-Caveat Lector- an excerpt from: Treason in America -- From Aaron Burr to Averell Harriman ANTON CHAITKIN (C)1984 New Benjamin Franklin House P. O. Box 20551 New York, New York 10023 ISBN 0-933488-32-7 ----- PART I The British-Swiss Secret Service In North America -1- Benedict Arnold Re-Examined On August 24, 1814, invading British armies entered Washington, D.C. and burned the Capitol, the White House, and the other government buildings, in a classic demonstration of the "arrogance of power." But for the astonishing valor and intelligence of America's tiny navy during the Second War of Independence (1812-1815), the United States would likely have ceased to exist. The country was defenseless; its financial, industrial, and military power had been systematically stripped away since 1801. Just as today, with demolished auto, steel, rail, port, and housing industries, the nation is vulnerable to our military and economic rivals, and financially terrorized by the Swiss and British through Paul Volcker's Federal Reserve; so, then, the country had been deliberately steered away from the nation-building, strong-government policies of Washington and Hamilton, and made weak— the object of contempt and ridicule by the enemies of freedom, who applauded U.S. "budget cuts." It is time to put to rest the notion that "fiscal austerity" or "cutbacks to pay debt" are somehow American answers to growing deficits. These policies were smuggled into the United States by our foreign enemies and were imposed on the country in a coordinated attempt to end the American republic. That this is literally true and a precise description of events in the first quarter century of our national independence, will be shown here. Alexander Hamilton's founding policies for the United States— a national bank providing cheap credit for productive enterprise; national sponsorship for the building of roads, canals, harbors and later railroads; and government protection of developing industries from British trade war ("competition"--continued the tradition of Jean Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683), French finance minister under Louis XIV. The Congress enacted these policies, and America assumed its place among the powers of the earth. But the founders were displaced from power, Hamilton was killed and his policies reversed by a British-Swiss secret intelligence organization, among whose principal American agents were Vice-President Aaron Burr (1756-1836) and Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin (1761-1849). Facing bankruptcy as a result of the losing, worldwide conflict with America, and threatened with global emulation of the American republican experiment, the British Empire responded by organizing a campaign to subvert enemy governments. The U.S.A. must be reconquered, the oligarchs vowed. France must be destroyed, and Spanish America must be captured before being lost to independent republicanism. The campaign was directed by William Petty, Earl of Shelburne, whose new British Secret Intelligence Service represented an alliance of "noble" families of Switzerland, Scotland and England. The eyes and the arms of this apparatus were provided by the British East India Company. Company Chairman George Baring's family, along with the Hopes, were the AngloDutch financial power. Shelburne and Baring used the Company to employ a legion of "theorists," including Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, and Thomas Malthus. They controlled an elite army of spies and assassins, based primarily in Geneva. We will present here the simple, direct evidence that Burr and Gallatin were not Americans, but British agents based in this Genevan assassin-nobility. Aaron Burr and Benedict Arnold Aaron Burr killed Alexander Hamilton. Later, he was tried for treason after leading a mercenary army against the United States. He was acquitted in that trial because the existing evidence was not presented to the jury. Burr fled the country under state indictments for murder and treason, only to return, have all charges quietly dropped, and become a rich New York lawyer. All Burr biographies speculate on the "psychological drives" which may have motivated his "adventures." No book in existence today raises even a question that Burr may have been a spy. As for Gallatin, who migrated to America and spent a lifetime trying to destroy the country, no biography even hints of base motives. On July 11, 1982, the anniversary of Hamilton's shooting, The New York Times carried a major "reassessment" of Burr's guilt: The indictment of Aaron Burr for treason 175 years ago proved to be the final blow to the former Vice President's reputation and political career, even though he was found not guilty of the charge. Now, a scholar contends that a coded letter implicating Burr and long believed to have been written by him was in fact written by an associate. That letter . . . supposedly showed that Burr was planning to seize Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mexico for his own undefined political purposes. And it was that letter that persuaded President Thomas Jefferson to issue a warrant for Burr's arrest. Citing handwriting analysis, the scholar . . . contends that the letter was written by Jonathan Dayton.... "Burr was probably guilty of something, but no one's absolutely sure of what.... [Burr was] close to a nervous breakdown. " Why does The New York Times attempt to resurrect Aaron Burr, and in effect, celebrate the anniversary of Burr's murder of Hamilton? To answer this question is to unlock crucial secrets of American history—"secrets" which have remained so only because of the self-imposed blindness of historians for more than a century. And it will reveal the deeper significance of the Times's backing for the austerity policies of today's "Albert Gallatins"— Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker and the Swiss-based international monetary powers. Aaron Burr's maternal grandparents were the famous anti-rationalist theologian, Jonathan Edwards, and Sarah Pierrepont, whose family intermarried with the (J. P.) Morgans, later the owners of The New York Times. Taking an extreme form of the anti-free will doctrine of Geneva's John Calvin as his starting point, Edwards was at the same time an apostle of the British determinist philosophers Hobbes, Locke, and Hume. The result was a particularly savage notion of Man forced to submit blindly to the capricious will of an incomprehensible God. A counterpole to the ideas of progress expressed by the Pilgrim Fathers, Edwards was applauded as America's greatest original mind by the royalist reactionaries of Europe. Burr's father, Aaron Burr, Sr., visited Edwards as a disciple and married his daughter, Esther. The family scene was one of chaotic terror: two of Esther's sisters (Burr's aunts) were institutionalized for insanity and one murdered her own daughter; an uncle of Edwards slashed his own throat at the height of an Edwards revival frenzy.(1) Aaron Burr, Jr., was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1756. His parents both died in his infancy, and the orphan boy was taken to live with family friends who were prominent merchants, the Shippens of Philadelphia. His step-sister in this household, Margaret "Peggy" Shippen, became the wife and instigator of the world's most famous traitor, Benedict Arnold. Later, while living with his uncle, Burr was tutored by Tapping Reeve in marksmanship and the arts of diplomacy—rhetoric and dissimulation. He attended Princeton University, then called the College of New Jersey, from 1769 to 1772. His father had been the second president of the college, his grandfather the third. As the political conflict with the British grew, the sympathies of the students were largely with the American cause; Burr's classmate James Madison and others joined the patriot Whig Society. But Burr marked himself for the attention of nervous British authorities. He organized the Cliosophic Society in opposition to the Whigs. Reciting cynical British poetry, Burr and his student followers spent their nights in bars and brothels, their days scoffing at the more politically inclined.(2) Among those who must have taken a particular interest in the young nihilist was the highest-ranking British military officer in New Jersey, James Mark Prevost. James Prevost and two brothers(3) had left Geneva, Switzerland, in the 1750s to enter the British service; they had been army officers in the French and lndian War. The Prevost family in Geneva were hereditary members of the ruling Council of 200. Abraham Prevost was principal of the University of Geneva during the American Revolution. In England and in Switzerland, the Prevosts were intermarried with the Mallets; the Mallet-Prevosts, who lived as a single extended family, will form the most important link in this story of assassins sent against America. And it was the Prevost family, as we shall see, who finally gave the orphan Aaron Burr a home and identity. Following his Princeton career, Burr re-immersed himself in grandfather Jonathan Edwards's "New Light" visions by enrolling in a theological school taught by another Edwards disciple in Connecticut. At the end of nine months of this religious training, Burr stole a horse and rode to Litchfield, to be tutored again by his shooting teacher Tapping Reeve.(4) Reeve taught Burr the basics of British law, and with Burr as his first student, Reeve went on to establish the first law school in America. Tapping Reeve, now married to Burr's sister Sally, trained two generations of positivists and aspiring oligarchs from the Southern plantations and the New England shipping and slave-trading families. Sally Burr Reeve was one of the countless women who served Aaron Burr as efficient instruments—like a glove through which Burr could reach out and handle his agents and dupes. Aaron Burr Joins the Army The tradition of two centuries of history says that Aaron Burr was a daring American soldier, a hero of the Revolution. No biographer contradicts this estimation. Let the reader decide the value of the tradition. While at the Litchfield Law School, Burr struck up an intense friendship with Dolly Quincy, then the fiancee of Continental Congress leader John Hancock. Miss Quincy was passing the summer at the home of one of Burr's cousins, who was Hancock's friend. When war broke out at Lexington and Concord, Aaron Burr went to Philadelphia carrying Dolly's recommendation, and secured from John Hancock, by then her husband, a letter of introduction to the commander of the new Continental Army, George Washington. Burr went back to Boston in the summer of 1775, suddenly "ablaze with patriotism, " as one biographer puts it. (5) The American army was camped outside the enemy-occupied city. Burr presented Hancock's letter to General Washington, who took one look at the applicant and denied Burr's request for a commission. But Burr did not leave. While Washington fought desperately to whip his undisciplined ranks into a combat force, Burr wandered on and off the post, flashing his Hancock letter.(6) After two months of this, Burr found a way around Washington's watchful eye. An expedition of 1,200 soldiers had set out on the march to Quebec, under the leadership -of Colonel Benedict Arnold. Burr walked 60 miles north of camp to meet the expedition. He had no commission—he was a "gentleman volunteer." He said he would pay his own way, and he was accepted by Arnold. The first of Burr's revolutionary exploits entered the history books on the basis of Burr's testimony alone. Colonel Arnold wanted to link up with General Richard Montgomery's forces over a hundred miles away, moving toward Quebec after conquering Montreal. Arnold sent Burr as a messenger, and Burr's account of what happened is reported without comment by biographer Holmes Alexander: "In order to traverse the strange, hostile [i.e. British-controlled] territory, Aaron devised an ingenious plan. He disguised himself as a priest, affected a college patois of French and Latin and guilelessly presented himself at a nearby monastery. Here, prevailing upon the holy father for assistance, he obtained a guide, who brought him swiftly to Montgomery's camp."(7) Is this a true story? Before rejecting it as absurd, consider its possible partial truth from the fact that the Catholic Church in Canada, largely Jesuit-controlled, had reached an agreement with the British authorities to cooperate with British rule, while being allowed to maintain their religion and French language. In any case, somehow Burr was escorted in the manner and comfort of a royal guest through enemy territory and arrived at the camp of General Montgomery, who was so dazzled with Burr's apparent ingenuity that he made him a captain and an aide de camp. Montgomery now joined Arnold's forces to prepare the final assault on Quebec, and Burr got the assignment he had sought— to be a spy and scout behind enemy lines.(8) In the closing pages of the first full-fledged Burr biography, Englishman James Parton harks back to a scene in preparation for the attack: During the expedition to Canada, while the American forces lay near the heights of Quebec, Burr . . . went down to a small brook to drink. Having no cup, he was proceeding to use the top of his cap as a drinking vessel, when a British officer who had come to the other side of the brook for the same purpose saluted him politely, and offered him the use of his hunting cup. Burr accepted the offer, and the two enemies entered into conversation. The officer, pleased with the frank and gallant bearing of the youth . . . concluded the interview by [giving Burr] part of a horse's tongue. They inquired each other's name. "When next we meet," said the Briton, "it will be as enemies, but if we -should ever come together after the war is over, let us -know each other better." Stepping upon some stones in the middle of the brook, they shook hands, and parted. In u the subsequent operations of the war, each saw the other occasionally, but before the peace the British officer went home badly wounded. Thirty-six years after, when Colonel Burr was an exile in Scotland, he met that officer again . . .(9) When the Montgomery-Arnold forces finally launched what was supposed to be a surprise attack on the fortress of Quebec, the British had somehow learned of the plan, the timing, and the place of attack. (10) The Americans were slaughtered. Canada was lost, to remain a British base of subversive operations against the U.S.A. But in the crushing defeat, Burr emerged a hero! One of Burr's followers from Princeton had also joined the expedition as chaplain, and his story was circulated by the rumor mills to Congress: General Montgomery was shot dead inside the fort, and all others who had gone inside lay dead or dying except Burr. He walked over and picked up the body of the general, and the British stopped firing as he walked out of the fort with it, in honor of such a noble and courageous act! Arnold refused to give up the attempt on Quebec; he stayed through the winter and gathered more forces from the lower colonies. But in May 1776, Aaron Burr simply deserted(11) and went to New York. One of his cousins had obtained for him an appointment to Washington's staff. Burr left behind him a newfound friend and correspondent in the Arnold camp: General James Wilkinson, whose career as an enemy agent later intertwined with Burr's at many crucial points. Burr arrived at Washington's New York headquarters with a hero's reputation, and took up his duties as secretary to the commander-in-chief, assigned to copy the most crucial military secrets. Within a few days, Washington fired Burr. As biographer Milton Lomask puts it: "Some sprightly tales have been written of Burr's service . . . how he examined documents meant only for the general's eyes . . . there is reason to believe that something happened between Washington and Burr during the latter's short stay at Richmond Hill headquarters—something that, were we to know its nature, might explain Washington's frequently ungracious treatment of Burr in the years to come. Clearly something in the manner of the younger man annoyed the older one Perhaps it was Burr's innate air of superiority, derived from his family background...."(12) Upon Burr's complaint, John Hancock got him transferred to the command of General Putnam. Burr bulled his way to a promotion by disobeying orders and making bold sallies in contempt of senior officers, with sometimes pretty, but always inconsequential, results. In the winter of 1777, Washington's troops were holed up in Valley Forge, Pennslyvania, ragged, cold, and weary. Colonel Aaron Burr, with a retinue of spies and scouts, was hanging around the fringes of British-occupied New York Burr wrote to Washington asking him to send his 2,000 best troops for Burr to lead in a final assault on New York City. Washington responded by ordering that Burr's troops be merged into his command in Pennsylvania. But Burr and his immediate circle were never cold, hungry, or ill-clothed at Valley Forge. They were supplied with the best of everything by the British Burr and his men would often reappear in camp, plump and dressed in the finest; on occasion Burr would quiet the mumblings by distributing a small part of these goods to the camp. Burr explained that his spies kept him informed of where the British supply caravans would be passing through; his stocks, he said, came from raiding these British wagons. (13) A few miles south, the British army occupied Philadelphia. Among the most prominent Tories, who came out to gala parties of the British officers, was Aaron Burr's step-sister, Peggy Shippen. At one famous dance, the "Mischianza," she appeared with her boyfriend, Major John Andre, adjutant general of the British Army. Major Andre, born in London, was the son of a Geneva, Switzerland, merchant-banker. John was sent from London to Geneva to receive his training in military and related arts at the University of Geneva during the late 1760s.(14) Now, in Philadelphia, Major Andre and Miss Shippen were preparing what would be American history's most famous treason. At the same time, Burr, now an American colonel, began making visits to the New Jersey home of British Captain James Mark Prevost, who was in the South fighting the Americans. James's brother Augustine was by then the Commander of British forces in the South, and he and James became governor and lieutenant governor of Georgia after it was reconquered by the British. Burr was visiting Mrs. Prevost, whom he was later to marry,, who introduced him to the works and the world of Jeremy Bentham and Voltaire. These were no mere literary favorites of Theodosia Prevost. Bentham was then living on the estate of British intelligence overlord Shelburne, sharing in the work of controlling agents around the world; and Voltaire was an acquaintance of Mrs. Prevost's brother-in-law General Augustine Prevost, from as early as 1767. Jacques Mallet du Pan, the founder of the British branch of the Mallet family, began his association with Voltaire in 1770, frequently visiting his residence outside Geneva until Voltaire's death in 1778. In 1772, on Voltaire's recommendation, Mallet du Pan became a professor of history in the German province ruled by the Landgrave of Hesse, who within a few years was to sell his people to King George to be mercenaries against America. Mallet du Pan's services to British intelligence will be noted later. In April 1778, Burr requested a transfer to the staff of General Horatio Gates. The "Conway Cabal" of anti-Washington political and military men had made Gates their intended replacement for commander-in-chief. While they circulated slanders against Washington, Gates refused the commander's orders to move south with his troops to Washington's assistance. General Gates's chief aide and secretary was General James Wilkinson, Burr's confidante from the Canada expedition. Doubly confirmed in his suspicions, Washington squelched Burr's request to join Gates.(15) In the spring of 1779, Benedict Arnold and Peggy Shippen were married, and the first letters negotiating Arnold's treason, conduited through his wife, went between Arnold and Major Andre. (16) Meanwhile Aaron Burr, closely watched by George Washington, finally got himself transferred out of the area by contracting "nervous fatigue." Burr's contacts arranged that he be assigned to supervise the activities of espionage agents, whom Burr regularly sent to New York to "study British shipping" in the enemy capital. In September 1778, Burr transferred to West Point, the crucial fortress on the Hudson which blocked the British Navy's passage north from New York City and guarded the American connections between New England and the southern colonies. Burr had two to four months there to study the fort's layout and its defenders. In January 1779, Burr transferred to White Plains, just north of the city. >From this base he rode every night down to the British lines. (17) The official story was that he used the knowledge gained to plan raids against enemy outposts. The Benedict Arnold plot came to its climax in September 1780 Peggy Shippen Arnold left Philadelphia to be with her husband for the planned surrender of West Point, whose command Arnold had succeeded in obtaining On her way she stopped in Paramus, New Jersey, to confer with Mrs. Prevost. When the conspiracy collapsed, Andre and his assistant Joshua Hett Smith were captured, Arnold fled to the British, and his wife play-acted her way past Alexander Hamilton's interrogation. On her first day out of West Point, Mrs. Arnold stopped again at the Prevost mansion. Matthew Davis, longtime aide and finally executor for Aaron Burr, wrote in his 1836 edition of Burr's Memoirs: Mrs. Prevost was known as the wife of a British officer, and connected with the royalists. In her, therefore, Mrs. Arnold could confide. As soon as they were left alone, Mrs. Arnold became tranquilized, and assured Mrs. Prevost that she was heartily sick of the theatrics she was exhibiting. She stated that she had corresponded with the British commander—that she was disgusted with the American cause and those who had the management of public affairs and that, through great persuasion and unceasing perserverance, she had ultimately brought the general into an arrangement to surrender West Point to the British.(18) Aaron Burr and the Escape of the Traitors On this visit, Theodosia's boyfriend, Aaron Burr, was also present. The Shippen family complained in a bitter historical record— never printed until 1900—that Aaron Burr, in this post-West Point encounter, made sexual advances to Mrs. Arnold which she repulsed. The Shippens conjectured what Burr's "line" must have been: that he would now care for her, that after all he had promised her parents, his own step-parents, that he would look after her in the future.(19) Benedict Arnold's accomplice Joshua Hett Smith,(20) in whose coat Major John Andre was captured, was arrested and held for trial. He admitted that he had brought Andre from the British ship Vulture for his meeting with Arnold, which took place in his house; that he had hidden Andre in his house; and that he had provided him with a disguise and conducted him toward New York, the plans of West Point hidden in Andre's clothes. In the words of George Washington, Smith was to be prosecuted "for aiding and assisting Benedict Arnold, late a Major General in our service, in a combination with the enemy, to take, kill, and seize such of the loyal citizens or soldiers of these United States, as were in garrison at West Point and its dependencies." Joshua Hett Smith was acquitted at the court martial on the pretext that he was only obeying Benedict Arnold; but he was held for a civilian trial on similar charges. While he was being transported as prisoner to another court, the convoy stopped at the home of his brother Thomas Smith. Aaron Burr was there. Burr succeeded in delaying the party overnight, and tried various stratagems to stall their progress longer, but they moved on. Later however, while awaiting his civilian trial, Joshua Smith escaped from custody, fled to New York and thence London, where he lived in the comfort and grace of his nephew's family, the Mallets. At the point of Joshua Smith's escape, Aaron Burr, having resigned from the army, was studying law in that very same home of Thomas Smith, Esq., who is described by biographer Milton Lomask as "a respected figure in the profession.''(21) George Washington thought otherwise, however. Washington noted that the discovery that Thomas Smith had been seen behind enemy lines after Arnold's treason "may . . added to other circumstances of a suspicious nature, furnish the legislature with good reasons for removing the Gentleman in question from Haverstraw, which, from its vicinity to our posts, affords him an opportunity of gaining and giving intelligence very material to the enemy and injurious to us. Of his dispositions to do this there is little doubt."(22) As for Benedict Arnold, he came back into action leading British troops who were burning Arnerican villages along the James River. Somewhat earlier, further South and equally infamous, the commander and sub-commander of raiding and burning British forces had been General Augustine Prevost and Colonel Mark Prevost, respectively the brother-in-law and the husband of Aaron Burr's sometime girlfriend. Major Andre was hanged for his role in Arnold's treason; historians today still mourn his "unfortunate" end, a spy's death being an indignity for someone of Andre's breeding. But Andre's family did well. Merged into the de Neuflize family, and joining the Mallets, they formed the de Neuflize, Schlumberger, Mallet (NSM)) Bank—now known to the world as the Schlumberger financial and intelligence interests. Aaron Burr married Mrs. Theodosia Prevost in July 1782, after being informed that her husband had died while on tour with the British army. He was now a husband, step-father, cousin, and uncle of Mallet-Prevosts in many very important places. pps. 3-17 --(notes)-- 1. Alexander, Holmes: Aaron Burr, The Proud Pretender, Harper and Brothers, New York, 1937, p. 7. 2. Burr, Aaron, and Davis, Matthew L., Memoirs of Aaron Burr, with Miscellaneous Selections from his Correspondence, Matthew L. Davis ed., Harper and Brothers, New York, 1836, Vol. I, p. 20. See also Lomask, Milton, Aaron Burr, 1756-1805, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 1979, pp. 68-69. 3. The genealogies and official histories of the Prevost and Mallet families are given in Mallet-Prevost, Severo, Historical Notes and Biographical Sketches Regarding the American Branch of the Mallet Family, 1794-1930, New York, 1930; and Choisy, Albert, Notice genealogique et historique sur la famille Mallet de Geneve, Geneva, 1930. 4. Alexander, Pretender, p. 21. 5. Lomask, Burr ]756-1805, p. 34. 6. Vail, Philip, The Great Amencan Rascal, Hawthorn Books, New York, 1973, pp. 11-12. 7. Alexander, Pretender, p. 44. 8. ibid., pp. 45-46. Parton,James, The Life and Times of Aaron Burr, Houghton, Osgood and Company, Boston, 1880, Vol I, p. 73. 9. Parton, Life and Times, Vol. II, pp. 317-318. 10 vi Rascal, p. 22. 11. Parton, Life 12. Lomask, Burr I 1756-1805, p. 74. 13. Vail. Rascal, p. 36. 14. Sargent, Winthrop, The Life and Career of Major John Andre, W. Abbatt New York, 1969, p. 8. 15. For Burr's hearty affiliation with the Conway Cabal, see Burr, Memoirs, Vol. I, p. 23; the memoirs are edited and come with commentary by Matthew Davis, Burr's aide and executor, who writes forthrightly about Burr's attitude. 16. See Van Doren, Carl Clinton, Secret History of the American Revolution. . . Drawn from the Secret Service Papers of the British Headquarters in North America, The Viking Press, New York, 1941. Van Doren's treatment of the Benedict Arnold treason and other such British operations, though very "revealing," should be read with some caution. It is taken from papers the British authorities chose to release about the period in question, and may be particularly misleading in its emphasis on spectacular, or even pornographic, espionage affairs, diverting attention from relatively more significant matters of philosophy, commitment and enemy organization among prominent Americans. 17. Van, Rascal, p. 39. 18. Burr, Memoirs, Vol. I, pp. 219-220. 19. Walker, Lewis Burd, "Life of Margaret Shippen, Wife of Benedict Arnold," in Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. XXIV, 1900 pages 408-409, and Vol. XXV, July, 1901, pp. 152-156. The material is taken from the papers of the Shippen family. 20. For Joshua Hett Smith see Koke, Richard J., Accomplice in Treason: Joshua Hett Smith and the Arnold Conspiracy, New-York Historical Society, New York, 1973. 21. Lomask, Burr 1756-1805, p. 75. 22, George Washington to William Duer, Commissioner for Detecting Conspiracies in New York State; Writings of George Washington, ed. John C. Fitzpatrick, Washington, D. C., 1931-1944, Vol. XX, p. 226, quoted in Koke, Accomplice in Treason, p. 164. --cont-- Aloha, He'Ping, Om, Shalom, Salaam. Em Hotep, Peace Be, Omnia Bona Bonis, All My Relations. Adieu, Adios, Aloha. Amen. Roads End Kris DECLARATION & DISCLAIMER ========== CTRL is a discussion and informational exchange list. Proselyzting propagandic screeds are not allowed. 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