-Caveat Lector- Hello All -- Do you all know about this? --barb http://www.iaqpubs.com/apr1-1.html EPA, Industry Looks Back At Achievements Made Since '89 ___A decade after EPA made it's important three-volume Report to Congress on the indoor air quality problems facing the nation, agency officials and industry professionals will analyze where these issues stand today at the seventh annual Indoor Environment '99 Conference & Exhibition- Solutions, Strategies, Management. ___The event, which will be held April 19-21 at the Renaissance Austin Hotel in Austin, Texas, marks the first time this year that EPA's Mary Smith, current director of the Indoor Environments Division, will assess the impact the 1989 report had on the nation and also what indoor air quality programs and plans have had the biggest impact on public awareness. Joining Smith will be Mary Ellen Fise of the Consumer Federation of America, who has had her pulse on what consumers understand about indoor air quality, and also Aaron Trippler, who is one of the industry's foremost experts in federal and state legislation concerning indoor environmental issues. ___The conference will also feature the general session, IAQ Training and Certification: What You Need To Get Ahead. The session will focus on the flood of new programs and courses being developed by industry organizations to improve evaluation and remediation of indoor air quality problems in the field. Panelists include Susan Smith of MidAtlantic Environmental Hygiene Resources Center, Steve Hays of Gobbell Hays Partners, George Benda of The Chelsea Group, and Robert Juliano of the American Association of Radon Scientists and Technologists. ___Other conference highlights will include what you need to know about black soot and candle controversy; new trends in microbial remediation; an update of safety and containment; new research on asthma and allergies in schools; and the 1999 Indoor Environment National Award Ceremony. There's still time to register for the event! For information on attending the conference, call the Indoor Environment '99 Conference Hotline at 800/394-0115. >Barb, thought a copy of this might be useful info to present a >case to the powers at be of the Sierra Club. This is an article >from an industry journal so obviously the industry is well aware >of the problem. > >Betty > > > > > > >Nitro musks in fragrance products: an update of FDA findings. >(includes related article on self-regulation by the fragrance >industry) >Discussing the safety of musk ambrette and musk xylol in >fragranced personal-care products. Nitro musks are a series of >structurally similar, nitro-substituted, aromatic compounds that >are used as fragrance fixatives and materials in personal-care >and household products. > >Cosmetics and Toiletries >June 1996 (v111 n6) Start Page: p73(4) ISSN: 0361-4387 >Wisneski, Harris S. >Havery, Donald C. > > > >Nitro musks in fragrance products: an update of FDA findings. >(includes related article on self-regulation by the fragrance >industry) > >Discussing the safety of musk ambrette and musk xylol in >fragranced personal-care products >Nitro musks are a series of structurally similar, >nitro-substituted, aromatic compounds that are used as fragrance >fixatives and materials in personal-care and household products. >They impart desirable musk-like odors to consumer products . >Consumer exposure to nitro musks in fragrances are estimated to >range from 0.04 to 0.32 mg/kg of body weight/day.[3] > >One musk in particular, musk ambrette (MA, >1-tertbutyl-2-methoxy-4-methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzene), was reported >to be a photosensitizer and neurotoxin.[7,14,17] This prompted >the International Fragrance Association in 1985 to recommend that >MA should no longer be used as a fragrance ingredient. >Musk xylol [MX, >1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene], also >known as musk xylene, is another nitro musk recently reported to >be carcinogenic in mice? Our article addresses these concerns and >discusses the results of surveys of commercial fragrance products >for MA and MX conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration >(FDA). > >Musk Ambrette >Several years ago, published reports on MA questioned its safe >use. MA was found to absorb through rat skin at a rate of 38%[3] >and was demonstrated to cause adverse physiological effects in >laboratory animals when administered through their diet or >applied to their skin.[1,2,3,14,17] In 1985, the IFRA responded >to these studies in its Code of Practice by recommending that MA >should not be used in products coming into contact with skin. > >Musk Xylol >Early laboratory studies determined that MX did not exhibit the >toxic properties observed for MA. MX, which is structurally >similar to MA, was found to be nonmutagenic[11]; it exhibited >only a weak photoallergic potential,[9] was a weak contact >sensitizer[13] and showed no neurotoxic effects.[3] However, >recent published reports, which found MX to be carcinogenic when >administered to mice through their diet, have raised questions >about its safety? > >MX use: The identification of MX as a carcinogen has caused >concern because of its widespread exposure to human beings. MX >has been used in fragranced products since the turn of the >century. In the U.S., it has an estimated usage in fragranced >products of approximately 150,000 pounds per year? Worldwide MX >consumption is approximately 1,000 tons per year in detergents >alone.[15] Typical use levels in consumer products range from >0.03-0.15% in soap, 0.003-0.015% in detergents, 0.01-0.05% in >creams/lotions and 0.02-0.5% in perfumes.[12] > >Studies: Recent reports of the evidently ubiquitous presence of >MX in the environment from waste disposal further complicate >estimates of human exposure. Two Japanese studies found MX in >fish, shellfish, river and wastewater from a sewage treatment >plant.[19,20] As a result, Japan has discontinued its use of >MX.[6] In a German study, the researchers found MX in domestic >and imported fish, mussels and shrimp.[16] > >These studies demonstrate that, because of its lipophilic >character, MX enters the food chain when discarded in wastewater >by bioaccumulating in animal tissue. Of particular concern is the >demonstrated bioaccumulation of MX in human tissues. It has been >found in human milk,[8,15] blood lipids[5] and adipose tissue.[8] >In spite of this, the IFRA has not recommended discontinuing its >use. The identification of MX as a carcinogen, coupled with its >entry into the food chain, has prompted the FDA to assess human >risk by examining the prevalence of MX in cosmetic products and >its levels of use. > >FDA Nitro Musk Surveys >The FDA's ongoing program to monitor the fragrance industry's >compliance with IFRA guidelines includes the development of an >analytical method to measure MA in fragranced products.[18] In >1985, the IFRA recommended that MA not be used in any fragranced >products coming into contact with the skin. However, the results >of surveys show that it took the fragrance industry nearly five >additional years to discontinue its use of MA in cosmetics (Table >1). The latest survey, conducted in 1994, found no MA in any of >the 21 fragranced products tested. > >Table 1. Musk ambrette (MA) in fragranced products (1985-1994) > > No. of No. of >Year samples positive samples(a) MA range (%) > >1985 30 15 0.006-0.4 >1986 14 9 0.003-0.2 >1988 56 27 [less than]0.01-0.3 >1989 25 2 0.1-0.4 >1990 50 4 0.01-0.1 >1991 42 4 0.04-.35 >1994 21 0 0 > >a The presence of MA was confirmed in 24 products by mass >spectrometry (1986, 3; 1988, 16; 1989, 2; 1990, 1; 1991, 2) >Table 2. Musk xylol (MX) in fragranced products (1988-1994) > > No. of No. of >Year samples positive samples(a) MX range (%) > >1988 56 17 (a) >1990 50 2 0.008-0.07 >1991 42 11 0.002-0.04 >1994 21 1(b) 0.01 > >a Not quantified > >b The presence of MX was confirmed by mass spectrometry > >Since 1988, similar surveys have also been conducted for MX in >fragranced products (Table 2). However, because the safety of MX >was not an issue at that time, its levels were not quantified in >these earlier surveys. In the 1988 survey, MX was apparently >present in 30% of the products analyzed, although the results >were not confirmed by mass spectrometry. In the 1994 survey of 21 >fragrance products, MX was found in one product at a level of >0.01%. > >Conclusion >From the FDA's limited surveys, it appears that MA is no longer >being used in fragranced products. There is, however, a >demonstrated presence of MX in fish, shellfish and water. Because >of its bioaccumulation in human tissues and the Maekawa study's >conclusion that MX is a carcinogen, questions arise about the >safe use of this compound in cosmetic and household products. No >IFRA guidelines currently exist on the use of MX in fragranced >products. The FDA is assessing human exposure to MX and will be >assessing human risk. Market surveys of fragrance products will >also continue to monitor use trends for this ingredient. > >References >Address correspondence to Harris S. Wisneski, c/o Editor, >Cosmetics & Toiletries magazine, 362 South Schmale Road, Carol >Stream IL 60168-2787 USA >1. E Cronin, Photosensitivity to musk ambrette, Cont Derm 11 >88-92 (1984) >2. DA Davis, JM Taylor, WI Jones and JB Brouwer, Toxicity of musk >ambrette, Tox Appl Pharm 10 405 (1967) >3. RA Ford, AM Api and PM Newberne, 90-Day dermal toxicity study >and neurotoxicity evaluation of nitromusks in the albino rat, >Food Chem Tox 28(1) 55-61 (1990) >4. RA Ford, The toxicology and safety of fragrances, in Perfumes, >Art, Science and Technology, PM Muller and D Lamparsky, eds, New >York: Elsevier App Sci (1991) pp 441-463 >5. KS Helbling, P Schmid and C Schlatter, The trace analysis of >musk xylene in biological samples: problems associated with its >ubiquitous occurrence, Chemosphere 29(3) 477-484 (1994) >6. N Iwata, K Suzuki, K Minegishi, T Kawanishi, S Hara, T Endo >and A Takahashi, Induction of cytochrome P450 1A2 by musk >analogues and other inducing agents in rat liver, Eur J Pharm 248 >243-250 (1993) >7. IE Kochever, GL Zalar, J Einbinder and LC Harber, Assay of >contact photosensitivity to musk ambrette in Guinea pigs, J Inv >Derm 73 144-146 (1979) >8. B Liebl and S Ehrenstorfer, Nitro musks in human milk, >Chemosphere 27(11) 2253-2260 (1993) >9. WW Lovell and DJ Sanders, Photoallergic potential in the >guinea-pig of the nitromusk perfume ingredients musk ambrette, >musk moskene, musk xylene, musk ketone, and musk tibeterie, Int J >Cosm Sci 18 271-279 (1988) >10. A Maekawa, Y Matsushima, H Onodera, M Shibutani, H Ogasawara, >Y Kodama, Y Kurokawa and Y Hayashi, Long-Term >toxicity/carcinogenicity of musk xylol in B6C3[F.sub.1] mice, >Food Chem Tox 28(8) 581-586 (1990) >11. J Nair, H Ohshima, C Malaveille, M Friesen, IK O'Neill, A >Hautefeuille and H Bartsch, Identification, occurrence and >mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium of two synthetic >nitroarenes, musk ambrette and musk xylene in Indian chewing >tobacco and betel quid, Food Chem Tox 24(1) 27-31 (1986) >12. DLJ Opdyke, Monographs on Fragrance Raw Materials, Food Cosm >Tox 13 881 (1975) >13. RD Parker, EV Buehler and EA Newmann, Phototoxicity, >photoallergy, and contact sensitization of nitro musk perfume raw >materials, Cont Derm 14 103-109 (1986) >14. GJ Raugi, FJ Storrs and WG Larsen, Photoallergic contact >dermatitis to men's perfumes, Cont Derm 5 251-260 (1979) >15. G Rimkus, B Rimkus and M Wolf, Nitro musks in human adipose >tissue and breast milk, Chemosphere 28(2) 421-432 (1994) >16. GG Rimkus and M Wolf, Nitro musk fragrances in biota from >freshwater and marine environment, Chemosphere 30(4) 641651 >(1995) >17. PS Spencer, MC Bischoff-Fenton, OM Moreno, DL Opdyke and RA >Ford, Neurotoxic properties of musk ambrette, Tox Appl Pharm 75 >571-575 (1984) >18. HH Wisneski, RL Yates and DC Havery, Determination of musk >ambrette in fragrance products by capillary gas chromatography >with electron capture detection: interlaboratory study, J Assoc >Offic Anal Chem Int 77(6) 1467-1471 (1994) >19. T Yamagishi, T Miyazaki, S Horii and S Kaneko, Identification >of musk xylene and musk ketone in freshwater fish collected from >the Tama River, Tokyo, Bull Env Contain Tox 26 656-662 (1981) >20. T Yamagishi,T Miyazaki, S Horii and K Akiyama, Synthetic musk >residues in biota and water from Tama River and Tokyo Bay >(Japan), Arch Env Contam Tox 12 83-89 (1983) > >RELATED ARTICLE: Self-Regulation > >Because the U.S. government provides no pre-market approval >process for the use of fragrance materials in cosmetic products, >the fragrance industry has established a program of >self-regulation to address safety.[4] This program is implemented >by the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM) and the >International Fragrance Association (IFRA). > >RIFM: Established in 1966, the RIFM functions as the research arm >of the fragrance industry by providing a scientific base for >assessing safety. The RIFM collects data and evaluates previously >published information on fragrance compounds for such properties >as allergenicity, irritation and phototoxicity. An independent >panel of scientists - not associated with the fragrance >industry - reviews this data. The results are published as >monographs in the scientific journal Food and Chemical >Toxicology. Since its founding, the RIFM has evaluated the safety >of more than 1,300 fragrance materials. > >IFRA: Established in 1973, the IFRA is an international >organization of trade associations representing fragrance >manufacturers. The IFRA reviews available toxicological data, >including data collected by the RIFM, and publishes its >guidelines for fragrance usage in its IFRA Code of Practice, >which is updated as new data become available. > >To monitor the fragrance industry's compliance with the IFRA Code >of Practice, the FDA has developed analytical methods of >determining the fragrance ingredients in cosmetic products. With >these methods, the FDA conducts surveys of commercial fragranced >products to check for ingredients of toxicological concern, >especially those for which the IFRA has either established a >maximum use level or recommended against its use in fragranced >products. Barbara Wilkie (My convention is prevention!) Want to learn more about the toxicity of fragrance products and pesticides? Please visit the Environmental Health Network <http://users.lanminds.com/~wilworks/ehnindex.htm> -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Added by the Pied Piper if you want to get more info on perfumes Newman, Cathy. Perfume the Essence of Illusion National Geographic. Oct. 98 Many of the countries that traditionally supplied the raw materials for the perfume bases (natural flowers and animal musk) have devoted the land to other uses with the change to using petrochemical bases for perfumes. Though France has lost some of the market to other countries, I think they have lost more of thier market to petrochemicals. France has seen a major loss in this area. Think of corn fields. Now think of that same land being devoted to flowers. This article has some beautiful pictures and for me it had a lot of information. 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