){
+                                               LOG.warn("Invalid metadata ");
+                                               parts = null;
+                                               continue;
+                                       }
+                                       if(mtdP)
                                                for(int j = 0; j < 
dest.getNumColumns(); j++)
                                                        
dest.getColumnMetadata(j).setMvValue(parts[j + 1]);
-                                       else 
if(parts[0].equals(TfUtils.TXMTD_NDPREFIX))
+                                       else if(mtdx)
                                                for(int j = 0; j < 
dest.getNumColumns(); j++)
                                                        
dest.getColumnMetadata(j).setNumDistinct(Long.parseLong(parts[j + 1]));
+                                       parts = null;
                                        continue;
                                }
 
-                               for(String part : parts) // foreach cell
-                               {
-                                       part = part.trim();
+                               for(int col = 0; col < nCol; col++) {
+                                       String part = 
IOUtilFunctions.trim(parts[col]);
                                        if(part.isEmpty() || (naValues != null 
&& naValues.contains(part))) {
                                                if(isFill && dfillValue != 0)
-                                                       dest.set(row, col, 
UtilFunctions.stringToObject(schema[col], sfillValue));
+                                                       dest.set(row, col, 
sfillValue);
                                                emptyValuesFound = true;
                                        }
-                                       else {
-                                               dest.set(row, col, 
UtilFunctions.stringToObject(schema[col], part));
-                                       }
-                                       col++;
+                                       else
+                                               dest.set(row, col, part);
                                }
-
-                               // sanity checks for empty values and number of 
columns
                                
IOUtilFunctions.checkAndRaiseErrorCSVEmptyField(cellStr, isFill, 
emptyValuesFound);
                                
IOUtilFunctions.checkAndRaiseErrorCSVNumColumns("", cellStr, parts, clen);
                                row++;
                        }
                }
+               catch(Exception e){
+                       throw new DMLRuntimeException("Failed parsing string: 
\"" + value +"\"", e);
+               }
                finally {
                        IOUtilFunctions.closeSilently(reader);
                }
@@ -198,19 +209,8 @@ public class FrameReaderTextCSV extends FrameReader {
                int nrow = 0;
                for(int i = 0; i < splits.length; i++) {
                        RecordReader<LongWritable, Text> reader = 
informat.getRecordReader(splits[i], job, Reporter.NULL);
-                       LongWritable key = new LongWritable();
-                       Text value = new Text();
-
                        try {
-                               // ignore header of first split
-                               if(i == 0 && _props.hasHeader())
-                                       reader.next(key, value);
-
-                               // count remaining number of rows, ignore meta 
data
-                               while(reader.next(key, value)) {
-                                       String val = value.toString();
-                                       nrow += 
(val.startsWith(TfUtils.TXMTD_MVPREFIX) || 
val.startsWith(TfUtils.TXMTD_NDPREFIX)) ? 0 : 1;
-                               }
+                               nrow = countLinesInReader(reader, ncol , i == 0 
&& _props.hasHeader());
                        }
                        finally {
                                IOUtilFunctions.closeSilently(reader);
@@ -218,4 +218,30 @@ public class FrameReaderTextCSV extends FrameReader {
                }
                return new Pair<>(nrow, ncol);
        }
+
+       protected static int countLinesInReader(RecordReader<LongWritable, 
Text> reader, int ncol, boolean header)
+               throws IOException {
+               final LongWritable key = new LongWritable();
+               final Text value = new Text();
+
+               int nrow = 0;
+               try {
+                       // ignore header of first split
+                       if(header)
+                               reader.next(key, value);
+                       while(reader.next(key, value)) {
+                               // note the metadata can be located at any row 
when spark.
+                               nrow += containsMetaTag(value.toString()) ? 0 : 
1;
+                       }
+                       return nrow;
+               }
+               finally {
+                       IOUtilFunctions.closeSilently(reader);
+               }
+       }
+
+       private final static boolean containsMetaTag(String val) {
+               return val.startsWith(TfUtils.TXMTD_MVPREFIX)//
+                       || val.startsWith(TfUtils.TXMTD_NDPREFIX);
+       }
 }
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/io/FrameReaderTextCSVParallel.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/io/FrameReaderTextCSVParallel.java
index ec80b7d256..9d58f13825 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/io/FrameReaderTextCSVParallel.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/io/FrameReaderTextCSVParallel.java
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.Reporter;
 import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat;
 import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.ValueType;
 import org.apache.sysds.hops.OptimizerUtils;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.DMLRuntimeException;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.frame.data.FrameBlock;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data.Pair;
-import org.apache.sysds.runtime.transform.TfUtils;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.CommonThreadPool;
 
 /**
@@ -66,19 +66,19 @@ public class FrameReaderTextCSVParallel extends 
FrameReaderTextCSV
 
                try 
                {
-                       ExecutorService pool = CommonThreadPool.get(
-                               Math.min(numThreads, splits.length));
+                       // get number of threads pool to use the common thread 
pool.
+                       ExecutorService pool = CommonThreadPool.get(numThreads);
                        
                        //compute num rows per split
                        ArrayList<CountRowsTask> tasks = new ArrayList<>();
                        for( int i=0; i<splits.length; i++ )
                                tasks.add(new CountRowsTask(splits[i], 
informat, job, _props.hasHeader(), i==0));
-                       List<Future<Long>> cret = pool.invokeAll(tasks);
+                       List<Future<Integer>> cret = pool.invokeAll(tasks);
 
                        //compute row offset per split via cumsum on row counts
                        long offset = 0;
                        List<Long> offsets = new ArrayList<>();
-                       for( Future<Long> count : cret ) {
+                       for( Future<Integer> count : cret ) {
                                offsets.add(offset);
                                offset += count.get();
                        }
@@ -108,14 +108,14 @@ public class FrameReaderTextCSVParallel extends 
FrameReaderTextCSV
                int ncol = IOUtilFunctions.countNumColumnsCSV(splits, informat, 
job, _props.getDelim());
                
                //compute number of rows
-               int nrow = 0;
+               long nrow = 0;
                ExecutorService pool = CommonThreadPool.get(numThreads);
                try {
                        ArrayList<CountRowsTask> tasks = new ArrayList<>();
                        for( int i=0; i<splits.length; i++ )
                                tasks.add(new CountRowsTask(splits[i], 
informat, job, _props.hasHeader(), i==0));
-                       List<Future<Long>> cret = pool.invokeAll(tasks);
-                       for( Future<Long> count : cret ) 
+                       List<Future<Integer>> cret = pool.invokeAll(tasks);
+                       for( Future<Integer> count : cret ) 
                                nrow += count.get().intValue();
                }
                catch (Exception e) {
@@ -124,10 +124,13 @@ public class FrameReaderTextCSVParallel extends 
FrameReaderTextCSV
                finally {
                        pool.shutdown();
                }
-               return new Pair<>(nrow, ncol);
+               if(nrow > (long)Integer.MAX_VALUE)
+                       throw new DMLRuntimeException("invalid read with over 
Integer number of rows");
+
+               return new Pair<>((int)nrow, ncol);
        }
 
-       private static class CountRowsTask implements Callable<Long> 
+       private static class CountRowsTask implements Callable<Integer> 
        {
                private InputSplit _split = null;
                private TextInputFormat _informat = null;
@@ -144,29 +147,17 @@ public class FrameReaderTextCSVParallel extends 
FrameReaderTextCSV
                }
 
                @Override
-               public Long call() 
+               public Integer call() 
                        throws Exception 
                {
-                       RecordReader<LongWritable, Text> reader = 
_informat.getRecordReader(_split, _job, Reporter.NULL);
-                       LongWritable key = new LongWritable();
-                       Text value = new Text();
-                       long nrows = 0;
-                       
-                       // count rows from the first non-header row
+                       RecordReader<LongWritable, Text> reader = 
_informat.getRecordReader(_split, _job, Reporter.NULL);                       
                        try {
-                               if ( _firstSplit && _hasHeader )
-                                       reader.next(key, value);
-                               while ( reader.next(key, value) ) {
-                                       String val = value.toString();
-                                       nrows += ( 
val.startsWith(TfUtils.TXMTD_MVPREFIX)
-                                               || 
val.startsWith(TfUtils.TXMTD_NDPREFIX)) ? 0 : 1; 
-                               }
+                               // it is assumed that if we read parallel 
number of rows, there are at least two columns.
+                               return countLinesInReader(reader, 2 , 
_firstSplit && _hasHeader);
                        } 
                        finally {
                                IOUtilFunctions.closeSilently(reader);
                        }
-
-                       return nrows;
                }
        }
 
@@ -195,9 +186,16 @@ public class FrameReaderTextCSVParallel extends 
FrameReaderTextCSV
                public Object call() 
                        throws Exception 
                {
-                       readCSVFrameFromInputSplit(_split, _informat, _job, 
_dest, _dest.getSchema(), 
-                                       _dest.getColumnNames(), 
_dest.getNumRows(), _dest.getNumColumns(), _offset, _isFirstSplit);
-                       return null;
+                       try{
+
+                               readCSVFrameFromInputSplit(_split, _informat, 
_job, _dest, _dest.getSchema(), 
+                                               _dest.getColumnNames(), 
_dest.getNumRows(), _dest.getNumColumns(), _offset, _isFirstSplit);
+                               return null;
+                       }
+                       catch(Exception e){
+                               e.printStackTrace();
+                               throw e;
+                       }
                }
        }
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/io/FrameWriter.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/io/FrameWriter.java
index 9cec9ed6b0..02c941701c 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/io/FrameWriter.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/io/FrameWriter.java
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ package org.apache.sysds.runtime.io;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.ValueType;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.DMLRuntimeException;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.frame.data.FrameBlock;
@@ -32,9 +34,8 @@ import org.apache.sysds.runtime.frame.data.FrameBlock;
  * for creating format-specific writers. 
  * 
  */
-public abstract class FrameWriter 
-{
-
+public abstract class FrameWriter {
+       protected static final Log LOG = 
LogFactory.getLog(FrameWriter.class.getName());
        public abstract void writeFrameToHDFS( FrameBlock src, String fname, 
long rlen, long clen )
                throws IOException, DMLRuntimeException;
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/io/IOUtilFunctions.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/io/IOUtilFunctions.java
index 9ad3f0aeee..b36f4497d1 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/io/IOUtilFunctions.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/io/IOUtilFunctions.java
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ public class IOUtilFunctions
        //for empty text lines we use 0-0 despite for 1-based indexing in order
        //to allow matrices with zero rows and columns (consistent with R)
        public static final String EMPTY_TEXT_LINE = "0 0 0\n";
-       private static final char CSV_QUOTE_CHAR = '"';
+       public static final char CSV_QUOTE_CHAR = '"';
        public static final String LIBSVM_DELIM = " ";
        public static final String LIBSVM_INDEX_DELIM = ":";
        
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ public class IOUtilFunctions
                
                if( realncol != ncol ) {
                        throw new IOException("Invalid number of columns (" + 
realncol + ", expected=" + ncol + ") "
-                                       + "found in delimited file (" + fname + 
") for line: " + line);
+                                       + "found in delimited file (" + fname + 
") for line: " + line + "\n" + Arrays.toString(parts));
                }
        }
        
@@ -193,50 +193,111 @@ public class IOUtilFunctions
         * @param delim delimiter
         * @return string array of tokens
         */
-       public static String[] splitCSV(String str, String delim)
-       {
-               // check for empty input
-               if( str == null || str.isEmpty() )
-                       return new String[]{""};
-               
-               // scan string and create individual tokens
-               ArrayList<String> tokens = new ArrayList<>();
-               int from = 0, to = 0; 
-               int len = str.length();
-               int dlen = delim.length();
-               while( from < len  ) { // for all tokens
-                       if( str.charAt(from) == CSV_QUOTE_CHAR 
-                               && str.indexOf(CSV_QUOTE_CHAR, from+1) > 0 ) {
-                               to = str.indexOf(CSV_QUOTE_CHAR, from+1);
-                               // handle escaped inner quotes, e.g. "aa""a"
-                               while( to+1 < len && 
str.charAt(to+1)==CSV_QUOTE_CHAR )
-                                       to = str.indexOf(CSV_QUOTE_CHAR, to+2); 
// to + ""
-                               to += 1; // last "
-                               // handle remaining non-quoted characters "aa"a 
-                               if( to<len-1 && !str.regionMatches(to, delim, 
0, dlen) )
-                                       to = str.indexOf(delim, to+1);
-                       }
-                       else if( str.regionMatches(from, delim, 0, dlen) ) {
-                               to = from; // empty string
-                       }
-                       else { // default: unquoted non-empty
-                               to = str.indexOf(delim, from+1);
-                       }
-                       
-                       // slice out token and advance position
-                       to = (to >= 0) ? to : len;
+       public static String[] splitCSV(String str, String delim){
+               if(str == null || str.isEmpty())
+                       return new String[] {""};
+
+               int from = 0, to = 0;
+               final int len = str.length();
+               final int delimLen = delim.length();
+               final ArrayList<String> tokens = new ArrayList<>();
+
+               while(from < len) { // for all tokens
+                       to = getTo(str, from, delim);
                        tokens.add(str.substring(from, to));
-                       from = to + delim.length();
+                       from = to + delimLen;
                }
-               
+
                // handle empty string at end
-               if( from == len )
+               if(from == len)
                        tokens.add("");
-                       
-               // return tokens
+
                return tokens.toArray(new String[0]);
        }
 
+       /**
+        * Splits a string by a specified delimiter into all tokens, including 
empty
+        * while respecting the rules for quotes and escapes defined in RFC4180,
+        * with robustness for various special cases.
+        * 
+        * @param str string to split
+        * @param delim delimiter
+        * @param cache cachedReturnArray
+        * @return string array of tokens
+        */
+       public static String[] splitCSV(String str, String delim, String[] 
cache) {
+               // check for empty input
+               final boolean empty = str == null || str.isEmpty();
+               if(cache == null)
+                       if(empty)
+                               return new String[] {""};
+                       else
+                               return splitCSV(str, delim);
+               else if(empty) {
+                       Arrays.fill(cache, "");
+                       return cache;
+               }
+               else
+                       return splitCSVNonNullWithCache(str,delim,cache);
+       }
+
+       private static String[] splitCSVNonNullWithCache(final String str, 
final String delim, final String[] cache) {
+               final int len = str.length();
+               final int delimLen = delim.length();
+
+               int from = 0;
+               int id = 0;
+               while(from < len) { // for all tokens
+                       final int to = getTo(str, from, delim);
+                       cache[id++] =str.substring(from, to);
+                       from = to + delimLen;
+               }
+
+               if(from == len)
+                       cache[id] = "";
+               return cache;
+       }
+
+       private static boolean isEmptyMatch(final String str, final int from, 
final String delim, final int dLen,
+               final int strLen) {
+               // return str.regionMatches(from, delim, 0, dLen); equivalent 
to 
+               for(int i = from, off = 0; off < dLen && i < strLen; i++, off++)
+                       if(str.charAt(i) != delim.charAt(off))
+                               return false;
+               
+               return true;
+       }
+
+       private static int getTo(final String str, final int from, final String 
delim) {
+               final int len = str.length();
+               final int dLen = delim.length();
+               final char cq = CSV_QUOTE_CHAR;
+               final int fromP1 = from + 1;
+               int to;
+
+               if(str.charAt(from) == cq && str.indexOf(cq, fromP1) > 0) {
+                       to = str.indexOf(cq, fromP1);
+                       // handle escaped inner quotes, e.g. "aa""a"
+                       while(to + 1 < len && str.charAt(to + 1) == cq)
+                               to = str.indexOf(cq, to + 2); // to + ""
+                       to += 1; // last "
+                       // handle remaining non-quoted characters "aa"a
+                       if(to < len - 1 && !str.regionMatches(to, delim, 0, 
dLen))
+                               to = str.indexOf(delim, to + 1);
+               }
+               else if(isEmptyMatch(str, from, delim, dLen, len))
+                       return to = from; // empty string
+               else // default: unquoted non-empty
+                       to = str.indexOf(delim, fromP1);
+
+               // slice out token and advance position
+               return to >= 0 ? to : len;
+       }
+
+       public static String trim(String str) {
+               return str.trim();
+       }
+
        /**
         * Splits a string by a specified delimiter into all tokens, including 
empty
         * while respecting the rules for quotes and escapes defined in RFC4180,
@@ -253,37 +314,19 @@ public class IOUtilFunctions
                // check for empty input
                if( str == null || str.isEmpty() )
                        return new String[]{""};
+               else if (naStrings == null)
+                       return splitCSV(str, delim, tokens);
                
                // scan string and create individual tokens
-               int from = 0, to = 0; 
-               int len = str.length();
-               int dlen = delim.length();
-               String curString;
+               final int len = str.length();
+               final int dLen = delim.length();
+               int from = 0; 
                int pos = 0;
                while( from < len  ) { // for all tokens
-                       if( str.charAt(from) == CSV_QUOTE_CHAR
-                               && str.indexOf(CSV_QUOTE_CHAR, from+1) > 0 ) {
-                               to = str.indexOf(CSV_QUOTE_CHAR, from+1);
-                               // handle escaped inner quotes, e.g. "aa""a"
-                               while( to+1 < len && 
str.charAt(to+1)==CSV_QUOTE_CHAR )
-                                       to = str.indexOf(CSV_QUOTE_CHAR, to+2); 
// to + ""
-                               to += 1; // last "
-                               // handle remaining non-quoted characters "aa"a 
-                               if( to<len-1 && !str.regionMatches(to, delim, 
0, dlen) )
-                                       to = str.indexOf(delim, to+1);
-                       }
-                       else if( str.regionMatches(from, delim, 0, dlen) ) {
-                               to = from; // empty string
-                       }
-                       else { // default: unquoted non-empty
-                               to = str.indexOf(delim, from+1);
-                       }
-                       
-                       // slice out token and advance position
-                       to = (to >= 0) ? to : len;
-                       curString = str.substring(from, to);
-                       tokens[pos++] = naStrings!= null ? 
((naStrings.contains(curString)) ? null: curString): curString;
-                       from = to + delim.length();
+                       final int to = getTo(str, from, delim);
+                       final String curString = str.substring(from, to);
+                       tokens[pos++] = naStrings.contains(curString) ? null : 
curString;
+                       from = to + dLen;
                }
                
                // handle empty string at end
@@ -310,32 +353,13 @@ public class IOUtilFunctions
                        return 1;
                
                // scan string and compute num tokens
+               final int len = str.length();
+               final int dlen = delim.length();
                int numTokens = 0;
-               int from = 0, to = 0; 
-               int len = str.length();
-               int dlen = delim.length();
+               int from = 0; 
                while( from < len  ) { // for all tokens
-                       if( str.charAt(from) == CSV_QUOTE_CHAR
-                               && str.indexOf(CSV_QUOTE_CHAR, from+1) > 0 ) {
-                               to = str.indexOf(CSV_QUOTE_CHAR, from+1);
-                               // handle escaped inner quotes, e.g. "aa""a"
-                               while( to+1 < len && 
str.charAt(to+1)==CSV_QUOTE_CHAR ) 
-                                       to = str.indexOf(CSV_QUOTE_CHAR, to+2); 
// to + ""
-                               to += 1; // last "
-                               // handle remaining non-quoted characters "aa"a 
-                               if( to<len-1 && !str.regionMatches(to, delim, 
0, dlen) )
-                                       to = str.indexOf(delim, to+1);
-                       }
-                       else if( str.regionMatches(from, delim, 0, dlen) ) {
-                               to = from; // empty string
-                       }
-                       else { // default: unquoted non-empty
-                               to = str.indexOf(delim, from+1);
-                       }
-                       
-                       //increase counter and advance position
-                       to = (to >= 0) ? to : len;
-                       from = to + delim.length();
+                       int to = getTo(str, from, delim);
+                       from = to + dlen;
                        numTokens++;
                }
                
diff --git 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/transform/encode/EncoderFactory.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/transform/encode/EncoderFactory.java
index f76a83e362..ca8a5d2b8b 100644
--- 
a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/transform/encode/EncoderFactory.java
+++ 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/runtime/transform/encode/EncoderFactory.java
@@ -160,7 +160,6 @@ public class EncoderFactory {
                                        HashMap<String, Integer> colPos = 
getColumnPositions(colnames2);
                                        // create temporary meta frame block w/ 
shallow column copy
                                        FrameBlock meta2 = new 
FrameBlock(meta.getSchema(), colnames2);
-                                       meta2.setNumRows(meta.getNumRows());
                                        for(int i = 0; i < colnames.length; 
i++) {
                                                
if(!colPos.containsKey(colnames[i])) {
                                                        throw new 
DMLRuntimeException("Column name not found in meta data: " + colnames[i]
diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/utils/MemoryEstimates.java 
b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/utils/MemoryEstimates.java
index 59d86a850e..43e9fddd25 100644
--- a/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/utils/MemoryEstimates.java
+++ b/src/main/java/org/apache/sysds/utils/MemoryEstimates.java
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ public class MemoryEstimates {
         * @return The array memory cost
         */
        public static final double stringArrayCost(String[] strings) {
-               double size = 0;
+               long size = 0;
                for(int i = 0; i < strings.length; i++)
                        size += stringCost(strings[i]);
                return size;
@@ -203,8 +203,9 @@ public class MemoryEstimates {
         * @param value The String to measure
         * @return The size in memory.
         */
-       public static double stringCost(String value) {
-               return value == null ? 16 + 8 : stringCost(value.length()); // 
char array
+       public static long stringCost(String value) {
+               // if null 16 object + 8 array ref
+               return value == null ? 24L : stringCost(value.length()); // 
char array
        }
 
        /**
@@ -213,11 +214,13 @@ public class MemoryEstimates {
         * @param length The length of the string
         * @return The size in memory
         */
-       public static double stringCost(int length) {
-               return 16 // object
-                       + 4 // hash
-                       + 8 // array ref
-                       + 32 + length; // char array
+       public static long stringCost(long length) {
+               // 16 object
+               // 4 hash
+               // 8 array ref
+               // 32 char array
+               // total base : 60
+               return 60L + length * 2L; // char array
        }
 
 }
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/frame/FrameAppendTest.java 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/frame/FrameTest.java
similarity index 93%
rename from 
src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/frame/FrameAppendTest.java
rename to src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/frame/FrameTest.java
index b3348b0f02..5d542215b2 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/frame/FrameAppendTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/frame/FrameTest.java
@@ -25,10 +25,12 @@ import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Iterator;
 
 import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.ValueType;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.DMLRuntimeException;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.frame.data.FrameBlock;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.frame.data.iterators.IteratorFactory;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.util.UtilFunctions;
 import org.apache.sysds.test.TestUtils;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
 import org.junit.runners.Parameterized.Parameters;
 
 @RunWith(value = Parameterized.class)
-public class FrameAppendTest {
+public class FrameTest {
        public FrameBlock f;
 
        @Parameters
@@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ public class FrameAppendTest {
                return tests;
        }
 
-       public FrameAppendTest(FrameBlock f) {
+       public FrameTest(FrameBlock f) {
                this.f = f;
        }
 
@@ -182,6 +184,18 @@ public class FrameAppendTest {
                                assertEquals(ff.get(r + 240, c).toString(), 
f.get(r, c).toString());
        }
 
+       @Test
+       public void testIterator() {
+
+               Iterator<Object[]> it = IteratorFactory.getObjectRowIterator(f);
+
+               for(int r = 0; r < f.getNumRows(); r++){
+                       Object[] row = it.next();
+                       for(int c = 0; c < f.getNumColumns(); c++)
+                               assertEquals(f.get(r, c).toString(), 
row[c].toString());
+               }
+       }
+
        private static FrameBlock append(FrameBlock a, FrameBlock b, boolean 
cBind) {
                try {
                        return a.append(b, cBind);
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/frame/FrameUtilTest.java 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/frame/FrameUtilTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..acc4614afa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/frame/FrameUtilTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.sysds.test.component.frame;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.ValueType;
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.frame.data.lib.FrameUtil;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class FrameUtilTest {
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumFloat_1() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.FP32, FrameUtil.isType("1", 
ValueType.FP32));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumFloat_2() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.FP32, FrameUtil.isType("32.", 
ValueType.FP32));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumFloat_3() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.FP32, FrameUtil.isType(".9", 
ValueType.FP32));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumFloat_4() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.FP32, FrameUtil.isType(".9", 
ValueType.FP64));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumFloat_5() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.FP64, FrameUtil.isType(".999999999999", 
ValueType.FP64));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumFloat_6() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.FP64, FrameUtil.isType(".999999999999", 
ValueType.FP32));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumBoolean_1() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.BOOLEAN, FrameUtil.isType("TRUE", 
ValueType.UNKNOWN));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumBoolean_2() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.BOOLEAN, FrameUtil.isType("True", 
ValueType.UNKNOWN));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumBoolean_3() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.BOOLEAN, FrameUtil.isType("true", 
ValueType.UNKNOWN));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumBoolean_4() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.BOOLEAN, FrameUtil.isType("t", 
ValueType.UNKNOWN));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumBoolean_5() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.BOOLEAN, FrameUtil.isType("f", 
ValueType.UNKNOWN));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumBoolean_6() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.BOOLEAN, FrameUtil.isType("false", 
ValueType.UNKNOWN));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumBoolean_7() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.BOOLEAN, FrameUtil.isType("False", 
ValueType.UNKNOWN));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumBoolean_8() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.BOOLEAN, FrameUtil.isType("FALSE", 
ValueType.UNKNOWN));
+       }
+
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumString_1() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.STRING, FrameUtil.isType("FALSEE", 
ValueType.UNKNOWN));
+       }
+
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumString_2() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.STRING, FrameUtil.isType("falsse", 
ValueType.UNKNOWN));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumString_3() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.STRING, FrameUtil.isType("agsss", 
ValueType.UNKNOWN));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumString_4() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.STRING, FrameUtil.isType("AAGss", 
ValueType.UNKNOWN));
+       }
+
+
+       @Test
+       public void testIsTypeMinimumString_5() {
+               assertEquals(ValueType.STRING, FrameUtil.isType("ttrue", 
ValueType.UNKNOWN));
+       }
+}
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/frame/array/CustomArrayTests.java
 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/frame/array/CustomArrayTests.java
index d5276d9975..53d29c053f 100644
--- 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/frame/array/CustomArrayTests.java
+++ 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/frame/array/CustomArrayTests.java
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ public class CustomArrayTests {
        public void analyzeValueTypeStringFP32() {
                StringArray a = ArrayFactory.create(new String[] {"132", 
"131.1", "-142"});
                ValueType t = a.analyzeValueType();
-               assertTrue(t == ValueType.FP32);
+               assertEquals(ValueType.FP32, t);
        }
 
        @Test
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ public class CustomArrayTests {
        public void analyzeValueTypeStringFP32_string() {
                StringArray a = ArrayFactory.create(new String[] {"\"132\"", 
"131.1", "-142"});
                ValueType t = a.analyzeValueType();
-               assertTrue(t == ValueType.FP32);
+               assertEquals(ValueType.STRING, t);
        }
 
        @Test
@@ -468,22 +468,22 @@ public class CustomArrayTests {
        }
 
        @Test
-       public void LongToBits_0(){
+       public void LongToBits_0() {
                assertEquals(BitSetArray.longToBits(0), 
"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000");
        }
 
        @Test
-       public void LongToBits_2(){
+       public void LongToBits_2() {
                assertEquals(BitSetArray.longToBits(2), 
"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010");
        }
 
        @Test
-       public void LongToBits_5(){
+       public void LongToBits_5() {
                assertEquals(BitSetArray.longToBits(5), 
"0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000101");
        }
 
        @Test
-       public void LongToBits_minusOne(){
+       public void LongToBits_minusOne() {
                assertEquals(BitSetArray.longToBits(-1), 
"1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111");
        }
 
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/frame/array/FrameArrayTests.java
 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/frame/array/FrameArrayTests.java
index 22b8066355..080061302f 100644
--- 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/frame/array/FrameArrayTests.java
+++ 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/frame/array/FrameArrayTests.java
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ public class FrameArrayTests {
                        case STRING:
 
                                String vs = "1324L";
-                               ((Array<String>) a).set(0, vs);
+                               a.set(0,vs);
                                assertEquals(((Array<String>) a).get(0), vs);
 
                                return;
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ public class FrameArrayTests {
        @Test
        public void setNull() {
                // should not crash
-               a.set(0, null);
+               a.set(0, (String)null);
        }
 
        @Test
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/misc/IOUtilFunctionsTest.java 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/misc/IOUtilFunctionsTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e39c5413f9
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/component/misc/IOUtilFunctionsTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.sysds.test.component.misc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import org.apache.sysds.runtime.io.IOUtilFunctions;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class IOUtilFunctionsTest {
+
+       @Test
+       public void splitCSV_1() {
+               String in = "\"1\",\"Prof\",\"B\",19,18,\"Male\",139750";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",");
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"\"1\"", "\"Prof\"", "\"B\"", 
"19", "18", "\"Male\"", "139750"}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void splitCSV_2() {
+               String in = "\"1,,,2\",139750";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",");
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"\"1,,,2\"", "139750"}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void splitCSV_3() {
+               String in = "\"1,,,\"2,139750";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",");
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"\"1,,,\"2", "139750"}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void splitCSV_4() {
+               String in = "\"1,,\",2,139750";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",");
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"\"1,,\"", "2", "139750"}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void splitCSV_5() {
+               String in = "\"1,,\"aaaa,2,139750";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",");
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"\"1,,\"aaaa", "2", "139750"}, 
ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void splitCustom() {
+               String in = 
"0.0,-3.756323061556275,0.0,0.0,9.360046523539289,-2.8007958172584324,-6.233057304650478";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",");
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"0.0", "-3.756323061556275", 
"0.0", "0.0", "9.360046523539289",
+                       "-2.8007958172584324", "-6.233057304650478"}, ret);
+
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void splitCustom_2() {
+               String in = "aaaaaa \" abb";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, " ");
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"aaaaaa", "\"", "abb"}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test(expected = StringIndexOutOfBoundsException.class)
+       public void splitCustom_3() {
+               // try{
+                       String in = "aaaaaa \"\"\" abb";
+                       String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, " ");
+                       assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"aaaaaa", "\"\"\"", 
"abb"}, ret);
+
+               // }
+               // catch(Exception e){
+                       // e.printStackTrace();
+                       // throw e;
+                       // fail(e.getMessage());
+               // }
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void splitCustom_4() {
+               String in = "aaaaaa \"\"\"\" abb";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, " ");
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"aaaaaa", "\"\"\"\"", "abb"}, 
ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void splitCustom_5() {
+               String in = "aaaaaa \"\"\"\"";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, " ");
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"aaaaaa", "\"\"\"\""}, ret);
+       }
+
+       // @Test
+       // public void splitCustom_6() {
+       //      String in = "aaaaaa \"\"\"";
+       //      String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, " ");
+       //      assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"aaaaaa", "\""}, ret);
+       // }
+
+       @Test
+       public void splitCustom_7() {
+               String in = "aaaaaa \"";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, " ");
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"aaaaaa", "\""}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void splitRFC4180Standard_1() {
+               String in = "\"aaa\",\"b \r\n\",\"ccc\"";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",");
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"\"aaa\"", "\"b \r\n\"", 
"\"ccc\""}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void splitRFC4180Standard_BreakRule_1() {
+               String in = "\"aaa\",\"b\"\"bb\",\"ccc\"";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",");
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"\"aaa\"", "\"b\"\"bb\"", 
"\"ccc\""}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void splitRFC4180Standard_BreakRule_2() {
+               String in = "\"aaa\",\"b\"\"bb\"";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",");
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"\"aaa\"", "\"b\"\"bb\""}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void splitEmptyMatch_1() {
+               String in = "\"aaa\",,,";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",");
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"\"aaa\"", "", "", ""}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void splitEmptyMatch_2() {
+               String in = "\"aaa\",,a";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",,");
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"\"aaa\"", "a"}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void split_cache_1() {
+               String in = "\"aaa\",,a";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",,", new 
String[2]);
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"\"aaa\"", "a"}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void split_cache_2() {
+               String in = "\"aaa\",,";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",,", new 
String[2]);
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"\"aaa\"", ""}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void split_cache_3() {
+               String in = "";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",,", new 
String[2]);
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"", ""}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void split_empty_1() {
+               String in = "";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",,", null);
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {""}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void split_empty_2() {
+               String in = "";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",,");
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {""}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void split_null() {
+               String in = null;
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",,", null);
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {""}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void split_null_2() {
+               String in = null;
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",,");
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {""}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void splitEmptyMatch_cache_2() {
+               String in = "\"aaa\",,a";
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",,", null);
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"\"aaa\"", "a"}, ret);
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       public void splitCustom_fromRddTest(){
+               String in = "aaa,\"\"\",,,b,,\",\"c,c,c\"";
+
+               String[] ret = IOUtilFunctions.splitCSV(in, ",", null);
+               assertArrayEquals(new String[] {"aaa", "\"\"\",,,b,,\"", 
"\"c,c,c\""}, ret);
+       }
+}
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/CellwiseTmplTest.java 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/CellwiseTmplTest.java
index 4d47497daa..5e77189859 100644
--- 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/CellwiseTmplTest.java
+++ 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/CellwiseTmplTest.java
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ public class CellwiseTmplTest extends AutomatedTestBase
        protected File getConfigTemplateFile() {
                // Instrumentation in this test's output log to show custom 
configuration file used for template.
                File TEST_CONF_FILE = new File(SCRIPT_DIR + TEST_DIR, 
TEST_CONF);
-               LOG.info("This test case overrides default configuration with " 
+ TEST_CONF_FILE.getPath());
+               LOG.debug("This test case overrides default configuration with 
" + TEST_CONF_FILE.getPath());
                return TEST_CONF_FILE;
        }
 }
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/DAGCellwiseTmplTest.java
 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/DAGCellwiseTmplTest.java
index d2b69c1e16..299f88b7ea 100644
--- 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/DAGCellwiseTmplTest.java
+++ 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/DAGCellwiseTmplTest.java
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ public class DAGCellwiseTmplTest extends AutomatedTestBase
        @Override
        protected File getConfigTemplateFile() {
                // Instrumentation in this test's output log to show custom 
configuration file used for template.
-               LOG.info("This test case overrides default configuration with " 
+ TEST_CONF_FILE.getPath());
+               LOG.debug("This test case overrides default configuration with 
" + TEST_CONF_FILE.getPath());
                return TEST_CONF_FILE;
        }
 }
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/MiscPatternTest.java 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/MiscPatternTest.java
index 3310a4373c..9fa91c9d44 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/MiscPatternTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/MiscPatternTest.java
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ public class MiscPatternTest extends AutomatedTestBase
        @Override
        protected File getConfigTemplateFile() {
                // Instrumentation in this test's output log to show custom 
configuration file used for template.
-               LOG.info("This test case overrides default configuration with " 
+ TEST_CONF_FILE.getPath());
+               LOG.debug("This test case overrides default configuration with 
" + TEST_CONF_FILE.getPath());
                return TEST_CONF_FILE;
        }
 }
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/MultiAggTmplTest.java 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/MultiAggTmplTest.java
index 6900433329..e58c320457 100644
--- 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/MultiAggTmplTest.java
+++ 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/MultiAggTmplTest.java
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ public class MultiAggTmplTest extends AutomatedTestBase
        @Override
        protected File getConfigTemplateFile() {
                // Instrumentation in this test's output log to show custom 
configuration file used for template.
-               LOG.info("This test case overrides default configuration with " 
+ TEST_CONF_FILE.getPath());
+               LOG.debug("This test case overrides default configuration with 
" + TEST_CONF_FILE.getPath());
                return TEST_CONF_FILE;
        }
 }
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/OuterProdTmplTest.java 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/OuterProdTmplTest.java
index bbc57154d3..893b6c1d73 100644
--- 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/OuterProdTmplTest.java
+++ 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/OuterProdTmplTest.java
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ public class OuterProdTmplTest extends AutomatedTestBase
        @Override
        protected File getConfigTemplateFile() {
                // Instrumentation in this test's output log to show custom 
configuration file used for template.
-               LOG.info("This test case overrides default configuration with " 
+ TEST_CONF_FILE.getPath());
+               LOG.debug("This test case overrides default configuration with 
" + TEST_CONF_FILE.getPath());
                return TEST_CONF_FILE;
        }
 }
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/RowAggTmplTest.java 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/RowAggTmplTest.java
index 5ae31967cf..d704b4f674 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/RowAggTmplTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/RowAggTmplTest.java
@@ -872,7 +872,7 @@ public class RowAggTmplTest extends AutomatedTestBase
        @Override
        protected File getConfigTemplateFile() {
                // Instrumentation in this test's output log to show custom 
configuration file used for template.
-               LOG.info("This test case overrides default configuration with " 
+ TEST_CONF_FILE.getPath());
+               LOG.debug("This test case overrides default configuration with 
" + TEST_CONF_FILE.getPath());
                return TEST_CONF_FILE;
        }
 }
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/RowConv2DOperationsTest.java
 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/RowConv2DOperationsTest.java
index 48611ef9f6..b79ff828f0 100644
--- 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/RowConv2DOperationsTest.java
+++ 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/RowConv2DOperationsTest.java
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ public class RowConv2DOperationsTest extends 
AutomatedTestBase
        @Override
        protected File getConfigTemplateFile() {
                // Instrumentation in this test's output log to show custom 
configuration file used for template.
-               LOG.info("This test case overrides default configuration with " 
+ TEST_CONF_FILE.getPath());
+               LOG.debug("This test case overrides default configuration with 
" + TEST_CONF_FILE.getPath());
                return TEST_CONF_FILE;
        }
 }
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/RowVectorComparisonTest.java
 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/RowVectorComparisonTest.java
index a75e3b1295..3f287bdc07 100644
--- 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/RowVectorComparisonTest.java
+++ 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/RowVectorComparisonTest.java
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ public class RowVectorComparisonTest extends 
AutomatedTestBase
        @Override
        protected File getConfigTemplateFile() {
                // Instrumentation in this test's output log to show custom 
configuration file used for template.
-               LOG.info("This test case overrides default configuration with " 
+ TEST_CONF_FILE.getPath());
+               LOG.debug("This test case overrides default configuration with 
" + TEST_CONF_FILE.getPath());
                return TEST_CONF_FILE;
        }
 }
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/SumProductChainTest.java
 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/SumProductChainTest.java
index 41d3c62f9e..d2631a7c9f 100644
--- 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/SumProductChainTest.java
+++ 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/codegen/SumProductChainTest.java
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ public class SumProductChainTest extends AutomatedTestBase
        @Override
        protected File getConfigTemplateFile() {
                // Instrumentation in this test's output log to show custom 
configuration file used for template.
-               LOG.info("This test case overrides default configuration with " 
+ TEST_CONF_FILE.getPath());
+               LOG.debug("This test case overrides default configuration with 
" + TEST_CONF_FILE.getPath());
                return TEST_CONF_FILE;
        }
 }
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/federated/multitenant/FederatedLineageTraceReuseTest.java
 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/federated/multitenant/FederatedLineageTraceReuseTest.java
index f01c196a63..5d249abfb6 100644
--- 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/federated/multitenant/FederatedLineageTraceReuseTest.java
+++ 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/federated/multitenant/FederatedLineageTraceReuseTest.java
@@ -148,6 +148,13 @@ public class FederatedLineageTraceReuseTest extends 
MultiTenantTestBase {
 
                int[] workerPorts = startFedWorkers(4, new String[]{"-lineage", 
"reuse"});
 
+               try {
+                       Thread.sleep(4000);
+               }
+               catch(InterruptedException e) {
+                       // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+                       e.printStackTrace();
+               }
                rtplatform = execMode;
                if(rtplatform == ExecMode.SPARK) {
                        DMLScript.USE_LOCAL_SPARK_CONFIG = true;
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/federated/multitenant/FederatedReuseReadTest.java
 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/federated/multitenant/FederatedReuseReadTest.java
index 047a98fd85..522c9aafc1 100644
--- 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/federated/multitenant/FederatedReuseReadTest.java
+++ 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/federated/multitenant/FederatedReuseReadTest.java
@@ -104,8 +104,7 @@ public class FederatedReuseReadTest extends 
MultiTenantTestBase {
 
        @Test
        public void testModifiedValCP() {
-               //TODO with 4 runs sporadically into non-terminating state
-               runReuseReadTest(OpType.MODIFIED_VAL, 3, ExecMode.SINGLE_NODE, 
false);
+               runReuseReadTest(OpType.MODIFIED_VAL, 2, ExecMode.SINGLE_NODE, 
false);
        }
 
        @Test
@@ -117,7 +116,6 @@ public class FederatedReuseReadTest extends 
MultiTenantTestBase {
        @Test
        @Ignore
        public void testModifiedValLineageCP() {
-               //TODO with 4 runs sporadically into non-terminating state
                runReuseReadTest(OpType.MODIFIED_VAL, 3, ExecMode.SINGLE_NODE, 
true);
        }
 
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/frame/FrameMapTest.java 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/frame/FrameMapTest.java
index bb993de8a2..1d2a798382 100644
--- a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/frame/FrameMapTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/frame/FrameMapTest.java
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@
 package org.apache.sysds.test.functions.frame;
 
 import org.apache.sysds.common.Types;
-import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.FileFormat;
 import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.ExecType;
+import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.FileFormat;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.frame.data.FrameBlock;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.io.FileFormatPropertiesCSV;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.io.FrameWriterFactory;
@@ -133,12 +133,13 @@ public class FrameMapTest extends AutomatedTestBase {
                                String[][] date = new String[rows2][1];
                                for(int i = 0; i<rows2; i++)
                                        date[i][0] = 
(i%30)+"/"+(i%12)+"/200"+(i%20);
+                               FrameBlock a = new FrameBlock(schemaStrings1, 
date);
                                
FrameWriterFactory.createFrameWriter(FileFormat.CSV).
-                                       writeFrameToHDFS(new 
FrameBlock(schemaStrings1, date), input("A"), rows2, 1);
+                                       writeFrameToHDFS(a, input("A"), rows2, 
1);
                        }
                        else if(type == TestType.SHERLOCK_PREP) {
                                String[][] data = new String[1][1];
-                               data[0][0] =  "\"['Global', 'United States', 
'Australia']\"";
+                               data[0][0] =  "'Global', 'United States', 
'Australia'";
                                FileFormatPropertiesCSV ffp = new 
FileFormatPropertiesCSV();
                                ffp.setDelim(";");
                                
FrameWriterFactory.createFrameWriter(FileFormat.CSV, ffp).
@@ -157,7 +158,7 @@ public class FrameMapTest extends AutomatedTestBase {
 
                        String[] output = 
(String[])outputFrame.getColumnData(0);
                        String[] input = (String[])inputFrame.getColumnData(0);
-
+                       
                        switch (type) {
                                case SPLIT:
                                        for(int i = 0; i<input.length; i++)
@@ -177,8 +178,10 @@ public class FrameMapTest extends AutomatedTestBase {
                                                
TestUtils.compareScalars(String.valueOf(input[i].toUpperCase()), output[i]);
                                        break;
                                case DATE_UTILS:
-                                       for(int i =0; i<input.length; i++)
-                                               
TestUtils.compareScalars(String.valueOf(UtilFunctions.toMillis(input[i])), 
output[i]);
+                                       for(int i =0; i<input.length; i++){
+                                               String c = 
String.valueOf(UtilFunctions.toMillis(input[i]));
+                                               TestUtils.compareScalars(c, 
output[i]);
+                                       }
                                        break;
                                case SHERLOCK_PREP:
                                        for(int i =0; i<input.length; i++) 
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/transform/TransformCSVFrameEncodeReadTest.java
 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/transform/TransformCSVFrameEncodeReadTest.java
index fa9c1f020d..f66fc1db3c 100644
--- 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/transform/TransformCSVFrameEncodeReadTest.java
+++ 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/transform/TransformCSVFrameEncodeReadTest.java
@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@
 
 package org.apache.sysds.test.functions.transform;
 
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
 import org.apache.sysds.api.DMLScript;
 import org.apache.sysds.common.Types.ExecMode;
 import org.apache.sysds.runtime.frame.data.FrameBlock;
@@ -143,8 +144,17 @@ public class TransformCSVFrameEncodeReadTest extends 
AutomatedTestBase
                        FrameBlock fb2 = reader2.readFrameFromHDFS(output("R"), 
-1L, -1L);
                        String[] fromDisk = 
DataConverter.toString(fb2).split("\n");
                        String[] printed = stdOut.split("\n");
-                       for(int i = 0; i < fromDisk.length; i++)
-                               assertEquals(fromDisk[i], printed[i]);
+                       boolean equal = true;
+                       String err = "";
+                       for(int i = 0; i < fromDisk.length; i++){
+                               if(! fromDisk[i].equals(printed[i])){
+                                       err += "\n not equal: \n"+ (fromDisk[i] 
+ "\n" + printed[i]);
+                                       equal = false;
+                               }
+                               
+                       }
+                       if(!equal)
+                               fail(err);
                        
                }
                catch(Exception ex) {
diff --git 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/transform/TransformFrameEncodeDecodeTokenTest.java
 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/transform/TransformFrameEncodeDecodeTokenTest.java
index f51aa327b4..c9b2b1e566 100644
--- 
a/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/transform/TransformFrameEncodeDecodeTokenTest.java
+++ 
b/src/test/java/org/apache/sysds/test/functions/transform/TransformFrameEncodeDecodeTokenTest.java
@@ -86,16 +86,17 @@ public class TransformFrameEncodeDecodeTokenTest extends 
AutomatedTestBase
                try
                {
                        getAndLoadTestConfiguration(TEST_NAME1);
+                       setOutputBuffering(true);
                        
                        String HOME = SCRIPT_DIR + TEST_DIR;
                        fullDMLScriptName = HOME + TEST_NAME1 + ".dml";
-                       programArgs = new String[]{"-explain","-nvargs", 
+                       programArgs = new String[]{"-nvargs", 
                                "DATA=" + DATASET_DIR + DATASET1,
                                "TFSPEC=" + DATASET_DIR+ SPEC1,
                                "TFDATA=" + output("tfout"), "SEP= ",
                                "OFMT=" + ofmt, "OSEP= " };
        
-                       runTest(true, false, null, -1);
+                       runTest(null);
                        
                        //read input/output and compare
                        FrameReader reader1 = 
FrameReaderFactory.createFrameReader(FileFormat.CSV, 

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