-Caveat Lector-
an excerpt from-
America's Secret Establishment
An introduction to The Order of Skull & Bones
by ANTONY C. SUTTON
Liberty House Press
2027 Iris
Billings, Montana 59102
1986
-----
Highly recommended. There is more in this book than can be presented here.
Many charts and reproductions of orginal source material.As always, Caveat
Lector.
In stock at: A-albionic Research, PO Box 20273, Ferndale, MI 48220-0273
[EMAIL PROTECTED] (Lloyd Miller, Research Director)
Om
K
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Memorandum Number Four:
The Leipzig Connection *
The link between German experimental psychology and the
American educational system is through American psychologist G.
Stanley Hall, in his time probably the foremost educational critic in the
U.S.
The Hall family is Scotch and English and goes back to the 1630s, but
Hall was not a Yale Graduate, and at first sight there is no connection
between Hall and The Order.
On the other hand, Hall is a good example of someone whose life has
major turning points and on probing the turning points, we find The
Order with its guiding hand. The detail below is important to link Hall
with The Order. It is an open question how much Hall knew, if he knew
anything at all, about The Order and its objectives.
After graduation from Williams College, Hall spent a year at the
Union Theological Seminary, New York. Our "Addresses" books for
The Order do not give church affiliations for members citing the ministry
as their occupation. We do know that Rev. Henry Sloane Coffin ('97)
was Associate Professor of Practical theology at Union from
19O4-1926 and President of Union Seminary from 1926 to 1945, but
we cannot trace any members at Union before 1904.
Fortunately, Hall was an egocentric and wrote two long, tedious
autobiographies: Recreations Of A Psychologist and Life And Confes-
sions Of A Psychologist. This is how Hall described his entry to Union in
the latter book (PP- 177-8):
"Recovering from a severe attack of typhoid fever the summer
after graduation and still being very uncertain as to what I would
be and do in the world, I entered Union Theological Seminary in
September l867."
Later Hall adds,
"The man to whom I owe far more in this group than any other
was Henry B. Smith, a foreign trained scholar, versed more or
less not only in systematic theology, which was his chair, but in
ancient and modern philosophy, on which he gave us a few lec-
tures outside the course. Of him alone I saw something socially
He did me perhaps the greatest intellectual service one man can
render another by suggesting just the right reading at the right
time. It was he, too. who seeing my bent advised me to go to
Europe."
*The Leipzig Connection is the title of an excellent little booklet by Lance
J. Klass and Paul Lionni, published by The Delphian Press, Route 2, Box 195,
Sheridan, Oregon 97378 ($4.00 postpaid). The book came out early in 1967 and
was the first to trace the Wundt link. It has more detail on Wundt than this
memorandum, but, of course, is not concerned with The Order. [Delphian Press
is Scientology owned - roads end]
The Rev. Henry Boynton Smith cited by Hall was Professor of
Church History at Union Seminary from 185O to 1874, and the
"liberal" wing of the Presbyterian Church, he edited Theological Review
from 1859-1874 and translated several German theological works.
Smith was not a member of The Order.
How did Hall, who says he was broke, get from New York to Europe,
specifically to Germany?
Here's the interesting twist. Someone he didn't know (but whom to-
day we can trace to The Order) gave him $1,000 - a lot of money in
those days. Here's how it happened. While preaching in Pennsylvania
in 1868, Hall received a letter from Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, whose
church he attended in New York:
". . asking me to call on him. I immediately took the train and
Beecher told me that through the Manns (friends) he had learned
that I wished to study philosophy in Germany but lacked the
means . . . (he) gave me a sealed note to the lumber magnate
Henry Sage, the benefactor of Cornell, which I presented at his
office without knowing its contents. To my amazement, after
some scowling and a remark to the effect that his pastor took
amazing liberties with his purse, he gave me a check for one thou-
sand dollars. Taking my note to repay it with interest, he told me
to sail for Germany the next day" (Confessions. p. 182).
Who was "lumber magnate Henry Sage, the benefactor of Cornell"?
The Sage family had several "Henrys" involved with Yale and Cor-
nell Universities in those days. The "Henry Sage" cited is probably
William Henry Sage (1844-1924) who graduated Yale 1865 and then
joined the family lumber company, H.W. Sage & Company in New
York. Henry Sage was a member of Scroll & Key - the sister Senior
Society to Skull & Bones at Yale. Furthermore, two of Henry Sage's
nephews were in The Order, but well after 1868
- Dean Sage ('97)
- Henry Manning Sage ('90)
Both Sages entered the family lumber business, by then renamed
Sage Land & Lumber.
In brief: the funds to get Hall to Germany on his first trip came from a
member of Scroll & Key, i.e., Henry Sage, while Sage's two nephews
joined -The Order later in the century.
In Germany, Hall studied philosophy at the University of Berlin for
two years under Hegelians Trendelenberg (Gilman of The Order also
studied under Trendelenberg) and Lepsius. There were few American
students in Berlin at this time. So few that the American Minister
George Bancroft could entertain them at the U.S. Embassy to meet German
Chancellor von Bismarck.
Hall At Antioch College
Hall returned to the U.S. from Germany in 1871 and by design or ac-
cident found himself under the wing of The Order.
Again, the detail is important. There are two versions of Hall's life im-
mediately after returning from his first trip to Germany. According to
Hall's Confessions, he became tutor for the Seligman banking family in
New York and was then contacted by James K. Hosmer, Professor at
Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio. Hosmer asked, and this is very
unusual, if Hall would like his professorial post at Antioch. Said Hall, "I
gladly accepted."
There is another version in National Cyclopaedia Of American
Biography which states, "In 1872 he (Hall) accepted a professorship at
Antioch College, Ohio, that formerly was held by Horace Mann."
In any event Hall went to Antioch, a "liberal" Unitarian college with a
more than "liberal" view of education. And at Antioch College, G.
Stanley Hall was at the core of The Order.
Horace Mann, whom we met in Memorandum Two as the promoter
of "look say" reading, was the first President of Antioch (1853-186O)
The most prominent trustee of Antioch College was none other than the
co-founder of The Order, Alphonso Taft. According to Hall, "(I) occa-
sionally spent a Sunday with the Tafts. Ex-President Taft was then a boy
and his father, Judge Alonzo (sic) Taft was a trustee of Antioch College"
(Confessions, P. 201).
Furthermore, Cincinnati, Ohio, at that time was the center for a
Young Hegelian movement including famous left Hegelian August
Willich, and these were well known to Judge Alphonso Taft.
The Americanization Of Wilhelm Wundt
HERBART HEGEL
WILHELM WUNDT
(University of Leipzig
1575-1920)
Trains American students
including G. Stanley Hall
DANIEL COIT GILMAN
(THE ORDER)
BECOMES PRESIDENT OF
JOHNS HOPKINS - HIRES HALL
- TRAINS JOHN DEWEY
WILLIAM WELCH (THE ORDER)
STARTS HOPKINS MEDICAL
SCHOOL
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
Teachers College School of Education
John Dewey (1904-1930) John Dewey (1894-1904)
E.L. Thorndike (1899-l 942) Charles Judd (1904-l946)
James E. Russell (1897-1927)
Dept. of Psychology
James McCattell (1891-1917)
[both]
Funded by Rockefeller Foundations
General Education Board and
Carnegie Foundation
In brief, while at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio, Hall came
under the influence of four groups:
(a) the legend of Horace Mann, a hero of the modern education
movement.
(b) the Unitarian Church, which will enter our later reports,
(c) a Hegelian discussion group comprised of left Hegelians, and
(d) the co-founder of The Order. Alphonso Taft. And Hall knew
William Howard Taft, also a member of The Order ('78) and
future President and Chief Justice of the United States.
Hall stayed four years at Antioch, then took off again for Europe,
while Alphonso Taft went to Washington, D.C. as Secretary of War,
then as Attorney General in the Grant Administration. Hall paused a
while in England and then went on to Germany, to Leipzig and Wilhelm
Wundt. He became the first of a dozen Americans to receive a Ph.D.
psychology (a new field) under Wundt.
The Hegelian Influence On Hall
So between 1870 and 1882, a span of twelve years, Hail spent six
years in Germany. As Hall himself comments,
"I do not know of any other American student of these subjects
(i.e., philosophy and psychology) who came into even the slight
personal contact it was my fortune to enjoy with Hartmann and
Fechner, nor of any psychologist who had the experience of at-
tempting experimental work with Helmholtz and I think I was the
first American pupil of Wundt. The twelve years included in this
span, more than any other equal period, marked and gave direc-
tion to modern psychology . . ."[1][1]G. Stanley Hall FOUNDERS OF MODERN
PSYCHOLOGY , Appleton & Co., London, 1912 pp.v-vi
Who were these four German philosophers who so influenced
Stanley Hall?
Eduard von Hartmann (1842-1906) , a prominent philosopher, Hart-
mann's views on individual rights are entirely contrary to our own, i.e.,
"The principle of freedom is negative . . . in every department of life,
save religion alone, compulsion is necessary . . . What all men need
rational tyranny, if it only holds them to a steady development, accord-
ing to the laws of their own nature."
There isn't too much difference between Hegel and Hartmann on the
idea of social progress. Individual freedom is not acceptable to these
philosophers, man must be guided by "rational tyranny".
Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801-1887). Fechner disliked Hegel, who
Fechner said, "unlearned men to think." However, Fechner was mainly
interested in psycho-physics, i.e., parapsychology:
". . . he was particularly attracted to the unexplored regions of the
soul and so he became interested in somnambulism. attended
seances when table tapping came into vogue."
Herman L. F. von Helmholtz (1821-1894) was undoubtedly Ger-
many's greatest scientist in the 19th century and was rooted in Kant, the
predecessor of Hegel.
For Helmholtz:
"The sensible world is a product of the interaction between the
human organism and an unknown reality. The world of ex-
perience is determined by this interaction but the organism itself is
only an object of experience and is to be understood by
psychology and physiology."
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) , Professor of Philosophy at University
of Leipzig, was undoubtedly the major influence on G. Stanley Hall.
Modern education practice stems from Hegelian social theory combined
with the experimental psychology of Wilhelm Wundt. Whereas Karl
Marx and von Bismarck applied Hegelian theory to the political field, it
was Wilhelm Wundt, influenced by Johann Herbart, who applied Hegel
to education, which in turn, was picked up by Hall and John Dewey
and modern educational theorists in the United States.
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was born August 16, 1832 at Neckaru
a suburb of Mannheim, Germany. His father Maximilian (1787-1846)
was a minister. Wundt's grandfather on the paternal side is of significant
interest: Kirchenrat Karl Kasimir Wundt (1744-84) was Professor at
Heidelberg University in the history and geography of Baden and pastor
of the church at 'Wieblingen, a small neighborhood town.
The Illuminati-Order documents show that "Raphael" in the Il-
luminati is identified as this same Professor Karl Kasimir Wundt
referred to in the Illuminati Provincial Report from Utica (i.e.,
Heidelberg) dated September 1782.[1][1]. Richard van Dalman, Der Geheimbund
Der Illuminaten (Stuttgart, 1977,p.269)
The magnum opus of Wilhelm Wundt, i.e., Volkerpsychologie, is
also today a recommended book in Internationales Freimaurer Lexikon
(page 50).
Historical links aside, Wundt is important in the history of American
education for the following reasons:
(1) He established in 1875 the world's first laboratory in experi-
mental psychology to measure individual responses to stimuli.
(2) Wundt believed that man is only the summation of his ex-
perience, i.e., the stimuli that bear upon him. It follows from this that,
for Wundt, man has no self will, no self determination. Man is in effect
only the captive of his experiences, a pawn needing guidance.
(3) Students from Europe and the United States came to Leipzig to
learn from Wundt the new science of experimental psychology. These
students returned to their homelands to found schools of education or
departments of psychology, and trained hundreds of Ph.D.s in the new
field of psychology.
The core of our problem is that Wundt's work was based on Hegelian
philosophical theory and reflected the Hegelian view of the individual as
a valueless cog in the State, a view expanded by Wundt to include man
as nothing more than an animal influenced solely by daily experiences.
This Wundtian view of the world was brought back from Leipzig to
the United States by G. Stanley Hall and other Americans and went
through what is known among psychologists as "The Americanization
of Wundt."
Although Hall was primarily psychologist and teacher, his political
views were partially Marxist, as Hall himself writes: --. . . (I) had wrestled
with Karl Marx and half accepted what I understood of him" (Confes-
ions. P. 222).
In the next Memorandum, Number Five. we will link Hall with
Gilman and trace their joint influence on American education.
pps. 81-87
--cont--
Aloha, He'Ping,
Om, Shalom, Salaam.
Em Hotep, Peace Be,
Omnia Bona Bonis,
All My Relations.
Adieu, Adios, Aloha.
Amen.
Roads End
Kris
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