-Caveat Lector- from: http://www.fortunecity.com/roswell/angelic/361/page3.html Click Here: <A HREF="http://www.fortunecity.com/roswell/angelic/361/page3.html";>The Story continues ....</A> ----- Modern witches associate the word Wicca with the Craft of the Wise. This is an unfortunate sylloqism : some witches were called wise men and wise women; all witches belonged to a centralised fertility cult and worshipped the same deities; therefore, all witches were wise men and wise women. "Wicca" has no connotation with "wise" or "wisdom." It is an Old English word and is the root of the word "witch." A Wicca was a male witch and a wicce was a female witch. The word wicca is "related to Middle Low German wicken to conjure" and "Swedish vicka to move to and fro." (P1664 Collins Dictionary of the English Language. Sydney. 1985 reprint) The Lugh article in TC 20, October 1980, cited Robert Graves' claim that witch was derived from the Saxon word "wicca," which meant 'a male magician who turns back the forces of evil.' This article correctly derived Wicca from the Old German "wic", which originally meant "to bend or turn." (P83 and 84. The Pickingill Papers) The wicca was the male priest who manipulated the fo rces of nature for the good of his community. The forerunner of the wicca was the shaman in the oak forests of Northern Europe, who saw visions, interpreted the wishes of the Gods, and generally turned or bent the forces of Nature for communal benefit. The word "wise" was initially applied to conjurers, cunning people, and diviners in a derisive sense. The Collins Dictionary of the English Language has this entry for "wiseacre" on P1664 : "1. A person who wishes to seem wise 2. A wise person : often used facetiously or contemptuously. [c16. From Middle Dutch wijsseggher soothsayer, related to Old High German wissaga, German weissager. See WISE’ , SAY.] The Collins' entry for Wise' has " 7. Archaic or Brit. Dialect, possessing powers of magic." (P1663) Professor J.B Russell comments : "The explanation that witchcraft means 'craft of the wise' is false.......'Wizard', unlike 'witch', really does derive from Middle English wis, 'wise.' The word first appears about 1440, meaning a 'wise man or woman'; in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries it designated a high magician, and only after 1825 was it used as the equivalent of 'witch.'" (P12 A History of Witchcraft. Thames and Hudson London 1995 reprint) Agnes Sampson, who was executed for witchcraft in sixteenth century Scotland, was dubbed the "wise wife of Keith." There is a growing tendency to argue that wicce denoted a male witch. This fallacy was stated in an article entitled Woodcrafting the Art of Magic. (P14 Aisling No 8) The author, who was certainly indebted to Aidan Kelly, argues : "Wicca does not mean Witchcraft, it is Saxon for a female witch (a male is a wicce). After revealing this pearl of wisdom, the author says of Gardner: "His Wica, then, was simply 'wise', as in Witan." Needless to say, the author of Woodcrafting the Art of Magic tries to reinforce this view. He claims : "...the council of the combined Chivalry, modelled on the Kibbo Kift, was called the Witan, so Woodcrafters (who used the term 'Craft' as standard shorthand for their work) were 'of the wise', the Saxon derivation of Witan - originally the Anglo-Saxon 'parliament'" (P14 Aisling No 8) Most Wiccans will not have heard of the Order of Woodcraft Chivalry, the Woodcraft Folk, and Kibbo Kift Kindred. The editor of Aisling magazine is pushing the theory that these organizations were the true progenitors of Gardnerian Wicca. He explains in the editorial (Aisling No 8) : "A combination of Gareth Medway, Dr Ronald Hutton, Terry Baker and myself has been working for years,.... on the origins of Wicca.." (P3 Aisling No 8) Steve Wilson, the Aisling editor, continues his editorial in this vein : "Suffice to say that the origins of Gardnerian Wicca have been fixed with 99% certainty - only certain details may be fuzzy;......Nevertheless, Gerald Gardner has been vindicated at last, putting an end to decades of controversy. I hope that our friends in the Craft will enjoy this new revelation, and that Druids will also welcome Gardner back into our fold again, as it is now clear that he was heavily involved in the revolutions in Druidry that were occurring at about the same time as the Craft was going public. Of course, this new material has also finally relegated the Pickingill Papers (see the Medway article) to the dustbins of pagan history, but quite frankly I almost feel sorry, they, after all, kept both belief and controversy going for many years and the excellent Capall Bann publishers have recently bought out the authoritative edition." (P3 Aisling No 8) Mike Howard replied to this editorial : "As the person who edited the Pickingill Papers I was very interested, if not a little amused, to read the speculative theories published in Ausling 8 concerning the (alleged) origins of the New Forest Coven..... I feel that your editorial comment that the Pickingill material has been relegated to 'the dustbins of pagan history' by these latest 'revelations' is rather premature, and is possibly an example of wishful thinking by those who would seek to denigrate Gardner and the modern Wiccan revival.... the statement that 'the so-called Pickingill covens.... were in fact Woodcraft Chivalry or adult Woodcraft Folk groups' has not been proved. In fact, at face value, it is a fairly ludicrous theory without any firm evidence to support it." An attempt will now be made to explain why Steve Wilson and his colleagues believe that Pagan Scout movements were significant factors in the revival of Witchcraft. The Woodcrafting the Art of Magic article introduces the people who established the Order of Woodcraft Chivalry and the Kibbo Kift Kindred. It also explains how dissenters from the Kibbo Kift formed the Woodcraft Folk as a breakaway group. The story commences about 1900CE when Ernest Thompson Seton purchased some land in New York State with the laudable purpose of creating a nature reservation. He impressed local youths with campfire tales about the self-sufficiency of those American redskins who lived in the forests and woodlands of the north-eastern states of the U.S.A. The word "Woodcraft" was synonymous with the survival skills of the noble savage. Seton's Woodcraft scouts organized themselves into "tribes." In 1917 these scattered "tribes" formed the Woodcraft League of America. Emphasis was on fresh air and outdoor living. Seton's back to nature movement attracted the attention of several Englishmen : Ernest Westlake and John Hargrave. Ernest Westlake was raised a Quaker, but became interested in both the Woodcraft movement and Paganism. Ernest and Aubrey Westlake, a father and son team, founded the Order of Woodcraft Chivalry. This group emulated the Scout movement based on Seton's "Birch Bark Roll" books. The Westlakes organized the Order of Woodcraft Chivalry into three grades : wood cubs, woodcraft scouts, and Pathfinders. The elite core of the Woodcraft Chivalry worked at "Sun Lodge" at Godshill in the New Forest. For three years in the 1930's Peace Army camps were conducted at Godshill, "where young unemployed men were involved in something now being seen in Permaculture work." (P13 Aisling No 8) The Westlakes approached John Hargrave in 1917 and invited him to join the Order of Woodcraft Chivalry. He declined, but agreed to be a member of their guiding council. John Hargrave rose through the scouting ranks to become Scout Commissioner for Woodcraft and Camping. His Lonecraft manual is still the definitive text on solo survival for scouts. Hargrave adopted Seton’s advice and literally lived off the land for a set period. He incorporated many of the Native American ideas pioneered by Seton into his own groups. Hargrave was associated with both the Social Crdit Party and the Kibbo Kift Kindred. The Woodcraft Folk were initially members of the Kibbo Kift who dissented from Hargrave’s political views. Several of the articles in Aisling No 8 are marred by inadequate research. This has resulted in inaccuracies which favour Steve Wilson's propagandist approach. The most glaring anomalies in the Aisling texts will be corrected when they are reviewed separately. The Aisling texts also display a seemingly ambivalent opinion of the Pickingill material. The Woodcrafting the Art of Magic article states : "But did Gerald Gardner lie about the New Forest Coven? The conventional answer to this has been 'no' from these people still peddling the Pickingill myth, and 'yes' from many others." (P12 Aisling No 8) The same article then claims on P14 : "The Chivalry, like so many groups, split into factions, each of which was carrying out rites at night in the New Forest in 1938 and no doubt into the war itself. So there is no doubt the New Forest Coven existed after all. Which one Gardner encountered is difficult to know, and the final stage of investigation will also be the most tedious, which is why I have published now - but I have no doubt that the so-called Pickingill Covens of which the Lugh letters tell were in fact Woodcraft Chivalry or adult Woodcraft Folk groups." The author is honest enough to admit that he has yet to finalize his investigation. This is the crux of the problem with the opinions expressed in Aisling No 8. The authors have assembled some basic facts, but then have confused circumstantial evidence with incontrovertible proof. This is exemplified by the cavalier attitude of Steve Wilson when he kindly supplied Mike Howard with details of what would appear in Aisling No 9. His preamble states : "As most readers will have realised by now, the publication of the first part of the New Forest Papers was deliberately sensationalist and academically premature, being carried out in order to 'smoke out' further information." It should be obvious that the Aisling magazine was not intended to be a forum for scholarly research. Having relegated the Pickingill Papers to "the dustbins of pagan history", Steve Wilson admits : "Underlying most of this is my conviction that the attempts to 'explain' Gardnerian Craft in the Pickingill Papers obscures their real value as a source of lore from older sources that really do need investigating, many of which Ron Hutton and myself have been working on for a while." Wilson also claims : "What value there is in the Pickingill Papers is totally obscured by the assault on Gardner. Future issues of Aisling will look at rural initiatory traditions, including the 18th century groups of doctors and vets who disguised themselves as cunning men in order to win over otherwise distrustful natives, the friendly societies and of course the horse whisperers. It is entirely possible that the Lugh tradition emanates from such sources who were completely surprised when Gardner went public, and just assumed he had been involved in their groups. These may well have borrowed material from the Key of Soloman (Cunning Murrell in Hadley from around 1820 onwards, certainly did, via The Magus) and thus developed pentagram-based circle workings independently. It also explains why there was so much controversy in The Pentagram magazine, circa 1964, where some Traditionalists claimed to recognize almost all of Gardnerian Craft while others found almost all of it foreign." It could be said that Wilson is prepared to hedge his bets! The Aisling collaborators are determined to prove an alternative origin for Gardnerian Wicca; and, by extension, the entire Witchcraft Revival. There is no more Gardner warts and all; "Old Gerald" is squeaky clean and not tainted by Crowley and the O.T.O. Item 6 in Wilson's letter outlining the proposed contents of Aisling No 9 claims: "Far from denigrating Gerald Gardner and Wicca, it is Aisling that has vindicated Gardner's reputation, where both Lugh Liddell and Kelly have called him an untrustworthy liar and a plagiarist, and it is Aisling that has shown an ancestry for Gardnerian Craft that is noble and inspiring, and not from the often witch-hunting, male only 'cunning men' of recent legend." Item 7 of Wilson’s letter states : "Both myself and Dr Ronald Hutton were privileged to be present at the 75th anniversary firelighting ceremony of the Woodcraft Chivalry, at the place that Dr Hutton described to me as 'possibly the birthplace of Gardnerian Wicca,'.... However, the confusion between the Woodcraft Folk and the Woodcraft Chivalry did cause doubts, and others, notably 'Leonora James' have heard this mistake made in the past." Wilson is refreshingly honest when he concedes that his pet theory has engendered both confusion and doubts in the past. It is candidly admitted on page 14 of Aisling No 8 : "Information about the Kift is sketchy." There is no reason why Wilson and his associates could not have obtained the complete details of John Hargrave's involvement with the Kibbo Kift Kin, the Economic Freedom League, and the Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. John L. Finlay's book Social Credit : the English Origins is an authoritative text. There are errors and misconceptions in several articles in Aisling No 8 which need to be addressed. It is alleged on page 12 : "Quite simply, Hargrave had founded the first Green Party in Britain. This was the Social Credit Party, or Greenshirts. Founded in 1929, the Greenshirts were an anti-Fascist, anti-Marxist group that nevertheless used some of the trappings of the right to push for Social Credit..... The choice of Green as the colour of the party was no accident. Hargrave was a convinced Pagan, in modern terms (it was not one he used himself)... The colour was chosen because the green shirt was a development of the green Saxon jerkin worn by members of Hargrave’s previous project, an organisation called the Kibbo Kift Kindred (Kibbo Kift was an obscure English dialect term for ‘a good chap’)." John L. Finlay’s classic Social Credit : the English Origins contradicts this account, and specifically refers to "George Hickling of Coventry, the founder of the first Green Shirts before their absorption by Hargrave." (P232) A biographical sketch will help clarify Hargrave's dealings with both the Economic Freedom League and Hickling’s green-shirted Crusader Legion. The formative influences in young Hargrave’s life were his Quaker father and Ernest Thompson Seton, who founded the Indian-inspired Woodcraft movement in the U.S.A. Hargrave followed his father's pacifist principles by serving as a stretcher-bearer in World War 1 until he was invalided out in 1916. His classic manual Lonecraft had been dedicated to Ernest Thompson Seton, and was directed at those scouts who did not belong to a specific troop. Hargrave claimed that the Scouting movement was being exploited by "the ultrpatriotic forces as an instrument of war." He accused the Scout Commissioners of being "militaristic" and "imperialistic." The Scout hierarchy, in turn, contemptuously branded John Hargrave a socialist, and something of a "Bolshevik." John Hargrave retaliated by founding the Kibbo Kift Kindred in 1920. He stressed that the Kin (Kindred) existed "to act as an instrument of social recognition." Finlay claims : "The Kindred have one common aim, world unity." (P150) He states that Kibbo Kift was an old Chesire phrase meaning "proof of great strength." (P149) This makes nonsense of the Aisling claim that the Kibbo Kift meant "a good chap." The associated claim that "Unlike Scouts, each Kifter had to take a Craft name - ..." borders on misrepresentation. The inference is that the Kibbo Kift Kin shared certain practices with Witchcraft. This claim is untrue. Each Kin member adopted the name of an animal or a bird after the manner of the American Indians. There was no Witchcraft connotation at all. Hargrave's "Indian" name was White Fox. He subsequently adopted the "Indian" title Wa-Whaw-Goosh to indicate that he was the paramount chief of the Kibbo Kift Kin. Hargrave, who was born in 1894, launched the Kibbo Kift as an anti-war, outdoor philosophy which would gain universal appeal. The group proudly boasted that it "began as a body impulse to get Earth contact in a mechanical age." Modern pagans will be able to identify with this aim. The advisory counsellors to the Kin included Sir Norman Angell, Havelock Ellis, Sir Patrick Geddes, Sir Julian Huxley, Vilhjalmur Stefannsson, H.G. Wells and Sir Rabrindranath Tagore. Only Sir Patrick Geddes took an active interest in the Kibbo Kift Kin. Finlay claims "the Kift never numbered more than a handful, and it never seemed likely to reflect at all adequately the general mood which it claimed to represent" (P149). He has calculated that in 1924, the peak year, only 236 of the Kibbo Kift Kin attended the annual camp. A series of Easter hikes organized in 1927 by the various Kin centres attracted a total of only 58 members. By 1931 the total membership of the Kibbo Kift Kin was only 185. The Kin ceased to grow after 1924. Their membership figures were tiny when compared to the Scouts and other movements. The Kibbo Kift Kin made little headway against the Scouting movement, the Order of Woodcraft Chivalry, or George Hickling's green-shirted Crusader Legion. The problem was largely Hargrave himself. He was a gifted and charismatic leader. Unfortunately, he was also a born dictator. Hargrave intended to head a movement of national regeneration and looked ahead to a glorious future. Paradoxically, he would lead England into the brave new world by founding a folk revival. Hargrave believed that the English could only produce a superior breed by drawing on their Anglo-Saxon roots. Finlay stresses that the Kibbo Kift was a folk revival. Their green and brown uniform consisted of a Saxon cowl and jerkin with a Prussian-style military cloak. (P150). The stated goal of the Kibbo Kift Kin was world unity. The philosophy of the Kin owed much to Thoreau on the one hand and Herbert Spencer on the other. Society was to breed a superior strain. To achieve this ideal, citizenship and the right to marry would be withheld until the candidate had successfully completed a system of training. Eugenics was central to Kin thinking. The K.K.K. (Ominous initials) stressed that only a system of child education based upon the theory of recapitulation could reveal Man’s true nature, and suggest ways to perfection. Nietzsche had influenced both the Kibbo Kift Kindred and the Order of Woodcraft Chivalry. The major premise of the Kibbo Kift Kindred was - "the proper function of the individual was to live splendidly." This is pure Nietzsche. Hargrave encouraged elitism. The Kin were the nucleus of a new human strain. "We were the elite", one ex-member proudly proclaimed. (Finlay P151) The Aisling articles make no mention of eugenics and recapitulation. Indeed, the people attracted to the Kibbo Kift Kin are categorized as "Pacifists and humanitarians of every degree, members of unorthodox sects and of strange pseudo-occult societies....and vegetarians...." (P13 Aisling No 8) This same article argues that "The Kift had developed from the Scout movement, and its methods were based on Scouting." (P13) In that case, the Kibbo Kift Kin was the only scouting body that encouraged the rejection of traditional Christian values. No other Scouting movement adhered to the concept of the superman. Nietzsche’s philosophy was fundamental to the vision of the elitist Kin. Both the Order of Woodcraft Chivalry and the Woodcraft Folk practised forms of recapitulation. The Soldier of Pan article on page 9 of Aisling No 8 makes an oblique reference to recapitulation. It is claimed that Rick's aunt "unbaptised" him. No doubt Druids and Wiccans were intended to see this as a witchcraft parallel. However, this is the initial step in the process of recapitulation. Westlake had adopted the recapitulation theory. Children had to live through all the stages of Mankind before they could appreciate and accept the present state of human evolution. (Finlay P149) This entailed a ritual to remove all social and religious values imposed on the child. Only then could the mentor guide and monitor the child’s spiritual progress. Finlay claims that Ernest Westlake believed "that until instinct was recognized and fitted into a scheme of education, no lasting improvement in society could be hoped for." (P149) Pages 13 and 14 of Aisling No 8 explain why there was a spilt in the ranks of the Kibbo Kift Kin. Disgruntled Kin members were alarmed at Hargrave’s preoccupation with the Social Credit theories of Major C.H. Douglas. The Aisling text reads : "Many Kibbo Kifters had no interest in this latest craze of Hargrave's. His response was to completely abandon the Kift, forming the SCP in its wake." The Aisling team has got it wrong yet again! John Hargrave embraced Guild Socialism and Social Credit because he envisaged that these movements would augment the membership of his Kibbo Kift Kin. He retired to a mountain retreat in North Wales for spiritual enlightenment. Hargrave returned to London after fourteen days and proclaimed that all Kin members had to study the economic theories of Major C.H. Douglas. Finlay states : "...the South-East London Section withdrew from the Kibbo Kift 'after losing a motion challenging Hargrave’s dictatorship and began a new organization (the Woodcraft Folk) with a marked leftward tendency." (P151) Hargrave did not abandon the Kibbo Kift Kin and form the Social Credit Party as the Aisling article alleges. When the South-East London Section of the K.K.K. seceded in 1924 to form the Woodcraft Folk, Hargrave was using the Kibbo Kift Kin to further his grandiose political aims. He became the charismatic leader of the Economic Freedom League, a dissident offshoot of the Social Credit Party. Hargrave helped found the Economic Party which shared its headquarters with the Kibbo Kift Kindred. Hargrave recognized that the unemployed masses and the activists in the labout movement could swell the ranks of the K.K.K., and eventually be organized on a national scale to implement his dream of social regeneration. Monetary reform became an official platform of the Kibbo Kift Kindred in 1927. Hargrave addressed the unemployed in the north-east and began the swearing-in of Surplus Labour groups, whose members agreed "to back the Kindred of the Kibbo Kift".... and to place themselves "under the strict discipline and direct leadership of the Kindred. So be it." (Finlay P154) The Economic Party had been formed to attract people who might not normally join the Kibbo Kift Kindred. It organized Workers' Educational Groups as a propaganda exercise. George Hickling, who organized the first of these groups in Coventry, had his own vision for the unemployed masses. In 1930 he formed the Crusader Legion. The Legion adopted a green shirt as its uniform. Hickling had no pagan sympathies. A local priest consented to be the Christian chaplain for the green-shirted Crusader Legion. Major C.H. Douglas addressed the Legion in the belief that it would adopt the orthodox Social Credit theories. The "Green Shirts" spread rapidly and soon posed a threat to Hargrave's Kibbo Kift Kindred. The Kin felt particularly menaced when the "Green Shirts" established branches in London and Glasgow. Hargrave was forced to change the Kin’s infrastructure and to reorganize his lodges. A compromise was eventually reached. Forty Legionnaires attended the annual camp of the Kibbo Kift Kin in 1932. It was agreed that the Crusader Legion should merge with the Kin. The Legion was disbanded in 1932. Hargrave had absorbed his rivals and appropriated their green shirt uniform. He then founded the Green Shirted Movement For Social Credit. John Hargrave did not found the first Green Party in Britain. He did not adopt a green shirt for his followers because of alleged pagan sympathies. The article Woodcrafting the Art of Magic triumphantly concludes : "So far from being the invention of a retired plantation manager, Wicca emerges as the inheritor of the first Ecological Party in this country, the first to revive Saxon feasts and Shamanism, and so fully deserves its prime place in British Paganism." (P14) The Kibbo Kift Kindred "was based on a romanticised Saxonism mixed with Native American Shamanism, a term Hargrave used some 30 years before Mircia Eliade supposedly invented it. The Kift respected four annual festivals with Saxon names, and was developed specifically to bring city dwellers back to nature." (P12 Aisling No 8) Finlay comments : "... the use of such terms as Althing to indicate the annual council and Kinlog for the membership roll created an Anglo-Saxon ambiance more ludicrous than similar borrowings from Kiplingesque India could manage to be." (Pp149 & 150) The Kibbo Kift Kin "explored concepts familiar to us now, such as totemism, and was modelled on, amongst others, the Rosicrucians. The document setting out the Kibbo Kift principles, the Confession of the Kibbo Kift, was deliberately named after the 'Confession of the Brotherhood of the Rosy Cross', one of the two manifestos of the Rosicrucians." (P12 Aisling No 8) The Confession of the Kibbo Kift was reviewed by the New Age periodical. The review stressed that there was no mention of the Rosicrucians, but praised Hargrave for drawing "something useful from St Paul, Mme Blavatsky, Charlie Chaplin, Cromwell, Lao Tze, Nietzsche, Noah and Tolstoy." (Finlay P155) The Aisling magazine has assembled some facts and considerable circumstantial evidence in a vain bid to prove that a group formed from the Woodcraft Chivalry and the Woodcraft Folk was the true progenitor of Gardnerian Witchcraft. This is a more insidious attack on the Modern Craft than the literary criticism of Dr Aidan Kelly. The Aisling collaborators have taken a quantum leap which has translated belief into fact. The Soldier of Pan article claims that Audrey Ackland’s group at Middle Wallop were witches : "It is important to mention that the group in Middle Wallop did not use the word 'Witch', never mind 'Pagan', but that is what they clearly were." (P9 Aisling No 8) The group practised "a remarkably Shamanic style of mental flight, plus work with chalk heads at waterfalls, clearly taken from academic Celtic sources." (P9) Boys in Audrey’s group were enrolled as Soldiers of Pan. Girls were enrolled as Handmaidens of Pan. They were taught woodcraft, basic paganism, and the secrets of the seasonal cycles. However, this is still a far cry from actual witchcraft. The article Woodcrafting the Art of Magic claims that Ernest Westlake read "the poetry of Aleister Crowley and his pupil Victor Neuberg in order to invoke pagan deities and the Dionysiac Spirit." (P12) It is further claimed "adults within the Woodcraft Folk formed a separate organization that was to partly merge with the Woodcraft Chivalry... And according to one of Gardner's own priestesses, they carried out their rites, which appear to have been mainly wild dancing, naked." (P14) Wilson and his colleagues have simply assumed that this naked and uninhibited dancing was proof of witchcraft. Such may not be the case. It is far more plausible to accept that this dancing to awaken the Dionysiac Spirit was a calculated part of Westlake's recapitulation programme. Both the Woodcraft Chivalry and the Woodcraft Folk adhered to several of Nietzsche's basic postulates. The Collins English Dictionary says of "Dionysian" : "2. (In the philosophy of Nietzsche) of or relating to the set of creative qualities that encompasses spontaneity, irrationality, the rejection of discipline." Westlake enjoined ecstatic dancing to cast off the restraints and disciplines of social and cultural conditioning. There is no real reason to believe that witchcraft was involved. The articles in Aisling No 8 have stripped the Modern Craft of any links with the past. "Wica" supposedly owes its inception to Ernest Thompson Seton, Ernest Westlake and John Hargrave. It is inferred that Gerald Gardner's New Forest coven originated with the Woodcraft factions. Any belief in an historical continuity with traditional witchcraft has been quashed once and for all. The so-called Great Rite is shown to be meaningless : there is no "power" that can be passed. "Wica" is nothing but the brainchild of pagans, ecologists, pacifists, socialists and vegetarians. This is not what most Wiccans want to hear. Steve Wilson recognized that no tangible evidence to support his theory had been presented in Aisling No 8. He attempted to redress this oversight by itemizing the material to be published in Aisling No 9 : "2) Hard evidence is still forthcoming, and arriving almost daily, but we now have a direct link, in the form of a named individual, between the OWC and the Chactonbury Ring coven which John Matthews was initiated into. (THIS SECTION IS LIKELY TO BE EXPANDED BEFORE PUBLICATION) "3) It is now known that Ernest Westlake converted to paganism in 1904, and later dedicated the Woodcraft Chivalry to Dionysus, Pan and Artemis, in other words the spirit of ecstacy, the Horned God and the Moon Maiden. Rituals on this basis were being practised in the New Forest, naked, in the late 20's." ----- Aloha, He'Ping, Om, Shalom, Salaam. Em Hotep, Peace Be, All My Relations. Omnia Bona Bonis, Adieu, Adios, Aloha. Amen. 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