DICTIONARY OF TERMS Al dente "To the tooth," in Italian. The pasta is cooked just enough to maintain a firm, chewy texture.
Baste To brush or spoon liquid fat or juices over meat during roasting to add flavor and to prevent it from drying out. Batter A mixture of flour, fat, and liquid that is thin enough in consistency to require a pan to encase it. Used in such preparations as cakes and some cookies. A batter is different from dough, which maintains its shape. Beat To smoothen a mixture by briskly whipping or stirring it with a spoon, fork, wire whisk, rotary beater, or electric mixer. Bias-slice To slice a food crosswise at a 45-degree angle. Bind To thicken a sauce or hot liquid by stirring in ingredients such as eggs, flour, butter, or cream. Blackened A popular Cajun-style cooking method in which seasoned foods are cooked over high heat in a super-heated heavy skillet until charred. Blanch To boil briefly to loosen the skin of a fruit or a vegetable. After 30 seconds in boiling water, the fruit or vegetable should be plunged into ice water to stop the cooking action, and then the skin easily slices off. Blend To mix or fold two or more ingredients together to obtain equal distribution throughout the mixture. Boil To cook food in heated water or other liquid that is bubbling vigorously. Braise A cooking technique that requires browning meat in oil or other fat and then cooking slowly in liquid. The effect of braising is to tenderize the meat. Bread To coat the food with crumbs (usually with soft or dry bread crumbs), sometimes seasoned. Broil To cook food directly under the heat source. Broth or stock A flavorful liquid made by gently cooking meat, seafood, or vegetables (and/or their by-products, such as bones and trimming) often with herbs, in liquid, usually water. Brown A quick sautéing, pan/oven broiling, or grilling method done either at the beginning or end of meal preparation, often to enhance flavor, texture, or eye appeal. Brush Using a pastry brush, to coat a food such as meat or bread with melted butter, glaze, or other liquid. Bundt pan The generic name for any tube baking pan having fluted sides (though it was once a trademarked name). Butterfly To cut open a food such as pork chops down the center without cutting all the way through, and then spread apart. Caramelization Browning sugar over a flame, with or without the addition of some water to aid the process. The temperature range in which sugar caramelizes is approximately 320º F to 360º F (160º C to 182º C). Chiffon Pie filling made light and fluffy with stabilized gelatin and beaten egg whites. Chop To cut into irregular pieces. Clarify Remove impurities from butter or stock by heating the liquid, then straining or skimming it. Coat To evenly cover food with flour, crumbs, or a batter. Coddle A cooking method in which foods (such as eggs) are put in separate containers and placed in a pan of simmering water for slow, gentle cooking. Combine To blend two or more ingredients into a single mixture. Confit To slowly cook pieces of meat in their own gently rendered fat. Core To remove the inedible center of fruits such as pineapples. Cream To beat vegetable shortening, butter, or margarine, with or without sugar, until light and fluffy. This process traps in air bubbles, later used to create height in cookies and cakes. Crimp To create a decorative edge on a piecrust. On a double piecrust, this also seals the edges together. Crisp To restore the crunch to foods; vegetables such as celery and carrots can be crisped with an ice water bath, and foods such as stale crackers can be heated in a medium oven. Crush To condense a food to its smallest particles, usually using a mortar and pestle or a rolling pin. Crystallize To form sugar- or honey-based syrups into crystals. The term also describes the coating. Curd Custard-like pie or tart filling flavored with juice and zest of citrus fruit, usually lemon, although lime and orange may also be used. Curdle To cause semisolid pieces of coagulated protein to develop in food, usually as a result of the addition of an acid substance, or the overheating of milk or egg-based sauces. Cure To preserve or add flavor with an ingredient, usually salt and/or sugar. Custard A mixture of beaten egg, milk, and possibly other ingredients such as sweet or savory flavorings, which is cooked with gentle heat, often in a water bath or double boiler. As pie filling, the custard is frequently cooked and chilled before being layered into a prebaked crust. Cut in To work vegetable shortening, margarine, or butter into dry ingredients. Dash A measure approximately equal to 1/16 teaspoon. Deep-fry To completely submerge the food in hot oil. Deglaze To add liquid to a pan in which foods have been fried or roasted, in order to dissolve the caramelized juices stuck to the bottom of the pan. Devil To add hot or spicy ingredients such as cayenne pepper or Tabasco sauce to a food. Dice To cut into cubes. Direct heat A cooking method that allows heat to meet food directly, such as grilling, broiling, or toasting. Dot To sprinkle food with small bits of an ingredient such as butter to allow for even melting. Dough A combination of ingredients including flour, water or milk, and, sometimes, a leavener, producing a firm but workable mixture for making baked goods. Dredge To sprinkle lightly and evenly with sugar or flour. A dredger has holes pierced on the lid to sprinkle evenly. Drizzle To pour a liquid such as a sweet glaze or melted butter in a slow, light trickle over food. Drippings Used for gravies and sauces, drippings are the liquids left in the bottom of a roasting or frying pan after meat is cooked. Dust To sprinkle food lightly with spices, sugar, or flour for a light coating. Egg wash A mixture of beaten eggs (yolks, whites, or whole eggs) with either milk or water. Used to coat cookies and other baked goods to give them a shine when baked. Emulsion A mixture of liquids, one being a fat or oil and the other being water based so that tiny globules of one are suspended in the other. This may involve the use of stabilizers, such as egg or mustard. Emulsions may be temporary or permanent. Entrée A French term that originally referred to the first course of a meal, served after the soup and before the meat courses. In the United States, it refers to the main dish of a meal. Fillet To remove the bones from meat or fish for cooking. Filter To remove lumps, excess liquid, or impurities by passing through paper or cheesecloth. Firm-ball stage In candy making, the point where boiling syrup dropped in cold water forms a ball that is compact yet gives slightly to the touch. Flambé To ignite a sauce or other liquid so that it flames. Flan An open pie filled with sweet or savory ingredients; also, a Spanish dessert of baked custard covered with caramel. Flute To create a decorative scalloped or undulating edge on a piecrust or other pastry. Fold To cut and mix lightly with a spoon to keep as much air in the mixture as possible. Fricassee Usually a stew in which the meat is cut up, lightly cooked in butter, and then simmered in liquid until done. Fritter Sweet or savory foods coated or mixed into batter, then deep fried (also, in French, beignet). Frizzle To cook thin slices of meat in hot oil until crisp and slightly curly. Fry To cook food in hot cooking oil, usually until a crisp brown crust forms. Ganache A rich chocolate filling or coating made with chocolate, vegetable shortening, and possibly heavy cream. It can coat cakes or cookies, and be used as a filling for truffles. Garnish A decorative piece of an edible ingredient such as parsley, lemon wedges, croutons, or chocolate curls placed as a finishing touch to dishes or drinks. Glaze A liquid that gives an item a shiny surface. Examples are fruit jams that have been heated or chocolate thinned with melted vegetable shortening. Also, to cover a food with such a liquid. Gluten A protein formed when hard wheat flour is moistened and agitated. Gluten is what gives yeast dough its characteristic elasticity. Grate To shred or cut down a food into fine pieces by rubbing it against a rough surface. Gratin To bind together or combine food with a liquid such as cream, milk, béchamel sauce, or tomato sauce, in a shallow dish. The mixture is then baked until cooked and set. Grease To coat a pan or skillet with a thin layer of oil. Grill To cook over the heat source (traditionally over wood coals) in the open air. Grind To mechanically cut a food into small pieces. Hard-ball stage In candy making, the point at which syrup has cooked long enough to form a solid ball in cold water. Hull (also husk) To remove the leafy parts of soft fruits, such as strawberries or blackberries. Ice To cool down cooked food by placing in ice; also, to spread frosting on a cake. Infusion Extracting flavors by soaking them in liquid heated in a covered pan. The term also refers to the liquid resulting from this process. Jell (also gel) To cause a food to set or solidify, usually by adding gelatin. Jerk or Jamaican jerk seasoning A dry mixture of various spices such as chilies, thyme, garlic, onions, and cinnamon or cloves used to season meats such as chicken or pork. Julienne To cut into long, thin strips. Jus The natural juices released by roasting meats. Knead To work dough with the heels of your hands in a pressing and folding motion until it becomes smooth and elastic. Lard fat Larding Inserting strips of fat into pieces of meat, so that the braised meat stays moist and juicy. Leavener An ingredient or process that produces air bubbles and causes the rising of baked goods such as cookies and cakes. Line To place layers of edible (cake or bread slices) or inedible (foil or wax paper) ingredients in a pan to provide structure for a dish or to prevent sticking. Loin A cut of meat that typically comes from the back of the animal. Marble To gently swirl one food into another. Marinate To combine food with aromatic ingredients to add flavor. Marzipan A paste (of ground almonds, sugar, and egg whites) used to fill and decorate pastries. Mash To beat or press a food to remove lumps and make a smooth mixture. Medallion A small round or oval bit of meat. Meringue Egg whites beaten until they are stiff, then sweetened. It can be used as the topping for pies, or baked as cookies. Mince To chop food into tiny, irregular pieces. Mix To beat or stir two or more foods together until they are thoroughly combined. Moisten Adding enough liquid to dry ingredients to dampen but not soak them. Mull To slowly heat wine or cider with spices and sugar. Panbroil To cook a food in a skillet without added fat, removing any fat as it accumulates. Panfry To cook in a hot pan with small amount of hot oil, butter, or other fat, turning the food over once or twice. Parboil To partly cook in a boiling liquid. Parchment A heavy, heat-resistant paper used in cooking. Pare To peel or trim a food, usually vegetables. Peaks The mounds made in a mixture. For example, egg white that has been whipped to stiffness. Peaks are "stiff" if they stay upright, or "soft" if they curl over. Pesto A sauce usually made of fresh basil, garlic, olive oil, pine nuts, and cheese. The ingredients are finely chopped and then mixed, uncooked, with pasta. Generally, the term refers to any uncooked sauce made of finely chopped herbs and nuts. Pinch Same as "dash." Pipe To force a semisoft food through a bag (either a pastry bag or a plastic bag with one corner cut off) to decorate food. Pit Using a sharp knife to take out the center stone or seed of a fruit, such as a peach or a mango. Poach To simmer in liquid. Pressure cooking A cooking method that uses steam trapped under a locked lid to produce high temperatures and achieve fast cooking time. Proof To let yeast dough rise. Purée To mash or sieve food into a thick liquid. Ramekin A small baking dish used for individual servings of sweet and savory dishes. Reconstitute To take a dried food such as milk back to its original state by adding liquid. Reduce To cook liquids down so that some of the water evaporates. Refresh To pour cold water over freshly cooked vegetables to prevent further cooking and to retain color. Render To melt down fat to make drippings. Roast To cook uncovered in the oven. Roux A cooked paste usually made from flour and butter used to thicken sauces. Sauté To cook food quickly in a small amount of oil in a skillet or sauté pan over direct heat. Scald Cooking a liquid such as milk to just below the point of boiling; also to loosen the skin of fruits or vegetables by dipping them in boiling water. Score To tenderize meat by making a number of shallow (often diagonal) cuts across its surface. This technique is also useful in marinating, as it allows for better absorption of the marinade. Sear Sealing in a meat's juices by cooking it quickly under very high heat. Season To enhance the flavor of foods by adding ingredients such as salt, pepper, oregano, basil, cinnamon, and a variety of other herbs, spices, condiments, and vinegars. Also, to treat a pot or pan (usually cast iron) with a coating of cooking oil and baking it in a 350° F oven for approximately 1 hour; this process seals any tiny rough spots on the pan's surface that may cause food to stick. Seize To form a thick, lumpy mass when melted (usually applied to chocolate). Set Let food become solid. (See also "Jell.") Shred To cut or tear into long narrow strips, either by hand or by using a grater or food processor. Sift To remove large lumps from a dry ingredient such as flour or confectioners' sugar by passing it through a fine mesh. This process also incorporates air into the ingredients, making them lighter. Simmer Cooking food in a liquid at a low enough temperature that small bubble begin to break the surface. Skim To remove the top fat layer from stocks, soups, sauces, or other liquids such as cream from milk. Springform pan A two-part baking pan in which a spring-loaded collar fits around a base; the collar is removed after baking is complete. Used for foods that may be difficult to remove from regular pans, such as cheesecake. Steam To cook over boiling water in a covered pan, this method keeps foods' shape, texture, and nutritional value intact better than methods such as boiling. Steep To soak dry ingredients (tea leaves, ground coffee, herbs, spices, etc.) in liquid until the flavor is infused into the liquid. Stewing Browning small pieces of meat, poultry, or fish, then simmering them with vegetables or other ingredients in enough liquid to cover them, usually in a closed pot on the stove, in the oven, or with a slow cooker. Stir-Fry The fast frying of small pieces of meat and vegetables over very high heat with continual and rapid stirring. Thin To reduce a mixture's thickness with the addition of more liquid. Toss To thoroughly combine several ingredients by mixing lightly. Truss To use string, skewers, or pins to hold together a food to maintain its shape while it cooks (usually applied to meat or poultry). Unleavened Baked goods that contain no agents to give them volume, such as baking powder, baking soda, or yeast. Vinaigrette A general term referring to any sauce made with vinegar, oil, and seasonings. Water bath A gentle cooking technique in which a container is set in a pan of simmering water. (See also "Coddle.") Whip To incorporate air into ingredients such as cream or egg whites by beating until light and fluffy; also refers to the utensil used for this action. Whisk To mix or fluff by beating; also refers to the utensil used for this action. Zest The thin, brightly colored outer part of the rind of citrus fruits. It contains volatile oils, used as a flavoring. Let the morning bring me word of your unfailing love, for I have put my trust in you. Show me the way I should go, for to you I entrust my life ( Psalm 143:8). -Sugar --- This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software. https://www.avast.com/antivirus _______________________________________________ Cookinginthedark mailing list Cookinginthedark@acbradio.org http://acbradio.org/mailman/listinfo/cookinginthedark
