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http://www.haaretzdaily.com/hasen/spages/372852.html

Wed., December 17, 2003 Kislev 22, 5764

No mention of an intelligence failure - for now

By Zvi Bar'el

American forces arrested over 10,000 Iraqis before they found the right
man - the one who gave them precise information on the whereabouts of Saddam
Hussein. The official American version is that the concerted investigation
that yielded one piece of information after another helped achieve the
successful result. The Kurdish version of events differs. According to Jalal
Talabani, the leader of the Kurdish Patriotic Union, it was his men who
uncovered Saddam's hiding place and it was a force comprised of his men,
together with the American forces, that nabbed Saddam.

However, sources in the other Kurdish faction, which is headed by Massoud
Barzani, claim that Talabani's men had nothing to do with Saddam's capture
and that this is not the first time Talabani's men are taking credit for
capturing senior Iraqis without any basis in reality. "If they had let us
run our intelligence network in the past eight months, we would have found
him first," says one of Barzani's men. It is possible that one of these
claims is correct or that a relative of Saddam provided information, which
eventually led to his discovery.

There is no disputing the shortage of good field intelligence that has
marked the war in Iraq since its beginning. American officers interviewed in
the press reported that they did not receive information in real time before
operational activities, and said that battalion-level commands had to
develop their own methods of intelligence gathering and debriefing, wasting
time and manpower on activities that are not always standard operating
procedures.

One of the primary difficulties is the shortage of Arabic-speaking
personnel, as well as the fact that the translators assigned to the American
forces could not always operate efficiently because they did not have the
trust of the American commanders or were not assigned to the forces in time
to do so. For example, detainees nabbed on the street were interrogated in
English while a passer-by was asked to translate for the American forces
without obtaining a verification of the accuracy of the translation. During
my visit to Iraq, I was detained by an American patrol with an Iraqi escort,
and we had to wait almost two hours until the translator who could brief the
Iraqi escort arrived. The translator was not a professional interrogator; he
was a Lebanese contractor who happened to be in the area.

There were not always troops in the area to arrest women or question them,
and the result was scenes of male soldiers detaining Iraqi women and
handcuffing them - infuriating images that deterred others from cooperating
with the American forces. In addition to the difficulty of obtaining
intelligence in Iraq, there was the campaign against collaborators launched
by the radical organizations, which in recent months killed people suspected
of aiding American efforts.

The difficulty in obtaining intelligence resulted in contradictions in
senior intelligence assessments and over the information received.
Consequently, while the brigade commanders and even Secretary of Defense
Donald Rumsfeld said that Saddam's people were the ones carrying out the
attacks under the leadership of Saddam himself or his deputy, Izzat Ibrahim
al-Duri, or that infiltrators from Iran and Syria are responsible, the field
commanders provided different reports, saying they did not arrest any
foreigners who had been involved in attacks.

Children paid to attack

Now it is possible to assess that Saddam had limited ability to operate his
men in the field. The underground hiding place where he was found did not
have any maps, communications devices or other equipment that could indicate
the presence of an organized command post. Saddam, according to initial
reports, roamed from one hiding place to the next, and the time that it took
to capture him indicates that only very few people knew his whereabouts. In
such a situation, it is hard to see how he could have managed to operate and
organize an efficient underground force.

There is still no clear picture of the structure and scale of the
anti-American organization - is it a nationally organized leadership running
the attacks all over the country or a local operation with some criminal
aspects to it? Arab sources reported, for example, that children and
teenagers received sums from $500-5,000 to perpetrate attacks; but while
$750,000 in cash was found in Saddam's hideout, there is no certainty that
the money was used to finance attacks. Saddam's interrogation is likely to
explain the military preparations the Iraqi army made before the war,
although much of the information is already in the hands of American
intelligence following the arrest of senior Iraqi officials. But it is
doubtful that the interrogation will provide specific information on the
methods of the terrorist cells now operating in Iraq.

The CIA has several hundred operators and around 50 analysts in Iraq, and
their job is to review the information obtained in interrogations. In the
coming days, another 100 or so CIA agents will arrive in Iraq to back up the
interrogators, but also to relax the criticism of the U.S. administration
for the failure of intelligence to uncover the attackers and thwart
violence. There are also, alongside the CIA people, Pentagon intelligence
officials, intelligence officers from military units as well as hired
bodyguards, who have signed contracts with the American command to guard oil
and water installations, operating in Iraq. Beyond the American forces,
there are also Spanish, Polish, British, Danish and Dutch forces there, each
with their own sources of information.

"Every such entity gathers information," says a former American intelligence
official, "but it is doubtful whether there is anyone who can integrate all
the information and turn it into viable intelligence that is usable in
operational activities." There is also a particular problem in infiltrating
the terrorist organizations in Iraq, especially in dangerous areas such as
Baghdad's Shi'ite Sadr neighborhood, Shi'ite centers in Najaf and Karbala,
and in the northern city of Mosul.

At this stage, there is no still no mention of the strategic intelligence
failures, such as the inability to find the location, if it exists at all,
of any weapons of mass destruction, or the incorrect intelligence analysis
of the Iraqi people's preparations prior to the war. These issues were
reviewed in CIA and Pentagon reports and as stipulated by the new
intelligence law signed this week by President Bush, the CIA will be
required to submit a report on the lessons of the war which will surely be
fascinating.

But these analyses do not help change the nature of the war now being waged.
So, for example, regarding Saddam's capture, American intelligence is having
trouble explaining why a population that for the most part despised and
feared Saddam did not help capture him during this entire period. Similarly,
it is having a hard time explaining where his deputy Izzat Ibrahim al-Duri
is and who is providing logistical aid to the attackers who continue to set
off car bombs even after Saddam's capture.

Drafting Iraqi operatives

The intelligence gathering that brought about Saddam Hussein's capture was
put in place over the last few weeks. The analysts dropped the interrogation
of senior officials who had been captured and focused on mapping out
Saddam's close relatives. They were told to arrest several dozen of his
close relatives, which is how they got to one of Saddam's nephews, who
related the location of two possible hideouts. This method was feasible and
worthwhile for capturing Saddam, but what about the dozens and hundreds (and
some say, thousands) of volunteers and activists, former Ba'ath party
members and infiltrators from neighboring countries who continue to carry
out attacks?

One idea that has been put forward in recent weeks is to re-enlist Iraqi
intelligence officials who served under Saddam and train them to work
alongside the American forces. The assumption, which is correct for the most
part, is that Iraqi intelligence agents will know how to operate among the
population. The problem is of course, how to explain to Iraqi citizens the
re-enlistment of Saddam's agents specifically after his capture, and whether
they can be trusted not to set up their own independent operations networks.

Another option is to try to establish ethnic militias of Shi'ites and Kurds,
who will receive their own areas of control. But this will also be hard to
implement, primarily because of the backdrop of internal disputes between
the ethnic groups and their leaders. For example, a sharp dispute has
developed between Ahmed Chalabi, a member of the Iraqi Governing Council and
a protege of the Pentagon, and the leader of the Iraqi National Accord, Iyad
Alawi, also a member of the Iraqi Governing Council, over the use of private
forces. Chalabi asked to sign a security agreement with a South African firm
on the binding "advice" of his nephew, Salam Chalabi, who serves as a
consultant to the Council; Alawi, however, feels that private forces should
not be used and all Iraqi security forces should be united under one
command.

There are similar disagreements with the Kurds, arguments which may
intensify as the date of the transfer of power to a new elected council in
June draws near. Ostensibly, these are political decisions that should not
affect the continuation of the fight against terrorism in Iraq, but because
the decisions are in the hands of the U.S. administration in Iraq, the wrong
decision could cause an entire sector to decide to act against the Americans
or not cooperate fully with them.

Saddam's capture is certainly an important achievement for the Americans and
it definitely reassured many Iraqis, who feared his possible return to
power. But it is doubtful that it will bring about the turning point the
Americans have been waiting for. The intelligence war is only just
beginning.


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major and minor effects spread throughout the spectrum of time and thought.
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always suggests to readers; be wary of what you read. CTRL gives no
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Let us please be civil and as always, Caveat Lector.
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