-Caveat Lector-
-------- Original Message --------
Subject: FWD: A CENTURY OF U.S. MILITARY INTERVENTIONS:
Date: Sat, 11 Dec 1999 14:15:51 +0200
A CENTURY OF U.S. MILITARY INTERVENTIONS:
>From Wounded Knee to Yugoslavia
Compiled by Zoltan Grossman
The following is a partial list of U.S. military interventions
from 1890 to 1999. This guide does NOT include demonstration duty
by military police, mobilizations of the National Guard, offshore
shows of naval strength, reinforcements of embassy personnel, the
use of non Defense Department personnel (such as the Drug
Enforcement Agency), military exercises, non combat mobilizations
(such as replacing postal strikers), the permanent stationing of
armed forces, covert actions where the U.S. did not play a command
and control role, the use of small hostage rescue units, most uses
of proxy troops, U.S. piloting of foreign warplanes, foreign
disaster assistance, military training and advisory programs
not involving direct combat, civic action programs, and many other
military activities.
Among sources used, besides news reports, are the Congressional
Record (23 June 1969), 180 Landings by the U.S. Marine Corps
History Division, Ege & Makhijani in Counterspy (July-Aug. 1982),
and Daniel Ellsberg in Protest & Survive. "Instances of Use of
United States Forces Abroad, 1798-1993" by Ellen C. Collier of
the Library of Congress Congressional Research Service.
SOUTH DAKOTA
1890 (-?)
Troops
300 Lakota Indians massacred at Wounded Knee.
ARGENTINA
1890
Troops
Buenos Aires interests protected.
CHILE
1891
Troops
Marines clash with nationalist rebels.
HAITI
1891
Troops
Black workers revolt on U.S.-claimed Navassa Island defeated.
IDAHO
1892
Troops
Army suppresses silver miners' strike.
HAWAII
1893 (-?)
Naval, troops
Independent kingdom overthrown, annexed.
CHICAGO
1894
Troops
Breaking of rail strike, 34 killed.
NICARAGUA
1894
Troops
Month-long occupation of Bluefields.
CHINA
1894-95
Naval, troops
Marines land in Sino-Japanese War.
KOREA
1894-96
Troops
Marines kept in Seoul during war.
PANAMA
1895
Troops, naval
Marines land in Colombian province.
NICARAGUA
1896
Troops
Marines land in port of Corinto.
CHINA
1898-1900
Troops
Boxer Rebellion fought by foreign armies.
PHILIPPINES
1898-1910(-?)
Naval, troops
Seized from Spain, killed 600,000 Filipinos.
CUBA
1898-1902(-?)
Naval, troops
Seized from Spain, still hold Navy base.
PUERTO RICO
1898(-?)
Naval, troops
Seized from Spain, occupation continues.
GUAM
1898(-?)
Naval, troops
Seized from Spain, still use as base.
MINNESOTA
1898(-?)
Troops
Army battles Chippewa at Leech Lake.
NICARAGUA
1898
Troops
Marines land at port of San Juan del Sur.
SAMOA
1899(-?)
Troops
Battle over succession to throne.
NICARAGUA
1899
Troops
Marines land at port of Bluefields.
IDAHO
1899-1901
Troops
Army occupies Coeur d'Alene mining region.
OKLAHOMA
1901
Troops
Army battles Creek Indian revolt.
PANAMA
1901-14
Naval, troops
Broke off from Colombia 1903, annexed Canal Zone 1914-99.
HONDURAS
1903
Troops
Marines intervene in revolution.
DOMINICAN REP.
1903-04
Troops
U.S. interests protected in Revolution.
KOREA
1904-05
Troops
Marines land in Russo-Japanese War.
CUBA
1906-09
Troops
Marines land in democratic election.
NICARAGUA
1907
Troops
"Dollar Diplomacy" protectorate set up.
HONDURAS
1907
Troops
Marines land during war with Nicaragua.
PANAMA
1908
Troops
Marines intervene in election contest.
NICARAGUA
1910
Troops
Marines land in Bluefields and Corinto.
HONDURAS
1911
Troops
U.S. interests protected in civil war.
CHINA
1911-41
Naval, troops
Continuous occupation with flare-ups.
CUBA
1912
Troops
U.S. interests protected in Havana.
PANAMA
19l2
Troops
Marines land during heated election.
HONDURAS
19l2
Troops
Marines protect U.S. economic interests.
NICARAGUA
1912-33
Troops, bombing
20-year occupation, fought guerrillas.
MEXICO
19l3
Naval
Americans evacuated during revolution.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
1914
Naval
ight with rebels over Santo Domingo.
COLORADO
1914
Troops
Breaking of miners' strike by Army.
MEXICO
1914-18
Naval, troops
Series of interventions against nationalists.
HAITI
1914-34
Troops, bombing
19-year occupation after revolts.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
1916-24
Troops
8-year Marine occupation.
CUBA
1917-33
Troops
Military occupation, economic protectorate.
WORLD WAR I
19l7-18
Naval, troops
Ships sunk, fought Germany
RUSSIA
1918-22
Naval, troops
Five landings to fight Bolsheviks.
PANAMA
1918-20
Troops
"Police duty" during unrest after elections.
YUGOSLAVIA
1919
Troops
Marines intervene for Italy against Serbs in Dalmatia.
HONDURAS
1919
Troops
Marines land during election campaign.
GUATEMALA
1920
Troops
2-week intervention against unionists.
WEST VIRGINIA
1920-21
Troops, bombing
Army intervenes against mineworkers.
TURKEY
1922
Troops
Fought nationalists in Smyrna (Izmir).
CHINA
1922-27
Naval, troops
Deployment during nationalist revolt.
HONDURAS
1924-25
Troops
Landed twice during election strife.
PANAMA
1925
Troops
Marines suppress general strike.
CHINA
1927-34
Troops
Marines stationed throughout the country.
EL SALVADOR
1932
Naval
Warships sent during Faribundo Marti revolt.
WASHINGTON DC
1932
Troops
Army stops WWI vet bonus protest.
WORLD WAR II
1941-45
Naval,troops, bombing, nuclear
Fought Axis for 3 years; 1st nuclear war.
DETROIT
1943
Troops
Army puts down Black rebellion.
IRAN
1946
Nuclear threat
Soviet troops told to leave north (Iranian Azerbaijan).
YUGOSLAVIA
1946
Naval
Response to shooting-down of U.S. plane.
URUGUAY
1947
Nuclear threat
Bombers deployed as show of strength.
GREECE
1947-49
Command operation
U.S. directs extreme-right in civil war.
CHINA
1948-49
Troops
Marines evacuate Americans before Communist victory.
GERMANY
1948
Nuclear threat
Atomic-capable bombers guard Berlin Airlift.
PHILIPPINES
1948-54
Command operation
CIA directs war against Huk Rebellion.
PUERTO RICO
1950
Command operation
Independence rebellion crushed in Ponce.
KOREA
1951-53(-?)
Troops, naval, bombing, nuclear threats
U.S.& South Korea fight China & North Korea to stalemate;
A-bomb threat in 1950, & vs. China in 1953. Still have bases.
IRAN
1953
Command operation
CIA overthrows democracy, installs Shah.
VIETNAM
1954
Nuclear threat
Bombs offered to French to use against siege.
GUATEMALA
1954
Command operation, bombing, nuclear threat
CIA directs exile invasion after new gov't nationalizes U.S.
company lands; bombers based in Nicaragua.
EGYPT
1956
Nuclear threat, troops
Soviets told to keep out of Suez crisis; MArines evacuate foreigners
LEBANON
1958
Troops, naval
Marine occupation against rebels.
IRAQ
1958
Nuclear threat
Iraq warned against invading Kuwait.
CHINA
1958
Nuclear threat
China told not to move on Taiwan isles.
PANAMA
1958
Troops
Flag protests erupt into confrontation.
VIETNAM
1960-75
Troops, naval, bombing, nuclear threats
Fought South Vietnam revolt & North Vietnam; 1-2
million killed in longest U.S. war;
atomic
bomb threats in 1968
and 1969.
CUBA
1961
Command operation
CIA-directed exile invasion fails.
GERMANY
1961
Nuclear threat
Alert during Berlin Wall crisis.
CUBA
1962
Nuclear threat
Naval Blockade during missile crisis; near-war with USSR.
LAOS
1962
Command operation
Military buildup during guerrilla war.
PANAMA
1964
Troops
Panamanians shot for urging canal's return.
INDONESIA
1965
Command operation
Million killed in CIA-assisted army coup.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
1965-66
Troops, bombing
Marines land during election campaign.
GUATEMALA
1966-67
Command operation
Green Berets intervene against rebels.
DETROIT
1967
Troops
Army battles Blacks, 43 killed.
UNITED STATES
1968
Troops
After King is shot; over 21,000 soldiers in cities.
CAMBODIA
1969-75
Bombing, troops, naval
Up to 2 million killed in decade of bombing, starvation, and
political chaos.
OMAN
1970
Command operation
U.S. directs Iranian marine invasion.
LAOS
1971-73
Command operation, bombing
U.S. directs South Vietnamese invasion; "carpet-bombs" countryside.
SOUTH DAKOTA
1973
Command operation
Army directs Wounded Knee siege of Lakotas.
MIDEAST
1973
Nuclear threat
World-wide alert during Mideast War.
CHILE
1973
Command operation
CIA-backed coup ousts elected marxist president.
CAMBODIA
1975
Troops, bombing
Gas captured ship, 28 die in copter crash.
ANGOLA
1976-92
Command operation
CIA assists South African-backed rebels.
IRAN
1980
Troops, nuclear threat, aborted bombing
Raid to rescue Embassy hostages; 8 troops die in copter-plane
crash. Soviets warned not to get involved in revolution.
LIBYA
1981
Naval jets
Two Libyan jets shot down in maneuvers.
EL SALVADOR
1981-92
Command operation, troops
Advisors, overflights aid anti-rebel war, soldiers briefly
involved in hostage clash.
NICARAGUA
1981-90
Command operation, naval
CIA directs exile (Contra) invasions, plants harbor mines
against revolution.
LEBANON
1982-84
Naval, bombing, troops
Marines expel PLO and back Phalangists, Navy bombs and shells
Muslim and Syrian positions.
HONDURAS
1983-89
Troops
Maneuvers help build bases near borders.
GRENADA
1983-84
Troops, bombing
Invasion four years after revolution.
IRAN
1984
Jets
Two Iranian jets shot down over Persian Gulf.
LIBYA
1986
Bombing, naval
Air strikes to topple nationalist gov't.
BOLIVIA
1986
Troops
Army assists raids on cocaine region.
IRAN
1987-88
Naval, bombing
US intervenes on side of Iraq in war.
LIBYA
1989
Naval jets
Two Libyan jets shot down.
VIRGIN ISLANDS
1989
Troops
St. Croix Black unrest after storm.
PHILIPPINES
1989
Jets
Air cover provided for government against coup.
PANAMA
1989-90
Troops, bombing
Nationalist government ousted by 27,000 soldiers, leaders
arrested, 2000+ killed.
LIBERIA
1990
Troops
Foreigners evacuated during civil war.
SAUDI ARABIA
1990-91
Troops, jets
Iraq countered after invading Kuwait; 540,000 troops also
stationed in Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE, Israel.
IRAQ
1990-?
Bombing, troops, naval
Blockade of Iraqi and Jordanian ports, air strikes; 200,000+
killed in invasion of Iraq and Kuwait; no-fly zone over Kurdish
north, Shiite south, large-scale destruction of Iraqi military.
KUWAIT
1991
Naval, bombing, troops
Kuwait royal family returned to throne.
LOS ANGELES
1992
Troops
Army, Marines deployed against anti-police uprising.
SOMALIA
1992-94
Troops, naval, bombing
U.S.-led United Nations occupation during civil war; raids
against one Mogadishu faction.
YUGOSLAVIA
1992-94
Naval
Nato blockade of Serbia and Montenegro.
BOSNIA
1993-95
Jets, bombing
No-fly zone
[End original report.]
[Addendum by Joshua2]
YUGOSLAVIA
1999-
Kosovo
US Air Force ( under NATO )
Destruction of Yugoslav infrastructure and economy.
THE NEXT WAR
1999-20**
Columbia, Panama, Venezuela
(Drugs, Canal, Oil)
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