-Caveat Lector-
http://www.sunday-times.co.uk/news/pages/Sunday-Times/stifgnusa02003.
html?999
Aborigines were the first Americans
By Sarah Toyne
Sunday Times (London)
8-22-99
THE first people to inhabit America were Australian Aborigines -
not American Indians. New archeological findings have uncovered
evidence that they crossed the Pacific Ocean by boat and settled on
the continent long before Siberians trekked across the Bering
Straits after the Ice Age.
Scientists have reconstructed the skull of a young girl found in
Brazil. At 12,000 years old, "Luzia" is the oldest human skeleton
yet found on the American landmass. During the past four years 50
other skulls have been discovered in Brazil and Colombia, all
predating the invasion of Mongoloid peoples from the north about
9,000 years ago.
Luzia's skull was discovered in the early 1970s by a French
archeologist in a layer of sediment in Amazonas and was dismissed
as insignificant. It was given away to the National Museum in Rio
de Janeiro, where it remained until a few years ago when Walter
Neves, professor of biological anthropology at the University of
Sao Paolo, heard about it and realised that it might provide vital
clues for solving the mystery of America's anthropological heritage.
The procedure has revealed conclusive evidence of Luzia's ancestry.
Neves is still shocked by his findings. "When we started seeing the
results, it was amazing because we realised the statistics were not
showing these people to be Mongoloid; they were showing that they
were anything except Mongoloid," he said.
Luzia was reconstructed by Richard Neave, a forensic artist from
the University of Manchester, for Ancient Voices, a BBC2
documentary to be shown next week. Neave's reconstruction backed up
Neves's calculations: "That to me is a negroid face. The
proportions of the face do not say anything about it being
Mongoloid."
Luzia's facial characteristics are similar to those of the people
of the islands of southeast Asia, Australia and Melanesia. "They
are similar to modern-day Aborigines and Africans and show no
similarities at all with Mongoloids from east Asia and modern-day
Indians," said Neves.
The oldest signs of habitation in north or south America were
previously believed to be stone spear points discovered at Clovis,
New Mexico, in the 1930s. They were dated at 11,000 years old.
Charcoal, a chipped stone stool and scraps of food found recently,
however, have been dated at 40,000 years old - the remains,
perhaps, of a campfire lit by ancient seafarers from Asia.
The theory that Aborigines could have travelled by water to the
Americas has been given further credence by the discovery of a
painting of an ocean- going vessel in Western Australia, which is
20,000 years old. The 4,000-mile journey between Australia and
South America can still be undertaken with relatively short island
hops.
Dennis Stanford, chairman of the anthropology department at the
Natural Museum of History in Washington DC, believes the capability
of prehistoric peoples has long been underestimated. "Way back then
they weren't really 'cave' people, they were pretty sophisticated,"
he said. "I think Neolithic people were doing a whole lot more than
we give them credit for; they were just as smart as you and I, they
just did different things."
Further evidence of the fate of the Aboriginal invaders has been
provided by computer- imaging technology, used to interpret cave
paintings in the Serra da Capivara in northeastern Brazil. The
pictures show pregnant women and hunters chasing giant armadillos,
as well as what were initially interpreted by archeologists as
human figures dancing. After more examination, however, the figures
are now thought to be warriors spinning through the air with a
spear - illustrating battles between the Aborigines and the
invading Mongoloids from the north.
The American Aborigines were almost entirely wiped out by the
encroaching Mongoloids, but anthropologists believe that some of
their descendants, interbred with the Mongoloid peoples who
preceded today's South American Indians, survived in Tierra del
Fuego. Scientists believe that Aboriginal descendants escaped to
this remote island off the southern tip of South America, where
they prospered until European settlers migrating to Argentina at
the beginning of the 20th century brought stomach illnesses to the
area, which wiped out the majority of the remaining native Fuegans.
Rows of white crosses mark the graves of the Fuegans, who wore
sealskins and lit fires everywhere - even in boats - to protect
themselves from the harsh climate. Their skulls have now been
analysed to reveal features common to Neves's skulls.
Evidence from Father de Agostini, an Italian ethnographer who
filmed the Fuegan way of life in the 1930s, reveal similarities
with Aboriginal culture in Australia. Only a few Fuegans remain
alive today, a fading anthropological link with the first native
Americans
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Archaeology and Anthropology in The Americas:
http://www.hist.unt.edu/09w-ar7k.htm
"In Plain Sight" - Old World Records in Ancient America:
http://www2.privatei.com/~bartjean/mainpage.htm
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