-Caveat Lector-
an excerpt from:
Scarlet and the Beast - A History of the War Between English and French
Freemasonry -Vol. 3
John Daniel (C)1994
John Kregel, Inc.
P. O. box 131480
Tyler, Texas 75713
ISBN 0-9635079-4-X
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can be purchased from:
Global insights
675 Fairview Dr. #246
Carson City, NV 89701
702-885-0700
800-729-4131(orders only)
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The author most definitly has a bias, but it does present some interesting
material. As, always Caveat leactor
Om
K
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4
FREEMASONRY AND CENTRAL BANKING
The money power preys upon the nation in times of peace and conspires against
it in times of adversity. It is more despotic than monarchy, more insolent
than autocracy, more selfish than bureaucracy. I see in the near future a
crisis approaching that unnerves me, and causes me to tremble for the safety
of my country. Corporations have been enthroned, an era of corruption will
follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign
by working upon the prejudices of the people, until the wealth is aggregated
in a few hands, and the republic is destroyed.(1)
President Abraham Lincoln�1863
What Is Money?
Anything can serve as money that is acceptable to the general population as a
medium of exchange�from the wampum beads of shells made by the American
Indians to the brightly colored shells called cowries in India, to whales'
teeth among the Figians, to coca leaves (cocaine) among the sixteenth century
Incas, to tobacco among early colonists in North America, to large stone disks
on the Pacific island of Yap, and to cigarettes and liquor after World War II
in Germany.(2)
The most popular materials used for monetary exchange are gold and silver. The
use of these metals began around the seventh century B.C. and continued
through the next two and a half millenniums. In late eighteenth century
Europe, paper money convertible to gold and silver became the most acceptable
medium of exchange. The bearer of the note was guaranteed that at any time he
could go to a local money exchange and his note would be redeemed for the
specified amount of gold or silver printed thereon. This system demanded that
the total value of paper money in circulation could not exceed the total
amount of gold on deposit, which restricted the growth of the money supply.
Therefore, during war when extra money was needed to build an army and supply
war materials, governments were forced temporarily to go off the gold
standard. In other words, during war paper money could not be converted to
gold and a government printed instead an unlimited supply of ''fiat money" to
finance the war. Just as Webster defines fiat as "an authoritative or
arbitrary order," so fiat money is "paper currency not convertible into gold
or silver" by an "arbitrary order" of government. During a war paper money
continued to be "legal tender," but could not be exchanged for gold or silver.
Fiat money was only as stable as the government that issued it. So long as
adequate gold reserves existed, as well as a thriving economy, fiat money
remained stable, even in time of war. If the nation won the war, the
government would simply reinstate a gold-convertible currency, and usually the
transition went smoothly. If the nation lost the war, such as Germany after
World War I, the paper money became worthless.
For these reasons, throughout the period of the European revolutions, from
1789 through World War I, we find governments going on and off gold-
convertible paper money. After World War I, European nations went back on the
gold standard, but the return to a gold-backed currency was short-lived
because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Since then, governments have
permanently gone off the gold-convertible currency, printing instead "fiat
money."(3)
The Rise of the House of Rothschild
Our current standard of permanent fiat money began to develop after the French
Revolution. The horrors of the Reign of Terror that followed the revolution,
and the subsequent Napoleonic Wars that engulfed the Continent from 1804-1815,
struck terror in the hearts of the crowned heads of Europe. Foreseeing the
danger to their thrones, the kings hired MeyerAmschel Rothschild (1744-1812),
a Jewish financial wizard from Frankfurt, Germany, to transport their gold to
safe havens.
Meyer Rothschild's financial success was in part fostered by the princely
family of Thurn und Taxis, a family of Milanese extraction living in
Frankfurt, Germany, and in part by his connections in the Masonic Lodge.
Toward the end of the nineteenth century, the Thurn und Taxis had conceived a
plan for a postal system in Central Europe. Some three centuries before, in
1516, the family had been commissioned by Emperor Maximilian I to inaugurate a
mounted postal service between Vienna and Brussels. From then on the dignified
rank of postmaster general was conferred on one of the members of the Thurn
und Taxis family. At the turn of the nineteenth century, this important
position was held by Prince Karl Anselm. The prince, whose family had
maintained an impeccable record of confidential handling of the mails for
three hundred years, began opening mail before sending it on to its
destination. He turned this practice to profit, and his biggest customer was
Meyer Rothschild.
Meyer Rothschild had come to realize that it was of paramount importance to an
investment banker to have at his disposal early and accurate information of
important events, especially in time of war. As Prince Karl fed Rothschild
"inside" information, Rothschild transacted several successful financial
investments to the great satisfaction of the prince. While not illegal at the
time, but certainly unethical, the practice of "insider trading" was born.(4)
As a result of his success with the prince's finances, Meyer Rothschild was
introduced to the last of the Holy Roman-German Emperors, Francis II. On
January 29, 1800, Rothschild was granted the title of Imperial Crown Agent,
which meant that for the first time in history a private banking house was in
control of the realm's finances.(5) The concept of central banking was born.
That a central bank presents peril to sovereign nations is revealed in the
following remark made by Meyer Rothschild: "Permit me to control the money of
a nation, and I care not who makes its laws."(6)
To provide better service to his royal patrons, Rothschild strategically
located his five sons throughout Europe. His eldest son Amschel (1773-1885),
headed the Frankfurt bank; Solomon (1774-1855) the Vienna bank; Nathan
(1777-1836) the London bank; Carl (1788-1855) the Naples Bank; and James
(1792-1868), the youngest son, headed the Paris bank when he came of age. Each
son established central banking in his resident nation, making loans to the
various governments at discount interest rates.
Freemasonry, Banking, and Insider Trading
Although Meyer Rothschild himself never became a Freemason to further his
financial empire, his sons did, as did his head clerk, Sigmund Geisenheimer.
Rabbi Marvin Antelman in To Eliminate the Opiate (1974) reports that
Geisenheimer had wide-ranging Masonic contacts that criss-crossed Europe:
The Rothschilds utilized the services of Sigmund Geisenheimer, their head
clerk, who in turn was aided by Itzig of Berlin, the Illuminati of the
Toleranz Lodge and the Parisian Grand Orient Lodge. Geisenheimer was a member
of the Mayence Masonic Illuminati Lodge, and was the founder of the Frankfurt
Judenloge.... At a later date the Rothschilds joined the Lodge. Solomon Meyer
Rothschild (1774-1855) was a member for a short while before moving to
Vienna.(7)
Since the days of Meyer Rothschild, international banking and the Masonic
oligarchy have been inseparable, cooperating in their ever-expanding financial
control of nations. Most citizens erroneously believe that the central banks
in their respective nations are owned by their governments. Gary Allen, in
None Dare Call It Conspiracy, corrects this misconception, stating that
private monopolies hold central banks�not governments:
Eventually these international bankers actually owned as private corporations
the central banks of the various European nations. The Bank of England, Bank
of France and Bank of Germany were not owned by their respective governments,
as almost everyone imagines, but were privately owned monopolies granted by
the heads of state, usually in return for loans.(8)
The practice of private Masonic monopolies making loans to the British
government is not new. You recall that the British East India Company (BEIC)
was granted a merchant shipping monopoly in 1657 by Oliver Cromwell in
exchange for loans. These "merchants of the earth," all born and bred in
English Freemasonry, literally carried the British flag around the world.
Their descendents cooperated with Meyer Rothschild's son Nathan during the
Napoleonic Wars to supply the kings of Europe with funds, war materials, and
opium, all of which were smuggled from port to destination through a chain of
English grand lodges.
Nathan and his brother James were the most successful of the Rothschild sons,
and their success is in part attributable to their membership in the lodge.
For instance, when James arrived in Paris to begin his career, he immediately
joined French Grand Lodge Freemasonry, quickly rising to the 33rd degree of
the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of the French Supreme Council. Later we
shall learn of the significance of James attending six Parisian Masonic
festivals between 1841-1845.(9)
Nathan, the most financially adept son, upheld the tradition of insider
trading established by his father by joining the Lodge of Emulation in London
on October 4, 1802.(10) Not only did the lodge promote Nathan's smuggling
operation to service the continental armies of his royal English patrons
during Napoleon's Continental blockade, it is also suspected that the lodge
assisted him in his bid to control the Bank of England. In June of 1815, the
London stock market crashed because of an "erroneous" report issued by a
government agent that Napoleon was winning the battle at Waterloo. Prices on
the London Stock exchange plummeted and Nathan bought up all the stock. The
next day, when the report was proven false, and the following day when
knowledge of Napoleon's defeat reached the street, the stock market rebounded
and stocks went to unprecedented heights. Nathan unloaded his stocks,
depositing his enormous profits in the Bank of England. Overnight Nathan
controlled Great Britain's central bank.(11)
Because of Nathan Rothschild's financial acumen, London became the banking
headquarters of the house of Rothschild. All male descendants of this Jewish
clan have since been attached to Gentile English Freemasonry, for no
exclusively Jewish lodges exist in England.(12) And to this day no Englishman
has ever worked for N.M. Rothschild and Sons, at St. Swithin's Lane, unless
first proving his ability to keep secrets by joining English Freemasonry.
According to British investigative journalist Martin Short in Inside The
Brotherhood (1989), unless you are a Mason, you do not work for London
banks.(13) The current managing director of the Rothschild bank, for example,
is Freemason Michael Richardson, who for five years (1982-1987) was chairman
of the board of the Royal Masonic Hospital.(14)
Rothschild Wealth
Meyer Rothschild got his start in banking by charging European royalty
commissions for transferring their gold to safe havens during the Napoleonic
Wars. Rothschild shrewdly refused to accept fiat money in payment of his
commissions. Instead, he took an agreed upon percentage of the gold he was
transporting. Before long he owned more gold than the kings he served. As the
Napoleonic Wars dragged on, the monarchs depleted their wealth and then
borrowed from Rothschild to continue their fight against the Corsican. The
kings authorized Rothschild to issue fiat money and then borrowed heavily from
it. Of course, this system drove them deeper into debt, piling interest upon
interest. To repay Rothschild they were forced to levy heavy taxes on their
people.(15)
Of the five brothers, Nathan Rothschild reaped the most from this scheme. Just
prior to Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo in 1815, the wealth of his bank in
London stood at $3 million. Five years later his holdings amounted to $7.5
billion. The increase was largely due to Nathan's profits from the London
stock market crash in June, 1815. We cannot be sure of Nathan's net worth at
the time of his death, but we can make a reasonable guess, bearing in mind
that these are only estimates, since no inventory of the Rothschilds' estates
have ever been filed. In the house of Rothsdhild, because heirs do not
inherit, there is no inheritance tax and therefore no requirement for estate
inventory.(16) In any case, it is unlikely that Nathan could have sustained
over the next two decades the kind of growth that had occurred in 1815. It is
reasonable to suggest, however, that he could have increased his wealth at the
rate of ten percent annually, producing by the time of his death in 1836 an
approximate $20 billion.(17)
James Rothschild's endeavors also met with success. In 1848, the Paris house
was estimated at 600 million francs as against 362 million francs for all the
other Paris banks combined. When James died in 1868, the net worth of his bank
in U.S. dollars was estimated at $200 million.
No records exist concerning the estimated wealth of the Berlin, Vienna and
Naples branches of the Rothschild banking houses. They were strong enough,
however, to dominate the money markets of those capitals as well.(18) By the
beginning of the 1900s, the wealth of the House of Rothschild had grown to
such proportions that it was estimated that the Rothschilds controlled half
the wealth on earth.(19) During World War I, the British Rothschild family
earned another $100 billion by loaning money to the warring nations. By 1925,
their wealth was estimated at $300 billion. By 1940, that figure had increased
to $500 billion�which then was about double all the wealth in the United
States of America.(20) And by figuring a modest five percent annual increase
since 1940, we can estimate that the Rothschilds have accumulated to date well
over $7 trillion�which is almost twice what the United States has accumulated
in debt during its two hundred year history. And to whom does Uncle Sam owe
this debt? To the Masonic house of Rothschild and its affiliate central banks,
which have financed our deficit spending spree since the end of World War II.
Centralizing Masonic Wealth in Switzerland
During Napoleon's first exile, the crowned heads of Europe called for the
Congress of Vienna to plan a united strategy against the republicanization of
Europe. In the course of nine months (September 1814 to June 1815), the map of
Europe was redrawn. During this time Napoleon escaped from exile and raised
another army, only to be defeated finally at Waterloo. With this second defeat
of the French, Great Britain permanently severed the exclusive alliance French
Freemasonry had with American Freemasonry.(21) A new alliance, at least in
respect to America, was formed between English Grand Lodge bankers and French
Grand Lodge bankers. Both cooperated in a century-long struggle to take over
the banking system in America.
The strategy for this new Masonic alliance was contained within the final item
on the agenda at the Congress of Vienna, which called for the protection of
the wealth of royalty by making of Switzerland a bank with an army attached.
Seagirt England, unhampered by the fears of landlocked Vienna, yet as
determined to safeguard its own commercial and colonial interests abroad, was
in full agreement to ratify Switzerland's neutrality. In Paris on November 20,
1815, Switzerland was guaranteed neutrality by France, Austria, Great Britain,
Portugal, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia. Swiss borders since that date have
remained stable.
London, however, did make one demand�Swiss Freemasonry must abandon its French
obedience and adopt the constitution of English Freemasonry. From the
beginning of the French Empire in 1804, Swiss lodges had been under the French
Grand Orient constitution. To guarantee the protection of the financial
interests of the Masonic oligarchy in England and on the Continent, English
Freemasonry required the control of Swiss lodges for the purpose of
intelligence gathering. Hence, shortly after the Congress of Vienna, London
began a twenty-four year process of taking over fourteen of the fifteen Swiss
lodges and recertifying them under English Grand Lodge obedience. Only one
Grand Orient lodge was permitted to function, in Geneva, where many
international conflicts have since been resolved. On July 22-24, 1844, the
fourteen English-constituted Swiss grand lodges organized the Grand Lodge
Alpina as their Swiss headquarters in Zurich, where the banking headquarters
of the European and British Masonic oligarchy remains to this day.(22)
With the Masonic oligarchy's wealth secure in Switzerland, an alliance between
the central banks of the five Rothschild brothers in England and on the
Continent was solidified. Mirroring their father's strategy, "Permit me to
control the money of a nation, and I care not who makes its laws," the
Rothschild brothers directed from behind the scenes the politics of Europe
throughout the first half of nineteenth century. Their attempt at taking over
central banking in the United States during this period, however, was thwarted
at every turn. By the time our Civil War had ended, the Rothschilds had become
so suspect to Americans that the banking family was forced to act through the
agency of other banking families. The House of Rothschild struck a deal with
its German banking competitor, the House of Warburg, which set in motion a
plan to establish central banking in America without the direct involvement of
the Rothschild name. Not only were the Warburgs banking competitors, they were
Masonic competitors as well. The Warburg brothers, Max, Felix, and Paul, were
Grand Orient Masons. Nevertheless, Felix's father-in-law, Jacob Schiff, also a
Grand Orient Mason, was sent to the United States after our Civil War to buy
into the existing American banking firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. At Schiff's side
was Paul Warburg. Meanwhile, the British House of Rothschild funded J.P.
Morgan and John D. Rockefeller to handle its banking interests in America. By
1913, with the passage of the Federal Reserve Act, the Rothschilds and the
Warburgs were in complete control of our nation's money supply. This Act
transferred the control of our money supply from Congress to the Federal
Reserve Bank�a central bank not owned by our federal government, but owned by
private stockholders who were European and British Masons bent on directing
American politics for their own profit.
Proliferation of Central Banking
The purpose of a central bank in a nation is to stabilize the nation's economy
by centralizing national credit within the nation. When Congress controls
fiscal policy and the government owns the majority of stock in the central
bank, the central bank is operated to the benefit of the nation. On the other
hand, if the majority of stock is owned by private citizens, the central bank
is operated to the benefit of those private stockholders.
By the time the Congress of Vienna had convened in the fall of 1814, the
Rothschilds and their affiliate Masonic bankers had already established
privately owned central banks throughout Europe. As Meyer Rothschild so aptly
stated before he died, the real purpose of central banks in private hands is
to increase the personal wealth of stockholders. It matters not who makes the
laws.
In Europe, central banks were easy to establish for two reasons. First, the
Rothschilds had only to negotiate with an absolute monarch. Second, the
Napoleonic Wars forced the European monarchs to hire the House of Rothschild
to protect their moveable wealth. When Meyer Rothschild became more wealthy
than the monarchs, he would suggest that his banking firm be permitted to
establish central banking in their kingdoms to stabilize the money supply.
Rothschild's suggestion would usually be granted by edict. In a democratic
nation, such as the United States, it was not so simple, for Congress
controlled both the fiscal policy and the money supply. Therefore, it took a
century and the cooperation of both English and French Freemasonry before the
House of Rothschild was able to take over the money supply of the United
States. With the defeat of the French at Waterloo in 1815, London was assured
cooperation by Paris. The plan called for both Freemasonries to participate in
creating a civil war in America. Not only did this come to pass, but also the
murder of three American presidents, the pay off of several key American
congressmen, and the grooming of an American traitor for the presidency was
required before the House of Rothschild finally succeeded in establishing the
privately owned Federal Reserve Bank in 1913. Once this was accomplished, the
Rothschilds were able legally to increase the wealth of the stockholders to
the detriment of our nation. The late Dr. Carroll Quigley, professor of
history at Georgetown, Princeton, and Harvard universities, confirms in his
book Tragedy and Hope (1966) that central banks operate for the profit of the
bankers and not for the good of the nation:
The history of the last century shows...that the advice given to governments
by bankers...was consistently good for bankers, but was often disastrous for
governments, businessmen, and the people generally. Such advice could be
enforced if necessary by manipulation of exchanges, gold flows, discount
rates, and even levels of business activity.(23)
The power of the banks to control the destinies of nations was leaked to the
press after a stockholders meeting of the Midland Bank of London, England, in
1924. As all banks in London, the Midland Bank has its own Masonic lodge�the
Holden Lodge No. 2946. The speaker at the podium of Midland's January 1924
stockholders' meeting was Freemason Reginald McKenna, Midland's chairman of
the board and past chancellor of the Exchequer of England from 1915 to 1916.
His statement to the stockholders was and is testimony to the financial hold
Masonic bankers have on governments to the detriment of the people:
I am afraid the ordinary citizen will not like to be told that the banks can,
and do, create money.... And they who control credit of the nation direct the
policy of Governments and hold in the hollow of their hands the destiny of the
people.(24)
The United States Initially Resisted Central Banking
Unlike the European nations, the United States resisted central banking until
the beginning of the twentieth century. Although several attempts were made by
British Masonic bankers throughout the nineteenth century to institute central
banking in the United States, there was no permanent central bank until 1913,
when Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act. The first attempt to establish a
central bank occurred in 1791. That year Congress granted a twenty-year
charter to the Bank of the United States and sold shares to the public. The
United States government bought twenty percent of the shares and Meyer
Rothschild bought up most of the remaining stock. In 1811, when the charter
came up for renewal, it was opposed by the state banks, and the Bank of the
United States went out of business. Harvard history professor Charles Eliott
Norton (1827-1908) observed that the War of 1812 was the way the Masonic
oligarchy of England took vengeance on America for withdrawing from its
international banking system. It is alleged by Norton that the war ended only
when our government assured London that a central bank would be
reestablished.(25) At the head of the Bank of England during these
negotiations was Nathan Rothschild.
In 1816, Congress granted another twenty-year charter to the second Bank of
the United States. Andrew Jackson, one of the heroes of the War of 1812,
became president of the United States in 1829, voicing throughout his campaign
his hatred for the central bank. Although a Mason himself,(26) Jackson hated
British control of the American money supply. He overlooked the fact that
British banking and English Freemasonry were one. In 1833, Jackson ordered the
secretary of the treasury to remove government deposits from the central bank
and place them in state banks. On January 8,1835, Jackson paid off the final
installment of the national debt, the only president ever to do so. In 1836,
when Congress renewed the bank's charter, Jackson vetoed it, openly accusing
the bank of meddling in politics by granting loans to congressmen in an
attempt to influence legislation. Jackson said that this amounted to a "bold
effort" to control the government. His veto was sustained. With this popular
move, Jackson won re-election.(27)
The next president of the United States, William Henry Harrison, ran on the
anti-Mason ticket.(28) On March 4, 1841, Harrison assumed office and a month
later he mysteriously died. Vice President John Tyler, the son of a Mason, but
not himself a Mason,(29) immediately took over the presidency, the first to
succeed to the office in this manner. Harrison's death was first attributed to
acute intestinal distress, and then, variously, to "bilious pleurisy" and
"pneumonia." History simply informs us that Harrison died of pneumonia.
Ironically, Frederick May, a Mason educated at Harvard by a Mason, was one of
the two attending physicians, and he made sure no autopsy was performed on the
robust hero of the War of 1812.(30)
After Harrison's death, a greedy Congress, which had for three elections
suffered from lack of campaign funds from the bankers, passed a bill restoring
the Bank of the United States. President Tyler, however, following the wishes
of Harrison, vetoed the bill and his veto was sustained. London was livid, but
could ill afford another war with America since she was in the throes of her
First Opium War with China.
A Plan to Divide America
Upon the untimely death of Nathan Rothschild at age 59 in 1836, the scepter of
power did not pass to Nathan's 28-year-old eldest son Lionel, who was ill-
prepared, but rather to Nathan's brother James, head of the central band of
Paris.(31) When the U.S. Congress sustained President Tyler's veto for a
central bank, Freemason Henry Palmerston turned to Paris for assistance.
Palmerston, who as the British Foreign Secretary working hard for the English
Masonic drug lobby, expressed his interest to James Rothschild in a joint
venture with French Freemasonry to capture America by intrigue.(32) James
immediately presented the proposal to the French Supreme Council of
Freemasonry, reminding its monied members how easily they had increased their
wealth during the Napoleonic Wars. While High Masons from all parts of Europe
and Great Britain were attending six Masonic festivals held in Paris from 1841
to 1845, French Freemasonry also hosted for them six secret Supreme Council
meetings, at which they would formulate a plan to divide America for conquest.
Twenty years later their plan was manifested in the American Civil War.(33)
Freemasonry and the American Civil War
To implement their plan to bring America under their control, English
Freemasonry needed American Masons who were willing to betray their nation in
exchange for political and/or esoteric power. Caleb Cushing and Albert Pike
were chosen. Pike solicited assistance from a number of other Masons,
including his Italian counterpart, Giuseppe Mazzini.
Mazzini, as head of Italian Grand Orient Freemasonry, provided revolutionary
spirit. Pike, as Sovereign Grand Commander of the Southern Jurisdiction of
Scottish Rite Freemasonry in America, organized the southern rebellion. And
Cushing, a member of the Northern Jurisdiction of Freemasonry in America,
financed the Southern insurrectionists through London's Masonic bankers.
In 1851, Giuseppe Mazzini began the process of provoking a civil war in
America by establishing revolutionary groups across the country to intensify
the debate on slavery. That year he sent his right-hand man Adriano Lemmi
(1822-1896), and the great Masonic Magyar from Hungary, Louis Kossuth
(1802-1894), to the United States to organize Young America" lodges. The
headquarters of their operation was Cincinnati Lodge No. 133.(34) Lemmi
returned to London that same year, while Kossuth stayed on. As subsequent
events reveal, Kossuth completed a tour of several Masonic lodges to educate
the Masonic hierarchy on how to recruit, organize, and train the youth in
revolutionary strategy. According to Masonic documents, on February 28, 1852,
Kossuth attended and addressed a meeting of Center Lodge No. 23, Indianapolis,
and then traveled to St. John's Lodge No. 1 in Newark, N.J. On May 10, 1852 he
addressed the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts.(35)
Meanwhile, the Democratic nominating convention of 1852 was deadlocked among
the leading presidential contenders because of the controversy over slavery.
Franklin Pierce was selected as a compromise candidate because he opposed the
divisive effects of anti-slavery agitation. Kossuth, not an American citizen,
shortly made contact with Pierce, offering him the propaganda services of
Young America to promote his unity theme in his bid for the presidency if he
would promise to appoint certain individuals to important posts. Pierce, not a
Mason, was obviously ignorant of the fact that Young America was a nationwide
group of abolitionist youth under the direction of Freemasonry�youth who were
indoctrinated to promote division over slavery after the election. He was
equally unaware that Kossuth's list of names were Masons and/or Masonic
operatives organized to assure a split between the North and South, should
Pierce appoint them. In his desire to become president, Pierce naively
accepted Kossuth's offer. Mazzini confirmed in his diary that Franklin Pierce
was willing to accept help from Kossuth and his network of Masonic operatives:
Kossuth and I are working with the very numerous Germanic element [Young
America] in the United States for his [Pierce's] election, and under certain
conditions which he has accepted.
Of these conditions he has already fulfilled enough to give us security that
he will carry out the rest.(36)
The election of Pierce in 1853 as the fourteenth president of the United
States was the signal for the new revolution in America to begin. As a
coalition president, Pierce appointed both Southern planters and Northern
businessmen to his cabinet. Mazzini wrote, almost all his nominations are such
as we desired."(37)
Masons North and South
President Pierce's first appointment was Freemason Caleb Cushing (1800-1879)
to the post of U.S. Attorney General. Not only was Cushing connected to
English Freemasonry by his affiliation with the Northern Jurisdiction of
Freemasonry, he was connected to the British opium trade through his father, a
wealthy shipowner, and through his cousin, John Perkins Cushing, both of whom
were engaged in the illicit opium traffic in China.
Caleb Cushing, a member of St. John's Lodge in Newburyport, Massachusetts, was
a prolific writer against slavery. As U.S. attorney general, he became the
master-architect of the Civil War. His first Masonic assignment was to
transfer money from British Masonic banker George Peabody to the Young America
abolitionists, who after the elections were calling for the dissolution of the
Union. Peabody, who owned a giant banking firm in England, hired the services
of J.P. Morgan, Sr. (1837-1913) to handle the funds when they arrived in the
United States. Upon Peabody's death, Morgan took over the firm and later moved
it from England to the United States, renaming it Northern Securities. In
1869, Morgan went to London and reached an agreement to act as an agent for
the N.M. Rothschild Company in the United States.(38) When Morgan, Sr., died
in 1913, his son of the same name took over the firm.
The handler of the Peabody funds in London was Pierce's appointee to the U.S.
Consulate, George Sanders. Sanders, not a Mason, but an enthusiast of Masonic
revolutions, opened his London home to every debased revolutionary in Europe.
In one gathering alone on February 21, 1854, Sanders hosted the following
famous Masons: Giuseppe Mazzini; General Giuseppe Garibaldi; Louis Kossuth;
Arnold Ruge, who with Karl Marx was the editor of a revolutionary magazine for
Young Germany; Felice Orsine, one of Mazzini's contract terrorists and
assassins; and Alexander Herzen of Russia, the man who initiated Freemason
Mikhail Bakunin into Mazzini's Young Russia. Also present at that meeting was
President Pierce's U.S. Ambassador to England, Freemason James Buchanan,
destined to be the next president of the United States.(39)
Since no evidence exists regarding the nature of this meeting, we can only
speculate about it based upon subsequent events. It was likely concerned with
the impending American Civil War. For instance, five of the eight men present
were directly involved in creating the Southern insurrection. Sanders himself
operated a cross-border spy ring for the Confederacy during the Civil War.
After the war, Sanders and his Canadian spies were indicted for allegedly
helping to plan the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Although charges were
later dropped, Sanders's wanderings as a fugitive made him appear suspect.(40)
With men like Sanders, Peabody, and Morgan, Caleb Cushing was able to finance
Young America abolitionists to instigate a civil war. Sanders simply
transferred Peabody's funds to Morgan and Morgan handed them over to Cushing.
At the same time, Cushing prepared for the British control of the Southern
Jurisdiction of Scottish Rite Freemasonry, which had received its constitution
from French Freemasonry. The man he selected for the task was Albert Pike.
Pike had been Cushing's Masonic protege in the 1820s when Pike was a school
principal in Cushing's hometown of Newburyport, Massachusetts.(41) On March
20, 1853, two weeks after Cushing was appointed attorney general, he sent word
to Pike (who was then living in Little Rock, Arkansas), to go to Charleston,
South Carolina, and there receive the higher Masonic degrees (4th-32nd) from
Albert Gallatin Mackey.(42) Further instructions would be given him by Mackey.
In 1857, Pike received the 33rd degree in New Orleans, and in 1859 he was
elected Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council of the Southern
Jurisdiction of Scottish Rite Freemasonry. The Northern Jurisdiction, which
had been chartered under English Masonic obedience, now had one of its own
controlling its rival.
At the head of the Northern Jurisdiction of Freemasonry was British spy and
33rd degree Freemason J.J.J. Gourgas (1777-1865). Gourgas had founded this
"unauthorized" jurisdiction at the turn of the nineteenth century as a center
for British espionage. In the early summer of 1813, when Gourgas's network was
accidently discovered by the Southern Jurisdiction, he told his southern
brothers: "Grand Lodges in the United States, if wise, ought to follow in the
footsteps of the Grand Symbolic Lodge of England and beware that with all
their foreign intercourse and corresponding [meaning with French Freemasonry]
that they do not become sooner or later Frenchified."(43) Although the
Southern Jurisdiction understood that the Northern Jurisdiction was under
British Masonic obedience, Gourgas was permitted to operate north and east of
the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.(44) Today this Masonic jurisdiction is
referred to as the "Eastern Establishment."
In 1854, Gourgas assisted Freemason Killian Van Rensselaer in founding the
Masonic front organization, the Knights of the Golden Circle in Cincinnati,
Ohio. The Golden Circle immediately absorbed the Masonic operatives in Young
America and became the military pre-organization of the Confederacy.(45) The
Knights of the Golden Circle rode west across Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois,
then south along the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, and east into
Maryland and Virginia. Along the way they opened castles (chapters) and signed
up recruits. Freemason John Quitman opened a castle of the Knights in Jackson,
Mississippi. Likewise, Albert Pike opened one in New Orleans, through which
Mazzini's Mafia would later enter the United States following the Civil
War.(46)
One of the recruits initiated into the Knights of the Golden Circle was
General and Freemason P.T. Beauregard (1818-1893), a West Point graduate of
1838, and brother-in-law of Louisiana's political boss, Freemason John
Slidell. Beauregard is credited with starting the Civil War with his surprise
attack on Fort Sumter in 1861.(47)
Long before Fort Sumter, however, Caleb Cushing realized that the anti-slavery
north and the pro-slavery south were too far removed geographically to start a
civil war over slavery. A division between neighbors in close proximity had to
be created before a war would break out nationally. Such a division was
guaranteed by the first order of congressional business during the Pierce
Administration�the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. This act called for the
Nebraska Territory to be divided into the territories of Kansas and Nebraska,
whose residents would then determine whether slavery would be permitted or
not. When the bill passed, the terrible aftermath was predictable. Outrageous
acts of murder and arson were committed mostly by the pro-slavery Missourians,
and savage cold-blooded massacres were committed by white abolitionists under
the command of John Brown.
What is little known about John Brown (1800-1859) is that he spent much of his
adult life in secret societies, induding the Oddfellows, Sons of Temperance,
and the Freemasons. Brown was made a Master Mason in Hudson Lodge No.68,
Hudson, Ohio, on May 11,1824, and he served as junior deacon from 1825 to
1826. He renounced Freemasonry in 1830, when anti-Masonic fervor swept the
nation.(48) Caleb Cushing, however, viewed John Brown as the perfect candidate
to bring about the insurrection of the Southern states. As an anti-Mason,
Brown would never be
suspected as being an agent of Freemasonry. John Brown had joined Mazzini's
Young America during the Pierce Administration, and was supported financially
by the John Jacob Astor Masonic interest in Boston and New York. After
receiving instructions from Caleb Cushing, John Brown deliberately set out to
instigate civil war in America.(49)
In January 1857, Freemason James Buchanan was elected president to replace
Franklin Pierce. John A. Quitman, father of Mississippi Freemasonry and leader
of the southern secessionists, was the representative from Mississippi in the
House of Representatives. Quitman was slated to be the next Sovereign Grand
Commander of the Southern Jurisdiction of Scottish Rite Freemasonry, but on
July 17, 1858, he suddenly died�by poisoning, according to Masonic
authority.(50) Quitman's intimate friend Albert Pike, the man groomed by
Cushing to take over Southern Freemasonry, conducted a lodge of sorrows in
Quitman's memory, and a year later was elected to fill the post that Quitman
would have held. Albert Pike then became the leader of the Southern
secessionists.
Masonry and the Southern Confederacy
After Buchanan was elected president, he appointed to government posts those
who were sure to start the Southern revolt. To the post of attorney general,
Buchanan appointed Freemason Edwin M. Stanton of Pennsylvania, who would later
be implicated in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. Buchanan
appointed Freemason Howell Cobb of Georgia as secretary of the treasury. In
March 1860, Cobb was elevated to the 33rd degree, and appointed by Albert
Pike, leader of the secessionists in Georgia and chairman of the convention
which organized the Confederacy in Montgomery, Alabama.
To the post of secretary of war, Buchanan appointed Freemason John B. Floyd,
of St. Johns Lodge No. 36 in Richmond, Virginia. Two weeks before the 1860
presidential elections, Floyd quietly concluded an agreement with South
Carolina's governor William Gist to sell 10,000 U.S. government rifles to his
home state of South Carolina. In January 1861, Floyd was indicted in
Washington, D.C., for giving aid while he was secretary of war to secessionist
leaders. He demanded an immediate trial and that same month a committee of
Masons from the House of Representatives exonerated him. That same year he was
made brigadier general in the Confederate Army.(51)
Buchanan's vice president was Freemason John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky.
Breckinridge was in attendance at the 1860 national convention of the
Democratic party held at Charleston, S.C., the headquarters of the Southern
Jurisdiction of Freemasonry. Presiding over the convention was Northern
Jurisdiction Freemason Caleb Cushing. Under Cushing's supervision, the Gulf
states delegation staged a walkout, formed their own convention, and elected
Cushing as its chairman. The secessionists nominated Breckinridge as their
candidate for president.(52) On March 28, 1860, while campaigning in Kentucky,
Breckinridge received the 33rd degree from Albert Pike.
Meanwhile, the newly formed Republican party nominated Abraham Lincoln as its
presidential candidate. Lincoln, not a Mason, won the election. That same year
Breckinridge was elected U.S. Senator from Kentucky. At the beginning of the
Civil War, Breckinridge defended the South in the Senate and soon entered the
Confederate service, for which act he was expelled from the Senate on December
4, 1861. Freemason Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederate States,
appointed Breckinridge as his secretary of war.(53)
It seems likely that Albert Pike had instigated the process of secession
immediately after Lincoln's election. For example, on December 20,1860, the
state of South Carolina, headquarters of the Southern Jurisdiction of
Freemasonry, was the first state to secede. On that same day, the state of
Mississippi, whose secessionist organization had been created by the late
Scottish Rite leader, John A. Quitman, followed South Carolina's lead. And on
that same day, Freemason John Floyd, secretary of war under the still-
presiding President Buchanan, performed another act of treason by ordering
"the Allegheny arsenal at Pittsburgh to send 113 heavy columbiad cannons and
eleven 32-pound cannons to the unfinished, undefended U.S. forts at Ship
Island, Mississippi, and Galveston, Texas, where they could be seized by the
insurrectionists."(54)
On December 22, 1860, the state of Florida followed suit and seceded from the
Union, led by U.S. Senator David Levy Yulee, member of Hayward Lodge No. 7,
Gainesville, Florida. The state of Alabama seceded on December 24,1860. On
January 2,1861, Georgia's secession was led by two Freemasons, Howell Cobb,
President Buchanan's secretary of the treasury, and Robert Toombs, who became
the first secretary of state of the Confederacy. Both men received the
honorary 33rd degree after the Civil War. Louisiana's secession occurred on
January 7, 1861, led by two Freemasons, John Slidell and Pierre Soule. Soule
also received the honorary 33rd degree after the Civil War. Backed by
thousands of armed paramilitary Knights of the Golden Circle, Texas forced
Governor and Freemason Sam Houston to secede in February, 1861.
On April 12, 1861, General and Freemason P.T. Beauregard (18181893), a member
of the Knights of the Golden Circle, was ordered to attack Fort Sumter, South
Carolina. The American Civil War had begun.(55) Anton Chaitkin writes:
After Lincoln unexpectedly ordered a national mobilization
to crush the rebellion, the Knights of the Golden Circle engaged
in paramilitary and espionage operations in the North, along with
parallel and successor groups under different names�none,
however, publicly carried its proper name: Ancient and Accepted
Scottish Rite of Freemasonry.(56)
All in all, eleven southern states seceded from the Union, yet the
Confederate flag had 13 stars, a sacred Masonic number, signalling to
those who understood that the secession of the Southern states was
motivated by the Knights Templar's Southern Jurisdiction of Scottish
Rite of Freemasonry.
President Lincoln's inauguration was held on March 4, 1861. Of the
appointments to his cabinet, he made one fatal judgment. He appointed
Freemason Edwin Stanton, Buchanan's former attorney general, as
his secretary of war. When Lincoln came to Washington to assume the
presidency, Freemasonry's armed Knights of the Golden Circle were
foiled by General Winfield Scott in their first of two attempts to
assassinate Lincoln. Stanton would be implicated in the second and
fatal attempt."
Masonic Banks and the North
Now that civil war was a reality, the same British Masonic financial interests
who funded the South's insurrection, offered Lincoln the same assistance if he
would authorize them to establish a central bank.(58) Lincoln refused,
realizing that to accept their funds would be to accept interest-bearing fiat
money. The United States could print its own fiat money, interest free and
debt free, and in February 1862, Lincoln issued the "Greenback."
Anticipating that President Lincoln would refuse to establish a central bank,
England and France positioned their militaries to increase the pressure on
Lincoln's government to accept a central bank on behalf of the combined
European and British Masonic bankers. On November 8, 1861, England dispatched
8,000 troops to Canada, while France landed troops on the coast of Mexico. The
French imposed their choice of rulers on Mexico�Maximilian, brother of Emperor
Joseph I of Austria. Maximillian, who liked his Freemasonry more so than his
Catholocity,(59) accepted his assignment to permit the French to operate in
Mexico against the United States.
President Lincoln was aware that this maneuver of the French and English was
backed by the European and British bankers in their attempt to force a central
bank on America. Not to be outflanked, Lincoln called on Czar Alexander n of
Russia for assistance. Russia had a large navy, and the Czar had pledged his
support to Lincoln prior to the beginning of the war. The Czar immediately
issued orders to his imperial navy to sail for the American ports of New York
City and San Francisco, telling his admirals to take their orders from
Lincoln. The ships began arriving in September, 1863. After the Civil War,
Russia sent a bill to the United States in the amount of $7.2 million, but
Congress had never authorized the hiring of the Russian Fleet. Lincoln's
Secretary of State William H. Seward, a vocal anti-Mason who had run for state
senate as an anti-Masonic candidate, solved this legal problem by negotiating
the purchase of a worthless piece of real estate for the amount of the bill
submitted by Russia. This became known as Seward's Folly," and in 1867 Alaska
became the newest territory of the United States.
Lincoln had played a deadly game, and with Russian troops on American shores,
he won. England and France, not wishing to go to war with Russia over our
Civil War, withdrew their troops from Canada and Mexico. The Masonic bankers
did not give up. In July 1862, an agent of the London bankers sent a letter to
the leading financiers and bankers of America informing them that the
greenback would put the American Masonic bankers out of business if they did
not act fast. London wanted American bankers to pressure Congress to issue
bonds that would be "used as a banking basis." The message said in part: "It
will not do to allow the greenback[sl, as [they are] called, to circulate as
money any length of time, for we cannot control them. But we can control the
bonds and through them the bank issues."(60) The instructions were urgent. The
American financiers were not to wait on Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase to
make his recommendations to Congress. They were instead to meet with the
congressmen and senators in lodge, where they could discuss the matter in
private.
Even President Lincoln, as resolute as he was in frustrating every move of the
Masonic bankers of Europe to establish a central bank in America, could not
hold at bay a greedy Congress. On February 25, 1863, Congress passed the
National Banking Act, which created a federally chartered national bank that
had the power to issue U.S. Bank Notes. These notes were, in fact, money
created by private bankers to be loaned to the government at interest�paper
money supported not by gold but by debt. This bill was supported and urged by
the Secretary of the Treasury, Salmon P. Chase. Years later, British
Freemasonry posthumously honored Salmon P. Chase by naming a bank after him,
the Chase Bank, which became the Chase Manhattan Bank, owned by David
Rockefeller.
After passage of the National Banking Act, Lincoln once again warned the
American people against the central bank, the "money power" as he called it,
with these sobering words:
The money power preys upon the nation in times of peace and conspires against
it in times of adversity. It is more despotic than monarchy, more insolent
than autocracy, more selfish than bureaucracy. I see in the near future a
crisis approaching that unnerves me, and causes me to tremble for the safety
of my country. Corporations have been enthroned, an era of corruption will
follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign
by working upon the prejudices of the people, until the wealth is aggregated
in a few hands, and the republic is destroyed.(61)
A few months after the passage of the bill, the Rothschild bank in England
wrote a letter to the New York bankers which expressed the contempt in which
the Masonic elite held the people and their interests:
The few who understand the system [interest-bearing fiat money] will either be
so interested in its profits, or so dependent on its favors that there will be
no opposition from that class, while on the other hand, the great body of
people, mentally incapable of comprehending the tremendous advantages that
capital derives from the system, will bear its burdens without complaint, and
perhaps without even suspecting the system is inimical to their interests.(62)
A Hatred of America
Apart from the profits to be made from banking during the war, fortunes were
made in many other ways. One way to accumulate wealth was to run the Union
blockade against the Confederacy. British Freemason Thomas W. House, whose
parents were Jewish, and whose father was an agent for the Rothschild bank in
England,(63) made his fortune smuggling arms by ship from Britain, through the
Union blockade, to Texas. After the war, House returned to England and gave
his son, Edward Mandell House (1858-1938), an anti-American, pro-Marxist
education at Bath. While in England, Edward House joined English Freemasonry.
Years later Edward House returned to Texas to tend his father's cotton
plantations. There he received the 33rd degree. Although born in America, and
returning later in life to reap the benefits of America's fertile land,
"Colonel" House (a title he gave himself) despised the United States as an
enemy land, and retained a fierce loyalty to Great Britain.(64) He planned one
day to destroy single-handedly, not only the United States of America, but
Russia as well, for he despised imperial Russia as much as he did America for
its part in assisting Lincoln during the Civil War. A 1912 novel that House
wrote, entitled Philip Dru: Administrator: A Story of Tomorrow, expresses the
loathing House felt for his country of birth:
America is the most undemocratic of democratic countries.... Our Constitution
and our laws served us well for the first hundred years of our existence, but
under the conditions of to-day they are not only obsolete, but even
grotesque.(65)
pps53-73
-----
Aloha, He'Ping,
Om, Shalom, Salaam.
Em Hotep, Peace Be,
Omnia Bona Bonis,
All My Relations.
Adieu, Adios, Aloha.
Amen.
Roads End
Kris
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