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https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HADOOP-1593?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel&focusedCommentId=18072791#comment-18072791
 ] 

ASF GitHub Bot commented on HADOOP-1593:
----------------------------------------

manika137 commented on code in PR #8400:
URL: https://github.com/apache/hadoop/pull/8400#discussion_r3067642442


##########
hadoop-tools/hadoop-azure/src/main/java/org/apache/hadoop/fs/azurebfs/services/VectoredReadHandler.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,696 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.hadoop.fs.azurebfs.services;
+
+import java.io.EOFException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.function.IntFunction;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.classification.VisibleForTesting;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileRange;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.VectoredReadUtils;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.azurebfs.constants.ReadType;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.azurebfs.enums.VectoredReadStrategy;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.azurebfs.utils.TracingContext;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.impl.CombinedFileRange;
+
+/**
+ * Handles vectored read operations by coordinating with a ReadBufferManager
+ * and applying the configured VectoredReadStrategy.
+ * This class acts as the orchestration layer that decides how vectored reads
+ * are executed, while delegating buffer management and read behavior to
+ * dedicated components.
+ */
+class VectoredReadHandler {
+
+  private static final Logger LOG = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(VectoredReadHandler.class);
+
+  /**
+   * Manages allocation, lifecycle, and reuse of read buffers
+   * used during vectored read operations.
+   */
+  private final ReadBufferManager readBufferManager;
+
+  /**
+   * Strategy defining how vectored reads should be performed.
+   */
+  private final VectoredReadStrategy strategy;
+
+  /**
+   * Shared reconstruction buffers for ranges that span multiple chunks.
+   * Keyed by the original FileRange instance.
+   */
+  private final ConcurrentHashMap<RangeKey, ByteBuffer> partialBuffers =
+      new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+  /**
+   * Tracks remaining bytes to be received for each logical range.
+   * Keyed by the original FileRange instance.
+   */
+  private final ConcurrentHashMap<RangeKey, AtomicInteger> pendingBytes =
+      new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a VectoredReadHandler using the provided ReadBufferManager.
+   * The vectored read strategy is obtained from the manager to ensure
+   * consistent configuration across the read pipeline.
+   *
+   * @param readBufferManager manager responsible for buffer handling
+   *                          and providing the vectored read strategy
+   */
+  VectoredReadHandler(ReadBufferManager readBufferManager) {
+    this.readBufferManager = readBufferManager;
+    this.strategy = readBufferManager.getVectoredReadStrategy();
+    LOG.debug("VectoredReadHandler initialized with strategy={}", strategy);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Perform a vectored read over multiple logical file ranges.
+   *
+   * <p>Logical ranges are first merged using a span-first strategy determined
+   * by the configured {@link VectoredReadStrategy}. The merged ranges are then
+   * split into buffer-sized physical read units and queued for asynchronous
+   * execution. If a pooled buffer is unavailable, the read falls back to a
+   * direct read path.</p>
+   *
+   * @param stream    input stream for the file being read
+   * @param ranges    logical file ranges to read; each range will be completed
+   *                  with data or failure via its associated future
+   * @param allocator allocator used to create buffers for direct reads and
+   *                  vectored fan-out
+   */
+  public void readVectored(
+      AbfsInputStream stream,
+      List<? extends FileRange> ranges,
+      IntFunction<ByteBuffer> allocator) throws EOFException {
+    LOG.debug("readVectored invoked: path={}, rangeCount={}",
+        stream.getPath(), ranges.size());
+
+    /* Initialize a future for each logical file range */
+    long fileLength = stream.getContentLength();
+    List<FileRange> validRanges = validateAndPrepareRanges(ranges, fileLength);
+
+    /* Select the maximum allowed merge span based on the configured strategy 
*/
+    int maxSpan =
+        (strategy == VectoredReadStrategy.TPS_OPTIMIZED)
+            ? readBufferManager.getMaxSeekForVectoredReads()
+            : readBufferManager.getMaxSeekForVectoredReadsThroughput();
+
+    LOG.debug("readVectored: path={}, strategy={}, maxSpan={}",
+        stream.getPath(), strategy, maxSpan);
+
+    /* Merge logical ranges using a span-first coalescing strategy */
+    List<CombinedFileRange> merged = mergeBySpanAndGap(validRanges, maxSpan, 
fileLength);
+
+    LOG.debug("readVectored: path={}, mergedRangeCount={}",
+        stream.getPath(), merged.size());
+
+    /* Read buffer size acts as a hard upper bound for physical reads */
+    int readBufferSize = ReadBufferManager.getReadAheadBlockSize();
+
+    /* Split merged ranges into buffer-sized chunks and queue each for read */
+    for (CombinedFileRange unit : merged) {
+      List<CombinedFileRange> chunks = splitByBufferSize(unit, readBufferSize);
+
+      LOG.debug("readVectored: path={}, mergedOffset={}, mergedLength={}, 
chunkCount={}",
+          stream.getPath(), unit.getOffset(), unit.getLength(), chunks.size());
+
+      for (CombinedFileRange chunk : chunks) {
+        try {
+          VectoredReadUtils.validateRangeRequest(chunk);
+          boolean queued = queueVectoredRead(stream, chunk, allocator);
+          if (!queued) {
+            LOG.debug("readVectored: buffer pool exhausted, falling back to 
directRead: path={}, offset={}, length={}",
+                stream.getPath(), chunk.getOffset(), chunk.getLength());
+            directRead(stream, chunk, allocator);
+          }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+          LOG.warn("readVectored: chunk read failed, failing underlying 
ranges:"
+                  + " path={}, offset={}, length={}",
+              stream.getPath(), chunk.getOffset(), chunk.getLength(), e);
+          failUnit(chunk, e);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Queues a vectored read request with the buffer manager.
+   *
+   * @return true if successfully queued, false if the queue is full and 
fallback is required.
+   */
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  boolean queueVectoredRead(AbfsInputStream stream, CombinedFileRange unit,
+      IntFunction<ByteBuffer> allocator) {
+    LOG.debug("queueVectoredRead: path={}, offset={}, length={}",
+        stream.getPath(), unit.getOffset(), unit.getLength());
+    TracingContext tracingContext = stream.getTracingContext();
+    tracingContext.setReadType(ReadType.VECTORED_READ);
+    return getReadBufferManager().queueVectoredRead(stream, unit, 
tracingContext, allocator);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Accesses the shared manager responsible for coordinating asynchronous 
read buffers.
+   *
+   * @return the {@link ReadBufferManager} instance.
+   */
+  public ReadBufferManager getReadBufferManager() {
+    return readBufferManager;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Validates and prepares a list of {@link FileRange} instances for vectored 
reads.
+   *
+   * <p>This method performs the following steps for each input range:
+   * <ul>
+   *   <li>Validates the range using {@link 
VectoredReadUtils#validateRangeRequest(FileRange)}</li>
+   *   <li>Initializes a {@link CompletableFuture} to hold the read result</li>
+   *   <li>Checks that the range falls within the bounds of the file</li>
+   * </ul>
+   *
+   * <p>Ranges that are invalid (e.g., negative offset/length or exceeding 
file bounds)
+   * are not included in the returned list. Instead, their associated future is
+   * completed exceptionally with an {@link EOFException}.
+   *
+   * @param ranges     the input list of logical file ranges to validate and 
prepare
+   * @param fileLength the total length of the file, used for bounds checking
+   * @return a list of valid {@link FileRange} instances ready for vectored 
read processing
+   */
+  private List<FileRange> validateAndPrepareRanges(
+      List<? extends FileRange> ranges, long fileLength) throws EOFException {
+
+    List<FileRange> validRanges = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    for (FileRange r : ranges) {
+      VectoredReadUtils.validateRangeRequest(r);
+      r.setData(new CompletableFuture<>());
+
+      long offset = r.getOffset();
+      long length = r.getLength();
+
+      if (offset < 0 || length < 0 || offset > fileLength || length > 
fileLength - offset) {
+        r.getData().completeExceptionally(new EOFException(
+            "Invalid range: offset=" + offset + ", length=" + length + ", 
fileLength=" + fileLength));
+        continue;
+      }
+      validRanges.add(r);
+    }
+    return validRanges;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Splits a merged logical {@link CombinedFileRange} into smaller
+   * buffer-sized physical read units.
+   *
+   * <p>Each resulting unit will have a maximum size equal to the provided
+   * {@code bufferSize}. Any handling of multi-chunk ranges or reassembly
+   * of underlying {@link FileRange} data is delegated to the fan-out 
logic.</p>
+   *
+   * @param unit       the combined logical range to be split
+   * @param bufferSize the maximum size (in bytes) of each physical read unit
+   * @return a list of buffer-sized {@link CombinedFileRange} instances
+   */
+  private List<CombinedFileRange> splitByBufferSize(
+      CombinedFileRange unit,
+      int bufferSize) {
+    LOG.debug("splitByBufferSize: offset={}, length={}, bufferSize={}",
+        unit.getOffset(), unit.getLength(), bufferSize);
+
+    List<CombinedFileRange> parts = new ArrayList<>();
+    long unitStart = unit.getOffset();
+    long unitEnd = unitStart + unit.getLength();
+    long start = unitStart;
+
+    while (start < unitEnd) {
+      long partEnd = Math.min(start + bufferSize, unitEnd);
+
+      CombinedFileRange part =
+          new CombinedFileRange(start, partEnd, unit.getUnderlying().get(0));
+      part.getUnderlying().clear();
+
+      for (FileRange r : unit.getUnderlying()) {
+        long rStart = r.getOffset();
+        long rEnd = rStart + r.getLength();
+        if (rEnd > start && rStart < partEnd) {
+          part.getUnderlying().add(r);
+        }
+      }
+      parts.add(part);
+      start = partEnd;
+    }
+
+    LOG.debug("splitByBufferSize: offset={}, produced {} parts",
+        unit.getOffset(), parts.size());
+    return parts;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Merge logical {@link FileRange}s into {@link CombinedFileRange}s using a
+   * span-first coalescing strategy.
+   *
+   * <p>Ranges are merged as long as the total span from the first offset to 
the
+   * end of the last range does not exceed {@code maxSpan}. Gaps between ranges
+   * are ignored.</p>
+   *
+   * @param ranges  logical file ranges to merge
+   * @param maxSpan maximum allowed span (in bytes) for a combined read
+   * @return merged {@link CombinedFileRange}s covering the input ranges
+   */
+  private List<CombinedFileRange> mergeBySpanAndGap(
+      List<? extends FileRange> ranges,
+      int maxSpan, long  fileLength) throws EOFException {
+
+    LOG.debug("mergeBySpanAndGap: rangeCount={}, maxSpan={}", ranges.size(), 
maxSpan);
+    List<? extends FileRange> sortedRanges = 
VectoredReadUtils.validateAndSortRanges(
+        ranges, Optional.of(fileLength));
+
+    List<CombinedFileRange> out = new ArrayList<>();
+    CombinedFileRange current = null;
+
+    for (FileRange r : sortedRanges) {
+      long rOffset = r.getOffset();
+      long rEnd = rOffset + r.getLength();
+
+      /* Initialize the first combined range */
+      if (current == null) {
+        current = new CombinedFileRange(rOffset, rEnd, r);
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      /* Check whether adding this range keeps the total span within the limit 
*/
+      long newSpan = rEnd - current.getOffset();
+
+      if (newSpan <= maxSpan) {
+        current.setLength((int) newSpan);
+        current.getUnderlying().add(r);
+      } else {
+        /* Span exceeded; finalize current range and start a new one */
+        out.add(current);
+        current = new CombinedFileRange(rOffset, rEnd, r);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Add the final combined range, if any */
+    if (current != null) {
+      out.add(current);
+    }
+
+    LOG.debug("mergeBySpanAndGap: produced {} combined ranges", out.size());
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Distributes data from a physical read buffer into the corresponding
+   * logical {@link FileRange}s.
+   *
+   * <p>This method performs a "fan-out" operation where a single physical
+   * read (represented by {@link ReadBuffer}) may contain data for multiple
+   * logical ranges. The relevant portions are copied into per-range buffers
+   * and completed once fully populated.</p>
+   *
+   * <p>Partial reads are accumulated using {@code partialBuffers} and
+   * {@code pendingBytes}. A range is only completed when all expected
+   * bytes have been received.</p>
+   *
+   * <p>Thread safety:
+   * <ul>
+   *   <li>Each logical range buffer is synchronized independently</li>
+   *   <li>Writes use {@code System.arraycopy} directly into the backing array
+   *       to avoid shared {@link ByteBuffer} position mutation</li>
+   * </ul>
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param buffer    the physical read buffer containing merged data
+   * @param bytesRead number of valid bytes in the buffer
+   */
+  void fanOut(ReadBuffer buffer, int bytesRead) {
+    LOG.debug("fanOut: path={}, bufferOffset={}, bytesRead={}",
+        buffer.getPath(), buffer.getOffset(), bytesRead);
+
+    List<CombinedFileRange> units = buffer.getVectoredUnits();
+    if (units == null) {
+      LOG.warn("fanOut: no vectored units found for path={}, offset={}",
+          buffer.getPath(), buffer.getOffset());
+      return;
+    }
+
+    long bufferStart = buffer.getOffset();
+    long bufferEnd = bufferStart + bytesRead;
+
+    /* Iterate over all combined logical units mapped to this buffer */
+    for (CombinedFileRange unit : units) {
+      /* Each unit may contain multiple logical FileRanges */
+      for (FileRange r : unit.getUnderlying()) {
+        CompletableFuture<ByteBuffer> future = r.getData();
+        RangeKey key = new RangeKey(r);
+
+        /* Skip already completed or cancelled ranges */
+        if (future.isCancelled()) {
+          LOG.debug("fanOut: range cancelled, cleaning up: path={}, 
rangeOffset={}",
+              buffer.getPath(), r.getOffset());
+          partialBuffers.remove(key);
+          pendingBytes.remove(key);
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (future.isDone()) {
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        try {
+          long rangeStart = r.getOffset();
+          long rangeEnd = rangeStart + r.getLength();
+
+          /* Compute overlap between buffer and logical range */
+          long overlapStart = Math.max(rangeStart, bufferStart);
+          long overlapEnd = Math.min(rangeEnd, bufferEnd);
+
+          /* No overlap nothing to copy */
+          if (overlapStart >= overlapEnd) {
+            LOG.debug("fanOut: no overlap for path={}, rangeOffset={}, 
bufferOffset={}",
+                buffer.getPath(), r.getOffset(), bufferStart);
+            continue;
+          }
+
+          int srcOffset = (int) (overlapStart - bufferStart);
+          int destOffset = (int) (overlapStart - rangeStart);
+          int length = (int) (overlapEnd - overlapStart);
+
+          LOG.debug("fanOut: copying path={}, rangeOffset={}, rangeLength={},"
+                  + " bufferOffset={}, srcOffset={}, destOffset={}, length={}",
+              buffer.getPath(), r.getOffset(), r.getLength(),
+              bufferStart, srcOffset, destOffset, length);
+
+          /* Allocate or reuse the full buffer for this logical range */
+          ByteBuffer fullBuf = partialBuffers.computeIfAbsent(
+              key, k -> buffer.getAllocator().apply(r.getLength()));
+
+          /* Track remaining bytes required to complete this range */
+          AtomicInteger pending = pendingBytes.computeIfAbsent(
+              key, k -> new AtomicInteger(r.getLength()));
+
+          synchronized (fullBuf) {
+            /* Double-check completion inside lock */
+            if (future.isDone()) {
+              continue;
+            }
+
+            ByteBuffer dst = fullBuf.duplicate();
+            dst.position(destOffset);
+            dst.put(buffer.getBuffer(), srcOffset, length);
+
+            int left = pending.addAndGet(-length);
+
+            LOG.debug("fanOut: wrote chunk: path={}, rangeOffset={}, 
destOffset={},"
+                    + " length={}, pendingBytes={}",
+                buffer.getPath(), r.getOffset(), destOffset, length, left);
+
+            if (left < 0) {
+              LOG.error("fanOut: pending bytes went negative  possible 
duplicate write:"
+                      + " path={}, rangeOffset={}, pending={}",
+                  buffer.getPath(), r.getOffset(), left);
+              future.completeExceptionally(new IllegalStateException(
+                  "Pending bytes negative for offset=" + r.getOffset()));
+              partialBuffers.remove(key);
+              pendingBytes.remove(key);
+              continue;
+            }
+
+            /* Complete future once all bytes are received */
+            if (left == 0 && !future.isDone()) {
+              /*
+               * Prepare buffer for reading.
+               * DO NOT use flip() because writes may arrive out-of-order.
+               * Instead, explicitly expose the full buffer.
+               */
+              fullBuf.position(0);
+              fullBuf.limit(fullBuf.capacity());
+
+              if (fullBuf.limit() != r.getLength()) {
+                LOG.warn("fanOut: buffer size mismatch: path={}, 
rangeOffset={},"
+                        + " expected={}, actual={}",
+                    buffer.getPath(), r.getOffset(), r.getLength(), 
fullBuf.limit());
+              }
+
+              future.complete(fullBuf);
+              partialBuffers.remove(key);
+              pendingBytes.remove(key);
+
+              LOG.debug("fanOut: completed range: path={}, rangeOffset={}, 
rangeLength={}",
+                  buffer.getPath(), r.getOffset(), r.getLength());
+            }
+          }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+          LOG.warn("fanOut: exception processing range: path={}, 
rangeOffset={}",
+              buffer.getPath(), r.getOffset(), e);
+          partialBuffers.remove(key);
+          pendingBytes.remove(key);
+          if (!future.isDone()) {
+            future.completeExceptionally(e);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fails all logical {@link FileRange}s associated with a given
+   * {@link CombinedFileRange}.
+   *
+   * <p>This method is invoked when a vectored read for the combined unit
+   * fails. It ensures that:
+   * <ul>
+   *   <li>Any partially accumulated buffers are cleaned up</li>
+   *   <li>Pending byte tracking state is removed</li>
+   *   <li>All corresponding {@link CompletableFuture}s are completed 
exceptionally</li>
+   * </ul>
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param unit the combined vectored read unit whose underlying ranges must 
be failed
+   * @param t    the exception that caused the failure
+   */
+  private void failUnit(CombinedFileRange unit, Throwable t) {
+    for (FileRange r : unit.getUnderlying()) {
+      RangeKey key = new RangeKey(r);
+      partialBuffers.remove(key);
+      pendingBytes.remove(key);
+      CompletableFuture<ByteBuffer> future = r.getData();
+      if (future != null && !future.isDone()) {
+        future.completeExceptionally(t);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fails all {@link FileRange} futures associated with the given
+   * {@link ReadBuffer} and clears any partial state.
+   *
+   * @param buffer the read buffer whose ranges should be failed
+   * @param t      the exception causing the failure
+   */
+  void failBufferFutures(ReadBuffer buffer, Throwable t) {
+    List<CombinedFileRange> units = buffer.getVectoredUnits();
+    if (units == null) {
+      LOG.warn("fanOut: no vectored units found for path={}, offset={}",
+          buffer.getPath(), buffer.getOffset());
+      return;
+    }
+
+    for (CombinedFileRange unit : units) {
+      for (FileRange r : unit.getUnderlying()) {
+        RangeKey key = new RangeKey(r);
+        partialBuffers.remove(key);
+        pendingBytes.remove(key);
+        CompletableFuture<ByteBuffer> future = r.getData();
+        if (future != null && !future.isDone()) {
+          future.completeExceptionally(t);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Performs a synchronous direct read for a {@link CombinedFileRange}
+   * when pooled buffering is not available.
+   *
+   * <p>Data is accumulated into per-range partial buffers shared with
+   * {@link #fanOut}, ensuring that ranges spanning multiple chunks are
+   * correctly reassembled regardless of whether individual chunks were
+   * served via the async queue or this direct fallback path.</p>
+   *
+   * @param stream    input stream to read from
+   * @param unit      combined range to read
+   * @param allocator buffer allocator for logical ranges
+   * @throws IOException if the read fails
+   */
+  void directRead(
+      AbfsInputStream stream,
+      CombinedFileRange unit,
+      IntFunction<ByteBuffer> allocator) throws IOException {
+
+    LOG.debug("directRead: path={}, offset={}, length={}",
+        stream.getPath(), unit.getOffset(), unit.getLength());
+
+    /* Read entire combined range into a temporary buffer */
+    byte[] tmp = new byte[unit.getLength()];
+    TracingContext tracingContext = new 
TracingContext(stream.getTracingContext());
+    tracingContext.setReadType(ReadType.VECTORED_DIRECT_READ);
+
+    int total = 0;
+    int requested = unit.getLength();
+    while (total < requested) {
+      int n = stream.readRemote(unit.getOffset() + total, tmp, total,
+          requested - total, tracingContext);
+      if (n <= 0) {
+        throw new IOException(
+            "Unexpected end of stream during direct read: path=" + 
stream.getPath()
+                + ", offset=" + (unit.getOffset() + total)
+                + ", requested=" + requested);
+      }
+      total += n;
+    }
+
+    LOG.debug("directRead: read complete: path={}, offset={}, bytesRead={}",
+        stream.getPath(), unit.getOffset(), total);
+
+    long unitStart = unit.getOffset();
+    long unitEnd = unitStart + unit.getLength();
+
+    /* Distribute data to each logical FileRange */
+    for (FileRange r : unit.getUnderlying()) {
+      CompletableFuture<ByteBuffer> future = r.getData();
+      if (future == null || future.isDone()) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      long rangeStart = r.getOffset();
+      long rangeEnd = rangeStart + r.getLength();
+
+      /* Compute overlap between unit and logical range */
+      long overlapStart = Math.max(rangeStart, unitStart);
+      long overlapEnd = Math.min(rangeEnd, unitEnd);
+      if (overlapStart >= overlapEnd) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      int srcOffset = (int) (overlapStart - unitStart);
+      int destOffset = (int) (overlapStart - rangeStart);
+      int length = (int) (overlapEnd - overlapStart);
+
+      LOG.debug("directRead: copying: path={}, rangeOffset={}, rangeLength={},"
+              + " srcOffset={}, destOffset={}, length={}",
+          stream.getPath(), r.getOffset(), r.getLength(),
+          srcOffset, destOffset, length);
+
+      RangeKey key = new RangeKey(r);
+
+      /*
+       * Use the shared partialBuffers/pendingBytes maps so that ranges
+       * spanning multiple chunks are correctly reassembled even when some
+       * chunks are served via directRead and others via the async fanOut path.
+       */
+      ByteBuffer fullBuf = partialBuffers.computeIfAbsent(
+          key, k -> allocator.apply(r.getLength()));
+      AtomicInteger pending = pendingBytes.computeIfAbsent(
+          key, k -> new AtomicInteger(r.getLength()));
+
+      synchronized (fullBuf) {
+        /* Re-check inside lock in case another chunk already completed this 
range */
+        if (future.isDone()) {
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        if (fullBuf.hasArray()) {
+          System.arraycopy(tmp, srcOffset,
+              fullBuf.array(), fullBuf.arrayOffset() + destOffset,
+              length);
+        } else {
+          ByteBuffer dst = fullBuf.duplicate();
+          dst.position(destOffset);
+          dst.put(tmp, srcOffset, length);
+        }
+
+        int left = pending.addAndGet(-length);
+
+        LOG.debug("directRead: wrote chunk: path={}, rangeOffset={}, 
destOffset={},"
+                + " length={}, pendingBytes={}",
+            stream.getPath(), r.getOffset(), destOffset, length, left);
+
+        if (left < 0) {
+          LOG.error("directRead: pending bytes went negative  possible 
duplicate write:"
+                  + " path={}, rangeOffset={}, pending={}",
+              stream.getPath(), r.getOffset(), left);
+          future.completeExceptionally(new IllegalStateException(
+              "Pending bytes negative in directRead for offset=" + 
r.getOffset()));
+          partialBuffers.remove(key);
+          pendingBytes.remove(key);
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        if (left == 0) {
+          fullBuf.position(0);
+          fullBuf.limit(r.getLength());
+          future.complete(fullBuf);
+          partialBuffers.remove(key);
+          pendingBytes.remove(key);
+          LOG.debug("directRead: completed range: path={}, rangeOffset={}, 
rangeLength={}",
+              stream.getPath(), r.getOffset(), r.getLength());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Identity-based key wrapper for {@link FileRange}.
+   *
+   * <p>This class ensures that {@link FileRange} instances are compared
+   * using reference equality rather than logical equality. It is used as
+   * a key in maps where multiple ranges may have identical offsets and
+   * lengths but must be treated as distinct objects.</p>
+   *
+   * <p>Equality and hash code are based on object identity
+   * ({@code ==}) via {@link System#identityHashCode(Object)}.</p>
+   */
+  static final class RangeKey {
+    private final FileRange range;
+
+    RangeKey(FileRange range) {
+      this.range = range;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object o) {
+      return this == o || (o instanceof RangeKey && this.range == ((RangeKey) 
o).range);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+      return System.identityHashCode(range);
+    }
+  }
+}

Review Comment:
   nit: EOF





> FsShell should work with paths in non-default FileSystem
> --------------------------------------------------------
>
>                 Key: HADOOP-1593
>                 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HADOOP-1593
>             Project: Hadoop Common
>          Issue Type: New Feature
>          Components: fs
>            Reporter: Doug Cutting
>            Assignee: Mahadev Konar
>            Priority: Major
>              Labels: pull-request-available
>             Fix For: 0.17.0
>
>         Attachments: patch_1593.patch, patch_1593_1.patch
>
>
> If the default filesystem is, e.g., hdfs://foo:8888/, one should still be 
> able to do 'bin/hadoop fs -ls hdfs://bar:9999/' or 'bin/hadoop fs -ls 
> s3://cutting/foo'.  Currently these generate a filesystem mismatch exception. 
>  This is because FsShell assumes that all paths are in the default 
> FileSystem.  Rather, the default filesystem should only be used for paths 
> that do not specify a FileSystem.  This would easily be accomplished by using 
> Path#getFileSystem().



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