-Caveat Lector- from: http://www.umsl.edu/~rkeel/200/learnin.html <A HREF="http://www.umsl.edu/~rkeel/200/learnin.html">Social Learning Theories</A> ----- Embeds at site Om K ----- Social Learning Theories (these ideas are drawn from Goode: 1994, 1997; and Pfohl, Images of Deviance and Social Control, 1985) Gabriel Tarde (19th Century): Laws of Imitation •Law of Insertion •Law of Close Association •Law of Superior by Inferior Edwin Sutherland (1939): Differential Association •Behavior is Behavior •Behavior is Learned •Behavior is learned in face-to-face interaction with others. •Learning depends on: 1.priority 2.intensity 3.duration •Learning involves: 1.techniques 2.motives 3.attitudes 4.definitions •The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anticriminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning. •While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values, since non criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values. As one learns a preponderance of definitions favorable to deviance (Norm violation), one will be more likely to engage in deviance. Modifications to Differential Association Daniel Glaser: Differential Identification •Not all learning is face-to-face •Modern technology and communication Ronald Akers: Differential Reinforcement •Learning involves the application of rewards and punishments. •We tend to associate with groups or individuals who reward our behavior. •Individuals engage in behavior, receive rewards and then repeat behavior. •We learn to define those behaviors which are rewarded as positive. Gresham Sykes and David Matza: Drift •Deviance and conformity are not two separate worlds. •Individuals are neither purely deviant or purely conformist. •We drift in and out of deviance, each successive drift may not take us very far, but we are drifting deeper into deviant worlds. •Throughout the process we encounter "forks in the road, decision points, and varieties of deviant groups/subcultures. Conformity=> Drift=>Transition (normalization)=> Professionalization=> Deviance (transformed identity, subcultural association, and new normative structure) Necessary element (cognitive technique) which allows us to drift back and forth, engage in deviance, and yet maintain a consistent (positive) self-image: Techniques of Neutralization •Denial of Responsibility (accident) •Denial of Injury (nobody was really hurt) •Denial of Victim (they deserved it) •Condemn the Condemners (you accuse me?) •Appeal to Higher Loyalties (gang, God, etc.) Howard Becker: "Becoming a Marijuana Smoker" •How vs. Why? •Learning=> Socialization=> Subculture=> Identity •Focus on the social processes through which one "becomes" a deviant (and that's OK). Motive for behavior evolves through participation in the behavior in the company of others. •Learn the technique of using the drug •Learn to identify the effect of the drug •Learn to identify the effect as pleasurable •Learn to "handle" the drug •Learn to acquire the drug •Learn to neutralize the impact of social control Deviance, Order, and Definitions URL: http://www.umsl.edu/~rkeel/200/learnin.html Owner: Robert O. Keel [EMAIL PROTECTED] References and Credits for this Page of Notes Last Updated: Wednesday, July 14, 1999 ----- Aloha, He'Ping, Om, Shalom, Salaam. Em Hotep, Peace Be, Omnia Bona Bonis, All My Relations. Adieu, Adios, Aloha. Amen. Roads End Kris DECLARATION & DISCLAIMER ========== CTRL is a discussion and informational exchange list. Proselyzting propagandic screeds are not allowed. Substance—not soapboxing! These are sordid matters and 'conspiracy theory', with its many half-truths, misdirections and outright frauds is used politically by different groups with major and minor effects spread throughout the spectrum of time and thought. That being said, CTRL gives no endorsement to the validity of posts, and always suggests to readers; be wary of what you read. CTRL gives no credeence to Holocaust denial and nazi's need not apply. Let us please be civil and as always, Caveat Lector. ======================================================================== Archives Available at: http://home.ease.lsoft.com/archives/CTRL.html http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/ ======================================================================== To subscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SUBSCRIBE CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] To UNsubscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email: SIGNOFF CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED] Om
