http://www.calweb.com/~welsh/book.htm "Doctors and medical scientists soon will be able to watch the human brain "thinking". With the aid of a device no bigger than a pinhead, they will be able to see exactly where and how electrical signals are traveling around the brain. ..."We are aiming to build up an image of where the current is flowing,"says Dr. Steven Swithenby, director of the Biomagnetism group at Open University... ...Squid is the acronym for superconducting quantum interference device, and it measures magnetic flux or field extremely accurately at ultra-low levels, such as the level reached when a group of neurons in the brain is triggered. The device is made of a ring of superconducting material, usually niobium metal, a few millimetres wide, with a slice of insulator, a few atoms thick, sanwiched into the loop. when an electric current is applied to this superconductor, the flowing current generates a magnetic field around the wire loop. Inside the superconducting loop this magnetic field is extremely sensitive to any changes in magnetism. If a change in magnetic field is detected, the current flow in the Squid changes to re-adjust the field strength to counter the external force. ... But there is still the problem of interpreting the information. "We can look at what is going on in the head, but it takes a lot of mathematics to unscramble the whole mess so that we can make a sensible image," Dr. Swithenby says. ...The magnetic field generated by the brain in response to an external stimulus, and measured by the Squid, is about 100 millions times weaker than the Earth's magnetic field, and a million times weaker than the magnetic fields around overhead power cables. ...A less expensive and more practical approach, used at the Open University, is to couple the Squid to another device known as a gradiometer. In effect the gradiometer is a matched pair of (non-superconducting) magnetometers placed between the Squid and the patient's head. One of the pair measures the external magnetic field outside the brain, the other measured the total field, including the contribution from the brain, and the difference between the two is measured by the Squid....The so-called high -temperature superconductors-metal oxides that can work at temperatures of up to 100 degrees above absolute zero- are the next stage in the development of workable machines. ..."In three or four years' time, who knows what Squids will be made of?" Squids are not new: they were first postulated by the theoretical physicist Anthony Leggett at the University of Illinois in the early Eighties." Author's note. These articles give examples of how thoughts could be detected remotely. It is not impossible, especially with the will to develop this technology before the Soviets do, for example. Hanley, John M.D.(1985,June17).Aviation Week.Pg. 156. "...It has never been necessary to stick something into pilots, or anybody else for the purpose of obtaining brainwave signals. It was pointed out 50 years ago by B.H.C. Matthews that non-invasive scalp electrodes provide the necessary sensing, and that is the method most in use around the world today. As for sticking something onto pilots, the evolution of sensors has a branch of non-adhesive, contact electrodes, highly stable examples of which were developed in our Space Biology Laboratory almost 20 years ago under NASA contracts, and put to practical use in a variety of environments, both space and terrestrial. The continued evolution of the electrode has inevitably traversed the path from nonadhesive and contact to remote, non-contact sensing. Fourteen years ago, Adey and Silver, of the University of California at Los Angeles and Aerospace Corp., respectively, at that time, proposed cryomagnetic sensing of the EEG. Magnetoencephalograms were obtained by Cohen of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology one year later. Moreover, sophisticated machine recognition of EEG correlates of states of awareness from the subleties of pilot reclination to sleep in the space environment have been achieved within the last two decades. Clearly, dogmatic assertions that present technology has remained at the stick-on or -in electrode and gross delta wave era belong with scriptural championing of slingshots as state-of-the-art weaponry. No author. (1989, July 5). Magnetic Fields of the Brain. PR Newswire.Lexis-Nexis. "The human brain is alive with pulsating magnetic fields. ...The brain's nerve cells, called neurons, are triggered by small electrical currents. This has been known for decades and doctors routinely record the intensity and patterns of these electrical brain waves. ...Today, highly sensitive detectors can spot even these faint magnetic fields and [physicist Samuel] Williamson a member of the American Physical Society, and his colleagues are busy mapping the brain's magnetic activity. Every brain function, from imagining a pay raise to lifting a forefinger, uses the neurons of a specific location. Detecting magnetic fields can pinpoint these geographical areas. In one instance, Williamson discovered which part of the brain generated a magnetic field when a subject moved a forefinger. Moving the thumb produced fields from a slightly different spot. "Our sensory and motor systems are tied to highly specific brain areas," says Williamson. "in one experiment we passed a brushover the tip-center and base of a person's finger. We found that this produced magnetic fields from three distinct areas of the brain." Magnetic research of the brain is of great interest to surgeons, doctors, and psychologists. With this tool specific brain locations are being linked to specific body activities. In the area of psychology, monitoring the brain's magnetic activity is helping determine the nature of imagination and thought processes. ...this feature is from the American Institute of Physics' Science Report." No author.(1996,Oct.8).Pictoral Proof of Brain Damage Caused by Cocaine and Alcohol Seen in New Quantitative EEG Studies:BEAM Study Provides New Light on Brain Disorders. PR Newswire. "Measurements of "brain waves" using state-of -the-art quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) -- or brain electrical activity mapping (BEAM) demonstrate that both cocaine and alcohol abuse/dependence significantly worsen such pre-existing brain abnormalities as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depression, mental distress, anxiety disorder, and paranoid schizophrenia, according to medical research by Eric R. Braverman, MD. and Kenneth Blum, Ph.D. both affiliated with the PATH Foundation, a not-for-profit scientific foundation of Princeton, New Jersey. ...since they[QEEG and BEAM] are relatively easily, quick and potentially inexpensive to administer...Unlike other brain imaging techniques, it can be administered in a doctor's office. ...Other work by Drs. Braverman and Blum, as well as by other researchers, suggests that a mentally ill population--including teens and adults--have strongly disturbed brain waves even prior to their substance abuse. This study again documents that the mentally ill population have brain electrical and chemical imbalances. ...BEAM is a brain stress test using light, sound, cognition, and electrical stimulation to generate dramatic pictures of total brain health.. Contents High-temperature Superconductors (HTSC) contains the theory and basis for the technology used for remotely detecting brainwaves from a distance. Currently the military is developing it for remote sensing. While this may not be the classified mind reading technology used today, the point is to see that the level of technology is possible and the scientific theory behind mind reading can be figured out, even if it is classified. Please note that the Jonathan Tennenbaum article mentions HTSC and it's use for mind control weapons. Here is a list of articles on HTSC with brief comments. Hewish, Mark.(1992,June 1). High-temperature Superconductors. International Defense Review. Vol.25. No.6; Pg. 624. "The United States government Office Of Technology Assessment believes that electronic components using high-temperature superconductors(HTSCs) will be available by the mid-1990s. ...DARPA(the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) has awarded several contracts for work on HTSCs. E-Systems'Melpar Division leads a team--including several universities and specialist companies such as Superconductor Technologies and Conductus--that has a $9.7 million contract from the agency to demonstrate a feasible approach to defense applications of HTSCs by 1994. ...HTSCs first made their appearance in 1986, when two researchers at the IBM laboratories in Zurich--who won a Nobel prize for their work...Radio-frequency energy encounters some resistance even in a superconductor, but this is negligible at frequencies below 1 GHz. ...Most radars of military interest operate at frequencies below 120GHz... ...Superconductors additionally exhibit the Meissner effect. A magnetic field will not penetrate a superconductor cooled to below its transition temperature. This effect is exploited in electromagnetic rail guns, and superconductors are also almost perfect materials for magnetic and electromagnetic shielding. SQUIDs(superconducting quantum interference devices) have military applications in magnetometers used to detect submarines and mines. SQUIDs can detect the most tenuous magnetic fields, even those generated by brain cells. They exploit the properties of a Josephson junction, which is constructed from two superconductors separated by a non-superconducting layer. Lockheed has built an HTSC SQUID... ...The phenomenon of superconductivity was discovered in 1911, but the first high-temperature superconductors(HTSCs) did not become available until 75 years later. Rose, Stephen.(1994, Dec.1). Off Line: The Life of Brain. Guardian(London). Pg.14. "...Helsinki is the site for Europe's most powerful neuromagnetic measuring system. ...In 1929, the Swiss amateur physiologist Hans Berger taped a set of recoding electrodes to a person's scalp and found he could record continuous bursts of electricity pulsing through the brain. ...As every O-level student knows, where there is an electric current, there is a magnetic field at right angles to it. So too in the brain - except that because the currents are tiny, so are the magnetic fields, around one millionth billionth of a Tesla. ...Then you can measure the oscillating millisecond fluxes of the brain in real time. Furthermore, unlike the EEG, granted enough mathematical sophistication and computing power, you get a good idea of the location of the electromagnetic source in the brain. In Helsinki the neuromag is linked to an online recording system that enables an experimenter sitting outside the sealed room to scan the records of the 122 channels arrayed across the inmate's head, I was strongly reminded of that ancient philosopher's dream, a 'cerebroscope' that would enable a person to observe their own thoughts. Magnetoencephalography is the nearest neuroscience has yet got to such an instrument...." Editor's note. The above article in bold describes as briefly as can be done, the probable scientific basis for reading thoughts remotely. It is scientifically possible. The major details almost certainly are classified. No author.(1990, Sept.17).Professor Guy Deutshcer Joins Xsirius Superconductivity Inc.PR Newswire. Lexis-Nexis. "Xsirius Superconductivity Inc. ...,a Scottsdale firm engaged in commercializing high-temperature superconductors, announced recently that Dr. Guy Deutscher has agreed to serve as a key consultant for the company in its international effort to bring high-temperature superconductors to the marketplace. Deuthscher is one of the key innovators of the important superconducting device--the "SQUID" or Superconducting Quantum Interference Device" and holds a patent for this device. SQUIDS are used to detect extremely weak magnetic fields and are potentially useful in such applications as submarine detection and in measuring subtle electromagnetic signals from the brain. Deutscher has been professor of physics at Tel Aviv University since 1973. ..and has since established a reputation as a world-renowned authority in the field of superconductivity." Editor's note; The following article states that remote sensing technology can be fixed in satellites. It is not impossible to develop a method for remotely reading brainwaves. The level of technology is here today. No author.(1990,July12).Federal Germany Develops Superconductive Antenna For Space and Medical Use. Xinhua General Overseas News Service. Lexis-Nexis. "...has successfully developed a superconductive antenna for space and medical use. The antenna, made of high-temperature superconductor, can be fixed in satellites to receive the electromagnetic wave emitted by earth so that researcher can exactly determine the humidity in soil and the content of water vapour. The antenna can also be installed in medial instruments to help doctors determine the faint signals from brain and heart." Brown, Malcolm.(1989,June6).Hopes for Superconductivity Begin to Fade.New York Times.Section C.P. 1. "...[American Superconductor Corp.]The company was founded two years ago in collaboration with scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to create high-temperature superconducting wire. ...Conductus Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif., which draws expertise from scientists at Stanford University and the University of California at Berkeley..." Editor's note. The above article also shows how universities, the military and private business are working closely on military technology. No author.(1997,June16).Superconductive Magnetic Shield: Hitachi Group. Comline Daily News Electronics. Lexis Nexis. "Japan Science Foundation(JSF) has certified that Hitachi Chemical Co. and Hitachi Cable,Ltd. have successfully developed "manufacturing technology for bismuth-lineage superconductive magnetic shields." JSF, which consigned the project to the two companies, claims the shields are much smaller and consume considerably less energy than existing types. One superconductive shield, developed by Hitachi chemical, will be used for measuring weak biological magnetic fields.... ...According to JSF sources, the former shield can dampen external magnetism by more than five digits and the later to a level close to that of geomagnetism. Editors note. The scientists are stating that the technology is possible and many other articles below indicate the interest and level of technology today. Mind Control technology is a growing area of research and victims claims of remote reading of thoughts is possible, especially since this book only lists unclassified sources. Contents Military and Government Research Here is a list of articles on what the military and government are researching and how they are developing this technology. There is research into detecting and using every body signal including brainwaves, for example for pilots to fly using their thoughts and for soldiers and remote battlefield medicine. Victims claims are not farfetched. It becomes clear that the technology can be tied to victim's allegations. Marsh, Alton K.(1979, Jan.29). USAF Studies Arming Weapons Vocally. Aviation Week. Pg. 239. "...Thus far the research has resulted in the ability to predict the perception and recognition of letters. ...The area of evoked brain response development and applications holds promise as a method of automatically compensating for pilot fatigue. It can also assure the pilot will not make errors during the flight, by taking the pilot's brain waves through unobtrusive sponge sensors in the flight helmet. Evoked response refers to "driving" the brain, forcing it to emit brain waves at regular intervals, either through use of light flashes in the eyes or laboratory-generated clicks in the ears. It is research that has come into its own only in the last two years. By measuring the amplitude of the brain waves generated, fatigue of the pilot can be recognized. By increasing the brightness of the instrumental panel lights, the amplitude of the brain waves can be returned to their normal height, thus compensating for fatigue. To get the "evoked response" from the pilot's brain, the instrument panel lights could be made to flash so fast that the pilot would not be aware of the flashes. Researchers think the brain can "register" up to 145 flickers per second, Lt. Col Robert D. O'Donnell, an experimental psychologist, said. It also could be used to prevent errors, since scientists have discovered that responses occurring after the wave could be "locked out" electronically, preventing a pilot from making an error, O'Donnell said. ...The follow-on system aims a small amount of near-infrared light into the subject's eye, causing a spot of light to be reflected off the cornea. The spot is picked up by a remote oculometer and fed to a computer, which calculates the angle between the center of the eye pupil and the spot. ...Later, after the remote oculometer has been combined with more advanced simulation capabilities, work will be directed toward a helmet-mounted oculometer to track eye movement. Uhlig, Robert.(1997?). The End of Death: "Soul Catcher" Computer Chip Due.Electronic Telegraph(England)(From CNI News). "A computer chip implanted behind the eye that could record a person's every lifetime thought and sensation is to be developed by British scientists. ..Dr. Chris Winter, of British Telecom's(BT) artificial life team. Dr. Winter's team of eight scientists at BT's Martlesham Heath Laboratories near Ipswich calls the chip the 'Soul Catcher.'BT's official futurologist, has measured the flow of impulses from the optical nerve and nerves in the skin, tongue, ear, and nose...."For example, police would be able to use it to relive an attack, rape, or murder from the victim's viewpoint to help catch the criminal." Editor's note. Delores Hejazi claimed to have experienced this. See CAHRA website under Intelligence tools. No author.(1985,Sept.)Advanced Technology Report.Defense & Foreign Affairs.Pg.35. "...In California, it is rumored, a University-sponsored experiment has found that brain waves emitted by patient volunteers in a mental hospital have successfully controlled the switching of electric trains, making them go and stop at will. ...Sources said it even has a name by which it is known around DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency): a "psychotronics." Gourley, Scott et al.(1995, August1).Saving Lives While Saving Money: Military Medicine Moves From MASH to Start Trek. International Defense Review.Vol.28.No.8.Pg.45. "...The US Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest Laboratory(PNL), in collaboration with the Madigan Army Medical Center, is developing an Advanced Imaging System(AIMS) that uses ultrasound to locate and monitor internal injuries. ...Over the next three years, PNL and Madigan will develop a portable field prototype consisting of an imaging array, with 1024 transducers, measuring 5x5cm; ...If initial work on AIMS is successful, it could be followed by two further phases. The first of these, lasting two years, would replace the earlier transducer array with a conformal gel blanket have an area of some 2500cm. a subset of the array, placed around a body cavity, would be sequentially scanned to generate a larger and more detailed image. ...a possible further phase, lasting three years, would involve developing an "imaging bed" with an area of 1000cm. This would contain an array of high-resolution ultrasonic transducers and perform additional functions, such as magnetic-resonance imaging, and ... ...PNL says that is may even be possible, by this stage, to monitor the patient's brain by using advanced electromagnetic sensors." Bucholtz,Chris.(1995, May3).Thought Control A Step Nearer.Flight International.Lexis-Nexis. "Scientist at the Aeronautical Systems Centre (ASC) at the US Air Force's Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, are studying the use of brain-actuated control techniques as a means of controlling aircraft. ...In the past, the problem with thought-control techniques has been discerning the faint electromagnetic brain signals which accompany voluntary thought from the flurry of "background noise" in the brain caused by everyday activity. In the ASC experiments, pilots in a simulator face two fluorescent lights, which pulse at 13.25 Hz. This causes nerve cells in the subject's visual cortex to fire at the same frequency. Electrodes on their heads detect the resulting brain-wave patterns, feeding them to an amplifier and a filter. The filter picks out the 13.25.Hz waves and measures their power. A bar scale displays a measurement of these waves, which allows the subjects to learn how to vary the intensity of their brain responses. On the simulator, heightened intensities cause it to bank to the right; depressed intensities cause it to bank to the left. ..."They say it's like learning to walk..." Project physicist John Schnurer adds..." Scott, William.(1994,Aug.15).No title.Aviation Week and Space Technology. "...For more than 30 years, the U.S. military services have been intrigued with the concept of linking human brains with computers or other hardware. A retired colonel confirmed that the Army conducted experiments in the 1960s aimed at controlling air defense missiles with brainwaves. More recent research attempted to improve the combat performance of U.S. special forces, which rely on critical timing and zero-margin teamwork. ...An industry scientist said that the Army's Research Institute worked on a variety of "neurotechnologies" in the mid-1980s, ostensibly abandoning the program--although there are indications to the contrary. Since these activities were classified, military officers will not comment on the success or failure of such programs. In any event, more than 2,000 "white world" technical papers and research reports describe aspects of neurophysiological work in the U.S., Europe and the former Soviet Union. Only recently, however, has there been a concerted effort to harness research results and convert them to concrete applications. ... M Barry Sterman...A 30 year veteran of neurophysiology research, Sterman is a professor at the University of California-Los Angeles School of Medicine...Sterman's focus is on "neuroregulation," a term that highlights the neurological response to cognitive demands {of B-2 pilots]... ..A pioneer in this effort is Advanced Neurotechnologies, Inc.(ANI) of Colorado Springs, Colo. Its founder, Richard Patton, combined a personal computer, sensors, commercial electronics, a Motorola 56000 digital signal processor and proprietary software routines to create what he calls the "BrainLink" system. Sensors attached to a headband--or adhered directly on the client's scalp--detect brainwaves that approximate a traditional electroencephalogram(EEG).Signals are amplified and converted from analog to a digital format, then fed to a Motorola digital signal processor. The DSP performs a high-resolution fast-Fourier transform, converting the time-domain brainwave signals to the frequency domain. ...teaches a client to control the display and tones, which correlate to desired brainwave patterns associated with specific mental states." No author.(1996,March 12).ARPA Battlefield Care Project to Shake Up Medicine. Armed Forces Newswire Service. "DOD's Advanced Research Projects Agency(ARPA) has quietly ignited the most radical series of technological changes to hit the practice of medicine since the invention of X-rays. ARPA's medical-technology stable includes an array of high-fidelity virtual-reality medical training and diagnostic simulators; satellite-aided tele-diagnostics for soldiers, now being used for Bosnia operations; tiny embedded diagnostic sensors; telerobots that let remote MASH surgeons operate on badly wounded soldiers; miniature intensive care units that automatically monitor soldiers; and infusively treat soldiers being helicoptered from front lines to MASH units; and high-speed networks that can automatically fuse data from giant databases around the world. The most crucial component of future combat care, said Richard Satava, ARPA's biomedicine program manager, is the personal status monitor(PSM), a continuously worn monitor that he would like to see woven into the soldier's clothing. The PSM would monitor a wide range of vital signs and also host external communication, GPS and other functions. Tied into the PSM might be clothing with "sensate liners," that would detect projectile exit wounds and infer the organs damaged by defining the pathway from entry to exit wounds. Today's edition of Technology Transfer Week reports Satava is particularly excited about a dime-sized PSM sensor, originally developed to fit on bumblebees for radio tracking, that is woven into clothes, and mounts a tiny radio and vital signs sensor. No author.(1995,June1)The Power of Thought.Daily Mail(London).Pg.40. "...special electrodes being developed by researchers at the Wadsworth Centre in Albany USA. They attached electrodes to the scalps of volunteers and asked them to move a cursor towards a target on a video screen by thought. Tiny electromagnetic brain signals were amplified by a computer deciding when and how to move the cursor. No author.(1995,Mar.25).Short Takes;American Topics.International Herald Tribune (France).Lexis-Nexis. "...The brain emits electrical signals of only a millionth of a volts or so. But studies financed by the National Institutes of Health show that these signals can be amplified enough so that by conscious effort, the subject can move a cursor on a computer screen. Stork, David G.(1996?).Hal's Legacy 2001's Computer as Dream and Reality.MIT Press. Pg.164. "Raymond Kurzwell. ...There are already precursors of such a project. For example, a few years ago Carver Mead's company, Synaptics, created an artificial retina chip that is, essentially, a silicon copy of the neural organization of the human retina and its visual-processing, as the human brain does." Smith, Cyril W. & Best, Simon.(1989). Electromagnetic Man. Pg. 236. "A team at York University's Physics Department, for example, has built and tested a 'Faraday magnetometer' under contract to GCHQ, to pick up very weak magnetic fields, possibly for use in remote eavesdropping(The times, 1988)." Contents ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- Chapter Five Here are a few articles which describe the Korean brainwashing of the 1950s. It clearly demonstrates the necessary political will to support a massive effort to control man before the Russians do, including projects to solve the mysteries of the brain for political and military purposes. The Korean brainwashing scare seems to be the event that triggered the race for the brain code. No author. (1977, Aug.2). Mind-Control Studies Had Origins in Trial.New York Times. In the summer of 1977, it may be difficult for Americans to comprehend the frame of mind of the men who nearly 30 years earlier started the Central Intelligence Agency's effort to manipulate human behavior. As some of the former high-ranking CIA men recall now, they had looked into the vacant eyes of Joseph Cardinal Mindszenty at his treason trial in Budapest in 1949 and had been horrified. They had been convinced that his confession had been wrung from him while he was either under the influence of some mysterious, mind-bending drug or that he was standing before the dock in a post-hypnotic trance. The sight touched off memories of earlier "show trials" in the Soviet Union. The CIA leaders were certain the Communists had embarked on a campaign to control men's minds and they were determined to find a defense, setting out in earnest the next year-1950-with Project Bluebird... Slesin, Louis.(19?)."Zapped? Radiation at Greenham Common Peace Camp" The Nation. Editorial Pg. 313. Louis Slesin editor of the publication Microwave News stated: "In The Search for the Manchurian Candidate, published in 1979, John Marks relates that in response to a Freedom of Information Act request, the CIA told him that it had a roomful of files on electromagnetic and related techniques to alter behavior and stimulate the brain. The agency refused to release the papers, and they remain classified." Subcommittee on Health and Scientific research of the Committee on Human Resources United States Senate, September 20 and 21, 1977. Gottlieb, Sidney, Md.. former CIA agent. Pg.169. "In the judgment of the CIA, there was tangible evidence that both the Soviets and the Red Chinese might be using techniques of altering human behavior which were not understood by the USA and which would have implications of national survival in the context of national survival in the context of national security concerns at that time. It was felt to be mandatory and of the utmost urgency for our intelligence organization to establish what was possible in this field on a high priority basis." Pg. 202. "Dr. Gottlieb. ...As I remember it, there was a current interest, running interest, all the time in what affects people's standing in the field of radio energy have, and it could easily have been that somewhere in many projects, someone was trying to see if you could hypnotize somebody easier if he was standing in a radio beam. ...I would remind you that the problem of radio waves and what it does to people is [an] extremely current interest in connection with events in an important embassy overseas now. There is great concern about that." Contents ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- Chapter Six The history of science, the military, corporations and government involvement from the 1940s up to today. Classified military research was used to fight the cold war. It can be seen how mind control technology could be developed out of the public eye and with the support of top officials. Teams of elite scientists were used to tackle military problems. The Cybernetics Group, Brain Research Institute, the Institute for Defense Analysis and their JASON Group and also their Golden Fleece Group are a few examples given below. Prominent scientists were given military funding generated by the race to surpass the Russians. By looking at the nature of the scientific military organizations which sponsor Manhattan Projects, the origins of mind control research can be found. This is the point of this lengthy but very interesting information. Atomic bomb research and mind control research do follow a similiar pattern. The same corporations, military offices, scientist's names and leading officials are repeatedly found in several different sources listed below. Radiation and mind control experiments occurred in the cold war era within the same bureaucracy. McDougall, Walter.(1985)The Heavens and the Earth. Basic Books. "...the AAF, however, turned to is new advisory body, the RAND Corporation, for an independent opinion on the prospect and value of an earth satellite. ...the USAF also assigned RAND the task of "continuing studies of the potential military utility of earth satellites-including work on the use of such devices for cold war politico-psychological advantage for communications and for purposes of observation." ...In March 1954 Eisenhower summoned the Office of Defense Mobilization's Science Advisory Committee and apprised its members of the growing danger faced by the United States....It was imperative that the best minds in the country attend to the technological problem of preventing another Pearl Harbor. The result was the Technological Capabilities Panel(TCP) Report, or "Killian report," ...Its authors included James F. Killian, later president of Bell Labs,...Edwin H. Land, inventor of the Polaroid camera ...and over forty scientists and engineers. Reporting to the NSC in a "full-dress" secret session, The Killian panel presented ... ...Eisenhower had commissioned another top-secret strategic review. Entrusted to H. Rowan Gaither, Jr., of the Ford Foundation, who fell ill, it was completed under Robert C. Sprague a veteran consultant from the Killian panel) and such luminaries as William C. Foster, John J. McCloy, Frank Stanton of CBS, and Jerome Wiesner. They reported ...a crash program on R & D for defensive systems, a national fallout shelter program costing upward of $25 billion,... ...Spy satellites proved successful beyond the most sanguine expectations of laymen(what Edwin Land and the technicians expected is unknown). ...During the same weeks the Kennedy transition team eagerly polled scientist, academic, and military and civilian strategists for their views on the shape of things to come ... ...By New Year's 1961,two U.S. spy satellite programs verged on brilliant success. Thanks to the energetic advocacy of Richard M. Bissell, Jr., of the CIA,... ...The International Telecommunications Convention of 1973, which possesses treaty status, regulated the use of comsats and radio frequencies. ...By 1963 the government supplied 88 percent of the entire Caltech budget, 66 percent of MIT's 59 and 56 percent of the University of Chicago's and Princeton's and a 25 percent chunk of Harvard's and Stanford's. Buderi, Robert.(1996). The Invention that Changed the World: How a Small Group of Radar Pioneers Won the Second World War and Launched a Technological Revolution.Simon and Schuster. Pg. 470. "...For starters, with some two thirds of national defense contract R&D dollars going to sixty-eight corporations, and an astonishing 40 percent to only ten companies,... ...Roosevelt died before [Vannevar]Bush completed the Document ...Science-The Endless Frontier on to Harry Truman. It was a land mark document that formed a focal point in a lengthy congressional debate over the best method for distributing federal research funds and ensuring the scientific, technical, and economic prosperity of the Nation. ...The stalemate continued until a compromise was reached in early 1950. ...Capitalizing on their five-year head start, the armed services, led by the Office of Naval Research, became the main supporters of academic research and NSF's strength was diluted further by the emergence of the Atomic Energy Commission and NASA as additional funding sources." Brown, Anthony Cave.(1982).Wild Bill Donovan. The Last Hero. Times Books. Pg. 802. "...In 1948 Donovan was to find out for himself how weak the CIA had become. That year the secretary of defense, James Forestal, invited him to serve on a small secret committee consisting of Dr. Vannevar Bush, Admiral Sidney Souers, and General Alfred M. Gruenther, to study the problems of defense against unconventional attack against the United states , including clandestine attack employing biological weapons, ..The subject was divided into seven subjects for investigation: ...4. Certain special applications of psychological warfare(i.e., thought control or special mode, as it was called). Becker, Robert O. & Selden, Gary.(). Body Electric. "The establishment's attitude toward EMR (Electromagnetic Radiation) health effects are based on the work of Herman Schwan. Schwan was a professor in Germany during most of the Nazi era, who was admitted to the U.S. in 1947 and accepted a job at the University of Pennsylvania doing most of his research for the DOD(Department of Defense)." Editor's note. Many scientists such as Dr. Schwan may have had a "need to know" security clearance. This is important to keep in mind because there are many examples of scientists working on parts of classified projects without knowing the whole picture. Kaplan, Fred.(1983). Wizards of Armageddon. Simon & Schuster. Pg. 189. "In 1949, a group of six Institute professors, including Bernard Brodie and Kaufmann, was hired by the social science division of the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica to do part-time work analyzing psychological warfare." Kaplan, Fred.(1960?). Scientists at War The Birth of The Rand Corporation. American Heritage. Pg. "By the Fall of 1947 the RAND staff had grown to one hundred and fifty. For anyone interested in some vague combination of mathematics, science, international affairs, and national security, RAND offered an ideal setting. There was an intense intellectual climate but no teaching obligations or boring faculty meetings. There was access to military secrets but no military officers from whom to take direct orders." Szulc, Tad.(1975, Dec.). The Mind Readers and Other Tales of Science Fiction Research by the Pentagon's Think Tank. Washington Monthly. Editor's note. This article found in a very important congressional hearing, a must read. Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary US Senate.(1976)Surveillance Technology Policy and Implications: An Analysis and Compendium of Materials. Pg.1036. "...As matters now stand, scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to the University of California and a dozen other famous schools are involved in ARPA research. Some of these scientists belong to a highly exclusive, informal group known as the "Golden Fleece," men and women picked in the late 1950s by the Pentagon-funded Institute for Defense Analysis for some of the most esoteric and complex defense research. ARPA, upon its birth in 1958, immediately received the benefit of the talents of these "Jasons," as they are still called. ARPA officials says that some 20 "Jasons"-an elite, informal, almost secret group-are still at its disposal. Over the years, the "Jasons" have been holding quiet brainstorming sessions at hideaways around the country to feed ARPA ideas." Science Against the People. Berkeley Sespa. The Story of Jason-The Elite Group of Academic Scientists who, as Technical Consultants to the Pentagon, have Developed the Latest Weapon Against Peoples' Liberation Struggles: "Automated Warfare."(1972) Pg. 3. "At the end of World War II many of the country's leading scientists, who had been involved in such war research as the atomic bomb and radar, left full-time government work and returned to the college campuses . The military, of course, did not want to lose all this valuable talent. In addition to it's own "in-house" laboratories, the Defense Department sought to establish ongoing consulting liaison with first-rate scientists. At first this service was obtained through the RAND corporation and some scientific advisory committees attached directly to the Pentagon; some scientist also consulted for industrial corporations working on defense contracts. The industrial consulting jobs did extremely well, but the scientists involved felt that they were not close enough to the center of power to influence policy decisions. On the other hand, scientists in Washington often felt restricted by the particular government agency they consulted for and also found the government consulting fee scales to be very low. Therefore, the idea of a new, independent research and consulting organization arose: This was the Institute for Defense Analyses, IDA. Set up nominally as a private, non-profit corporation, IDA worked on the basis of contracts with the Pentagon for particular research problems of interest to the military. IDA could determine its own salary scales and it hoped to attract high calibre scientists with the promise of considerable "freedom" of their choice of problem to be worked on. A group of the very brightest young scientists was recruited into a sub-group of IDA called Jason. The whole success of this enterprise depended upon establishing it as a mark of highest prestige to be invited into this elite group. IDA's Cold-War Ideology. The original political-philosophical outlook of IDA and Jason was boldly stated in terms of cold-war ideology. Their literature of ten years ago told of the creation of IDA as arising from "the inescapable realization that International Communism is imperialistic in nature and that its goal is no less than world domination." ..."Jason and the "McNamara Fence" The most detailed public account of Jason's contribution to the Vietnam War is contained in the Pentagon Papers: the 1966 Jason summer study which gave birth to a new form of technological warfare, now known as the automated, or electronic battlefield. ...Early in 1966, a clique of Harvard-MIT scientists with high level connections in Washington persuaded Defense Secretary Robert McNamara to sponsor a special study on "technical possibilities in relation to our military operations in Vietnam." With this prompting, McNamara formally requested the scientist to look into the feasibility of "a fence ...warning systems, defoliation techniques and area denial weapons." This special scientific study group was assembled under the auspices of the Jason Division of IDA, the group of 47 scientists represented "the cream of the scholarly community in technical fields"..."a group of America's most distinguished scientists, men who had helped the government produce many of its most advanced technical weapons systems since the end of the Second World War, men who were not identified with the vocal academic criticism of the Administration's Vietnam policy." This Jason study group met during the summer of 1966, starting off with a series of briefings by high officials from the Pentagon, the Central Intelligence Agency, the State Department and the White House. They were given access to secret materials. ...thus we are drawn to conclude that the clique of top-level scientific advisors were instrumental not only in initiating the electronic battlefield ideas(1966), not only in helping the implementation of the system in Vietnam(1968), but also in extending this new warfare system to a world-wide capability(1970). ...The technological wing of the military-industrial complex does not necessarily win wars. We have seen that it certainly can help prolong them. ...Since most Jason work is highly classified, and it is customary to keep secret the titles and even the very existence of most highly classified reports, we can conclude that this information represents only the tip of the iceberg. ...One of the distant branches of the sensor development has been described by Joseph A. Meyer, a computer specialist working for the National Security Agency and funded by the Department of Defense ("Crime Deterrence Transponder Systems", IEEE Transactions AES-7 no. 1, January 1971): "A transponder surveillance system is based on three ideas. First, parolees, bailees, or recidivists will each carry a small radio transponder, which cannot be removed, as a condition of their release. This transponder will emit a radio signal which gives a positive and unique identification. Second, a network of surveillance transceivers will interrogate transponders in a neighborhood. Third, a realtime computer will receive the transponder reports, update location and tracking inventories for each subscriber, and control the surveillance process. Every subscriber must be accounted for at all times. ...For urban areas, a mesh of transceivers would scan the streets, communicating with central computers to provide a public surveillance network." Meyer goes on to discuss special problems: Harlem--"a high crime area"; group actions and large-scale confrontations; juveniles;etc. [Here is a list of Jason members, that were also mentioned elsewhere in this paper.] Princeton University and Institute for Advanced Studies Freeman Dyson ...Kenneth Watson (Professor of Physics, UC, Berkeley) Watson was one of the group that founded Jason in 1959. At first they were thinking of forming their own private consulting company, but they finally decided to let IDA be their business manager; This avoided the problem of profits (taxes). There is usually a 6-week summer study session and then a couple of long weekend meetings during the school year. Government people come and outline problems they would like Jason to solve. Most of the work is for the Defense Department. The purpose of Jason is to supply purely technical information for the government; it is non-political. Jason has never taken a position on any subject, as an organization. We are just a group of individuals... ...As to his personal attitude about the military, he said that since it is an $80 billion budget he couldn't make a blanket statement. Heims, Steve J.(1980). John von Neumann and Norbert Wiener. MIT. Pg. 180. "While the high technology with which each was concerned led directly to weapons development, it suggested incidentally to both men similarities in principle between machines and organisms, particularly parallels between high technology and the human nervous system." Pg. 275. "In May 1953 von Neumann assumed the chairmanship of the nuclear weapons panel of the Scientific Advisory Board of the US Air Force...In May 1954, von Neumann had occasion to make a list of all the organizations to which he was a consultant, twenty-one in all, mostly government organizations but also some private companies. 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