-Caveat Lector- REMEMBER:MORE PEOPLE HAVE DIED IN TED KENNEDY'S CAR THAN HAVE DIED IN COMMERCIAL US NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPERATIONS: The Political Arena
Summary Since the 1970s, federal policy has led to less and less domestic energy production. During this time the U.S. has experienced four major oil price shocks, and each time, spirited debates called for a new "national energy policy." The Arab oil embargo (1973-74), and subsequent shortages and price increases (1979-80, 1990-91, and 1999-2001), encouraged various congressional solutions. For example, Congress appropriated some $20 billion dollars to research and subsidize alternative energy sources. It enacted sensible efficiency standards for home appliances and construction. With each price or supply disruption, energy conservation and efficiencies were initiated, many with lasting effect. But they have not addressed or solved the nation's long-term supply concerns. As the U.S. population increased from 203 million in 1970 to 281 million in 2001, so did the need for petroleum products. In 1970 America produced 9.6 million barrels of oil per day (bpd); in 2000 production dropped to 5.6 million bpd. Since 1975, energy consumption has grown by 34%, but domestic production increased by just 18%. Except for production from older leases, there has been virtually no new leasing activity in decades on federal lands in the 48 contiguous states. Not one acre has been set aside for future energy needs. In addition, on the east and west coasts, residents have said "absolutely not" to offshore rigs that could be seen from the mainland, even 20 miles offshore. In Alaska, the government finally approved leasing (May 1999) in the National Petroleum Reserve where 3.1 billion barrels of oil and 9.9 trillion cubic feet of gas are estimated. Federal on and offshore lands contain some 68% of all undiscovered oil resources, 74% of undiscovered natural gas resources, and 16% of all hydropower capacity, and they provided 32% of oil and 35% of natural gas production in 2000. Federal lands, including 30 wildlife refuges, produced 37% of domestic coal and 48% of geothermal resources, yet administration and congressional actions consistently made these lands less available. In the Clinton Administration's last days, millions of acres of federal forest and other multiple-use public lands were declared national monuments and "roadless" areas. On some federal lands roads were obliterated and even removed from government maps. Many western lands were withdrawn precisely because of their energy potential. The environmentalist-sponsored national forest roadless rule adopted by the Clinton Administration actually served to halt resource development "without a specific ban." It became clear to policy analysts that America needed to re-examine its policies and attitudes toward the uses of land for energy production. If reducing oil imports were to be the goal, impediments to oil, gas and coal leasing on federal lands also had to be reduced. 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