-Caveat Lector- From http://ac.acusd.edu/History/text/versaillestreaty/vercontents.html 3.A Chronology of Wilson's battle with Congress for the League of Nations 1919-1921 (at the bottom of the page, one find the specific link to the following 'reservations') > LODGE RESERVATIONS: > > 1.... in case of notice of withdrawal from the league of nations, as > provided in said article [Article 1], the United States shall be the > sole judge as to whether all its international obligations . . . have > been fulfilled, and notice of withdrawal . . . may be given by a > concurrent resolution of the Congress of the United States > > 2. The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territorial > integrity or political independence of any other country . . . under > the provisions of article 10, or to employ the military or naval > forces of the United States under any article of the treaty for any > purpose, unless in any particular case the Congress, which . . . has > the sole power to declare war . . . shall . . . so provide > > 3. No mandate shall be accepted by the United States under article 22 > . . . except by action of the Congress of the United States > > 4. The United States reserves to itself exclusively the right to > decide what questions are within its domestic jurisdiction... > > 5. The United States will not submit to arbitration or to inquiry by > the assembly or by the council of the league of nations . . . any > questions which in the judgment of the United States depend upon or > relate to . . . the Monroe doctrine; said doctrine is to be > interpreted by the United States alone and is... holly outside the > jurisdiction of said league of nations... > > 6. The United States withholds its assent to articles 156, 157, and > 158 [Shantung clauses]... > > 7. The Congress of the United States will provide by law for the > appointment of the representatives of the United States in the > assembly and the council of the league of nations, and may in its > discretion provide for the participation of the United States in any > commission.... no person shall represent the United States under > either said league of nations or the treaty of peace . . . except with > the approval of the Senate of the United States... > > 9. The United States shall not be obligated to contribute to any > expenses of the league of nations . . . unless and until an > appropriation of funds . . . shall have been made by the Congress of > the United States > > 10. If the United States shall at any time adopt any plan for the > limitation of armaments proposed by the council of the league . . . it > reserves the right to increase such armaments without the consent of > the council whenever the United States is threatened with invasion or > engaged in war... > > 14. The United States assumes no obligation to be bound by any > election, decision, report, or finding of the council or assembly in > which any member of the league and its self-governing dominions, > colonies, or parts of empire, in the aggregate have cast more than one > vote And then, > TAFT RESERVATION: The United States declines to assume any legal or > binding obligations to preserve the territorial integrity or political > independence of any other country under the provisions of Article X or > to employ the military or naval forces of the United States under any > article of the treaty for any purpose; but Congress which under the > Constitution has sole power in the premises, will consider and decide > what moral obligation if any under the circumstances of any particular > case, when it arises, should move the United States in the interest of > world peace and parties, to take action therein and will provide > accordingly > World War I > > > A. Who started World War I? > > 1. Serbia > > > •on June 28, 1914, the 19-year old student Gavrilo Princip, an agent > of the Serbian Black Hand secret society, assassinated Archduke Franz > Ferdinand, heir to the throne of AH. •Serbia had emerged victorious > from the Balkan Wars 1912-13 over Turkey and Bulgaria, but AH had > annexed Bosnia, Herzogovina, Albania and opposed the "pan-slavism" > that Serbia represented. > > > 2. Austria-Hungary > > > •on July 28, the AH Dual Monarchy declared war on Serbia. > •empire of Franz Joseph (ruled 1848-1916) was the best example of the > "persistence of the ancien regime" (Arno Mayer). Alan Palmer in > Twilight of the Habsburgs (1995) argues that the emperor was not so > bad, sought peace and stability, that Vienna with a population of 2m. > was a cultural center of Europe. He weakened the empire starting in > 1908 by granting universal suffrage and opening the political system > to ethnic minorities. > > > 3. Russia > > > •on July 29, Nicholas II was pressured by his military to mobilize > prematurely to defend Serbia. Ger. decd war Aug. 1 •Emperor Nicholas > II was struggling to keep power from the revolutionaries who had > established the Duma parliament in 1905. •Gen. Samsonov invades East > Prussia Aug. 13 but is defeated by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at > Tannenberg Aug. 26-30 > > 4. Germany > > > •on Aug. 1, Germany reluctantly followed its alliance with AH by > declaring war on Russia •Kaiser Wilhelm II (ruled 1888-1918) had > ousted Bismarck and sought to keep government in his control, opposing > the rising Social Democratic Party, favoring instead the Prussian > aristocracy, von Moltke's General Staff, Tirpitz's navy •Schlieffen > Plan begins Aug.10 with huge wheel-like movemnet through Belgium by > 1.5 million men in 7 armies, capture Liege Aug. 15, Brussels Aug. 20. > > 5. France > > > •on Aug. 1, France followed its alliance with Russia and mobilized - > Ger decd war on France Aug. 3. •Foreign Minister Delcasse had sought > an Anglo-French front against Germany but fell from power 1905 as over > the German-Morocco crisis and the Dreyfus affair. Church-state > separation took place 1905 and Clemenceau led a radical majority in > the 1906 elections to create a new French nationalism. Poincare was > elected President in 1913 and saw the end of the Third Republic as war > began 1914. •French offensive in Lorraine is fails in the Battle of > the Frontiers Aug. 14-25, and Joffre retreats to the Marne, but Ger. > right is weakened to strengthen Lorraine > > 6. Britain > > > •on Aug. 4, Brit. followed its Triple Entente with France and Russia > (formed 1907 by Edward Grey) and declared war on Germany, and after > Ger. decd war on Belgium. •George V (ruled 1910-36) struggled to work > with the Liberal majority of David Lloyd George but faced growing > turmoil of labor strikes, opposition to Irish home rule. •Gen John > French defeated at Battle of Mons Aug. 23 and joins French in retreat > to the Marne. Gen. Joffre is able to stop Ger. Sep. 5-12 in the > "miracle of the Marne" > > 7. Japan > > > •on Aug. 23, Japan declared war on Ger. and occupied Shantung > > > > > B. Why U.S. entry? > > 1. Americans unneutral in "thought & deed" (Aug. 19 speech) > > > •hyphenates = relief committees, 1914 Czech lobby of Edward Benes, > Thomas Masaryk •pro-British = propaganda, blockade, no Declaration of > London, loans •"merchants of death" = Remington, DuPont, Hog Island > •Dacia case - Grey opp'd McAdoo plan to buy German ships > > > 2. U-boat > > > •Sep. 5, 1914 - Brit cruiser Pathfinder first to be sunk by Ger. > submarine - the U-boat fleet grows from 21 in 1914 to 127 in 1917, but > only 1/3 at sea at any one time. •Feb. 4, 1915 - Ger. proclaims "war > Zone" around Brit. - also begin Zeppelin attacks on London by air. > •Feb. 10 - Wilson protest - declares Ger would be held to "strict > accountability" but ambiguous on passenger ships. Protest also made to > Brit - no use of U.S. flag allowed. •Mar. 28 - Brit steamship Falaba > sunk - 104 dead include 1 American, Leon Thrasher •May 7 - Lusitania > sunk sith one torpedo from Ger. Capt. Walter Schwieger's U-20; 1198 > dead, including 128 Americans. •Lusitania notes - 1st on May 13 - > demand right to travel, disavowal, reparations - Ger. reply strong - > carried munitions - was "just self-defense" - however, on June 6 Ger. > order to U-boats to spare passengers; 2nd on June 9 - strong - > demanded "specific pledge" - WJB resigns; 3rd on July 21 - ultimatum - > any more sinkings would be "deliberately unfriendly" •Arabic Aug. 19 - > 2 Amer killed - Bernsdorff pays indemnity and makes pledge (for 9 mos) > > > 3. domestic frustration > > > •Mexican revolution worsens in 1915 - Pershing expedition begins March > 1916 •intervention in Haiti July 1915 & Santo Domingo 1916 •spy expose > Aug 15, 1915 - Franz von Rintelen arrested in Atlanta - over von Papen > and Boy Ed - plotted with Huerta - Brit "Purchasing Comm" in NY - Wm > Wiseman of Kuhn-Loeb - gave info to Col. House - Eman. Voska & > Bohemian Alliance - worked for Brit SIS - McAdoo tapped tel of Ger & > AH ministers - Brit Rm 40 made decrypts - Ralph Van Deman "father of > Am. mil intelligence" - 1916 report - reestab MID •Peace Movement - > Am. Peace Society 1907 - Cosmopolitian Club at Univ of Wisconsin - > Nicholas Murray Butler pres of Columbia - J.B. Moore's 8 vol Digest of > International Law - Carnegie Endow for Internat. Peace - Edwin Ginn > World Peace Foundation - Henry Ford Peace ship to conference of > Neutrals in Ep Dec. 1915 with Rosa Schwimmer- Jeanette Rankin 1st > woman elected to House - Montana (1880-1973) •Preparedness campaign - > both WW and HC Lodge claimed it was their idea - due to Lusitania, > growing domestic pressures, esp Repub Party - WW speech Nov. 4, 1915 - > expand Navy, Army - new volunteer reserve "Continental Army" - opp'd > by 50 Dem in Congress, esp S & W, led by House Majority Leader Claude > Kitchin - WW national speaking tour Jan and Feb 1916, but Congress > deadlocked •Feb. 8, 1916 - Ger to sink all armed merchant ships > (Sussex Mr 24 mistake) •March 7 - McLemore-Gore defeated - would have > prohibited all passBriters on belligerent ships •March 9 - Columbus > raid •March 23 - House approves compromise bill - National Guard to be > under feds (reversed 140 yrs of state militia) and volunteer summer > training camps created (Plattsburg) •paid by Revenue Act of 1916 - > taxes on the rich and on munition makers, new fed estate tax > > > 4. mediation > > > •House-Grey memo Feb. 22, 1916 - 2nd House trip to Ep. - Wilson to > summon peace conference if requested by Brit, Fr - if Ger refused, > U.S. to war - but Grey refused to set date for conference, Wilson > added "probably" - rejected Mr. 8 •McLemore-Gore is defeated that > would have prohibited all passengers on belligerent ships - a Wilosn > victory •Sussex incident Mr. 24 - Wilson wanted to be decisive, to > assure Brit, Fr that he was determined to get peace - need to allow > Ger alternative to war - ff cruiser rules •Wilson opp'd to both Ger > and Allies - both still seeking military victory in 1916 - Battle of > Jutland May 31-June is a tactical victory of Ger. Admiral Reinhard > Scheer whose 99 ships sank 117,025 tons of Brit Adm. John Jellicoe's > 149 ships that sank only 61,180 tons. But the battle was a Brit. > strategic victory keeping the Ger. navy bottled up, tightening the > blockade, causing 750,000 Germans to starve to death, and leaving the > U-boat as Germany's only alternative. •May 27 speech - Wilson > advocates U.S. join postwar League - goal of collective security w/ > guarantees •1916 - Wilson wins Dem Party nomination because "he kept > us out of war"- gets strong League plank in party platform, but is > attacked as pro-British - Chas "Evasive" Hughes nominated by Repub > Party seeking Ger-Amer votes, but Hughes said he would be tougher on > Mexico, Ger •Nov. election - close - Hughes (46%, 254, won east) vs > Wilson (49%, 277, won south and west) - no mandate for peace or war > but Wilson continued diplomacy to end the war. •Dec. 18 note to Ger > offering peace, but was refused - Wilson rejected by both Allies, Ger > •late 1916 - new young Emperor Karl of AH supported by Wilson - but > press campaign of Alice Masaryk, d. of Thos, released 1916 from AH > prison •Jan 22, 1917, speech "Peace Without Victory" meant for Ger, > but was rejected > > > 5. unrestricted sub warfare Feb. 1, 1917 > > > •decline of Bethman-Hollweg, rise of military - violated Sussex pledge > •Feb. 3 - U.S. breaks diplomatic relations - endorsed by Senate Feb. 7 > - Wilson policy of patience replaced by decisive action •Feb. 25 - > Brit Laconia liner sunk - 3 Am. killed •Feb. 26 - WW asks Congress to > arm merchant ships - passed by House but not Senate - Wilson goes > ahead March 12 by executive order > > > 6. Zimmermann telegram Mar. 1 > > > •pub'd by State Dept, based on decryption by Brit of Ger. Foreign Secy > note to Eckhardt in Mexico of Jan 16 •Mar. 12 - sinking of unarmed > U.S. ship Algonquin, then March 16 City of Memphis, Illinois, > Vigilancia > > > 7. Democracy > > > •April 2 - Wilson delivers war message to Congress > •April 4 - passed by Senate 82-6 > •April 6 - passed by House 373-50 and signed by Wilson > •The Great War - Episode 6 - "Collapse" - "the U.S. was going to war > to establish a new world order, to establish the principles of > democracy." > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > -- > > > Resources: > > > > •U-boat War in WWI from Uboat.net •U-Boat war 1914-1918 •The Great War > PBS series •World War I: Trenches on the Web > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > -- revised 2/10/99 | next outline for 1917-1919 | Versailles Treaty | > Class Page A<>E<>R ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The only real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes but in having new eyes. -Marcel Proust + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A merely fallen enemy may rise again, but the reconciled one is truly vanquished. -Johann Christoph Schiller, German Writer (1759-1805) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + It is preoccupation with possessions, more than anything else, that prevents us from living freely and nobly. -Bertrand Russell + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + "Everyone has the right...to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers." 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