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== Hedwig ==

Hedwig is a _publish-subscribe_ system designed to carry large amounts of data 
across the internet in a *guaranteed-delivery* fashion from those who produce 
it (_publishers_) to those who are interested in it (_subscribers_). The goals 
of Hedwig are:

   1 *Guaranteed Delivery*: The messages may not be lost even when a particular 
subscriber goes offline for extended periods of time.
   1 *Topic-based*: Publishes and subscribes happen to a topic. The system 
should scale to ~10^6 topics with ~10 subscribers on each topic.
   1 *Incremental Scalability*: It should be possible to scale capacity by 
adding servers on the fly. The up-front hardware investment should not be huge.
   1 *High availability*: The system should remain available in the presence of 
single server failure without manual intervention. 

While there are a lot of commercial and open-source products in the general 
pub-sub category, none of them satisfy all the above 4 requirements (they 
mostly fail on 3 and 4).

*Hedwig is in the early stages of development and not generally available right 
now*.

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<img src="%ATTACHURLPATH%/hedwig.jpg" height="200"/>
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---+++ Architecture

At the highest level, Hedwig is a collection of *regions* spread across the 
internet. Any region may publish on a topic, and those messages must be 
delivered to any subscriber in any region that has subscribed to that topic.

<center>
<img src="%ATTACHURLPATH%/global.png" width="500"/>
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<hline>

Now digging down into a region, it consists of a collection of *hub servers*. 
Hub servers aggregate messages published in a region and persist them. They 
also subscribe to hubs in other regions to listen for messages that their 
clients are subscribed to. Clients always subscribe only to  local hub servers. 
Hedwig plans to use [[http://hadoop.apache.org/zookeeper/][Zookeeper]] for 
persistence of metadata, and 
[[https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ZOOKEEPER-276][Bookkeeper]] for 
persistence of actual messages.

<center>
<img src="%ATTACHURLPATH%/region.png" width="500"/>
</center>


Topics are randomly split over hubs. When the hub responsible for a topic 
fails, another hub should take over responsibility of the topic.

<hline>

Now digging into a hub, it consists of 6 components:

<center>
<img src="%ATTACHURLPATH%/hub.png" width="500"/>
</center>

   1 *Network-I/O component*: For high throughput, we use Java NIO through a 
framework called [[http://www.jboss.org/netty][Netty]].
   1 *Topic Manager*: Maintains and coordinates ownership of topics among hubs. 
It is responsible for doing automatic failover when a hub dies. It will be a 
Zookeeper client.
   1 *Subscription Manager*: Maintains information about which subscriptions 
exist in the system, and their _consume-points_: the point in the topic until 
which a subscriber has already received and acknowledged, so that the next 
delivery of a message can start from this point.
   1 *Persistence Manager*: Persists messages in a reliable way so that they 
can be retrieved sequentially later. It will be a Bookkeeper client.
   1 *Remote Subscriber*: Subscribes to hubs in other regions for the topics, 
so that the messages published there can also reach the local clients. This 
component will be our own Hedwig Java client.
   1 *Delivery Manager*: This component will be responsible for delivering 
messages to the subscribers. The subscribers can be either our own local 
clients or the hub in other regions.

---+++ Code-Level Design & Details

The hedwig project consists of 3 modules:

   * 
[[http://svn.corp.yahoo.com/view/yahoo/yrl/hedwig/trunk/hedwig/protocol/src/main/protobuf/PubSubProtocol.proto?view=markup][Protocol]]:
 This is a simple module that specifies the client-server protocol used by 
Hedwig. The protocol is specified as a 
[[http://code.google.com/p/protobuf/][Protocol Buffers]] file. Protocol buffers 
can generate serialization and deserialization code for us in multiple 
languages.
   * [[HedwigClient][Client]]: We support both a c++ and a java client library. 
The client module obviously depends on the protocol module. 
   * [[HedwigServer][Server]]: This the major chunk of the system. A server is 
responsible for certain topics, and accepting publish and subscribe requests 
for them. The server uses (and hence depends on) the hedwig java client to 
subscribe to topics in other regions.   

<blockquote>
Get started by checking out the repository:
=svn+ssh://svn.corp.yahoo.com/yahoo/yrl/hedwig/trunk/hedwig=

Follow the directions in the BUILD.txt
</blockquote>

The following *coding conventions* are to be followed:
   1 Indentation only with 4 spaces, no tabs (adjustable using Eclipse 
settings).
   1 Use curly braces even for single-line ifs and elses. I am sure you have 
encountered at least 1 bug in your life because the else got associated with 
the wrong if.
   1 No System.outs (only logging)
   1 Javadoc (even if brief) for every class. No author tags.
   1 We are building a high-throughput server. Watch out for the following 
performance crippling gotchas:
      * If you are logging something that requires string concatenation, even 
if it is at debug level, you pay the price of concatenation. Hence surround by 
=if(isDebugEnabled())= block
      * Use !StringBuilder while building long strings, don't just use +'s.
   1 Remember that we are multithreaded which is a double-edged sword.
      * Protect your data structures where needed with a lock.
      * However locking needs to be well-understood and documented. Please 
bring it up in the design discussions. 

---+++ Test

Every class that has a non-abstract method must have a test case. Maven 
directory structure is already set up to be able to write and run tests easily.
 
---+++ Current Tasks

---++++ Protocol (Ben)

   1 use region name as subscriberID for hub subscribers. This needs only an 
explanatory comment
   1 Put a transaction-id in publishes. This can help us in firing off multiple 
publishes at a time.
   1 Put a version string in every request. 
   1 Figure out our authentication and access control story. It's important to 
have one.

---++++ Server

   1 Design a push interface for reading rather than the current pull-based 
(Utkarsh)
   1 How do topics get created? Is it on the first subscription? Who gets the 
ownership for the topic, and how do we ensure that this is load balanced across 
the hubs? (Brian)
   1 Figure out a rich admin interface and how to implement it with the least 
effort - Possibly jmx (Erwin)
   1 Cross-region subscription problem (and hence log collection problem): How 
do we avoid making the cross-region call when we receive a local subscription 
for a brand new topic. If we don't make the cross-region call, then log 
collection must be performed only after all regions agree that no one is 
interested. (Adam)
   1 Designing the delivery manager, especially the management of readahead of 
messages for subscribers, and caching the recently published messages. While 
designing this interface, keep it pluggable to different policies. 
   1 Consider whether bookkeeper client library needs to be written using 
asynchronous network I/O. IOW, is 1 thread per "bookie" acceptable?

---+++ Notes

   * [[HedwigTopicManagement][Topic management]]

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