-Caveat Lector-
http://www.mediachannel.org/views/dissector/coveringviolence.shtml
12 Ways the Media Misreport Violence
Norwegian peace studies professor Johann Galtung has laid out 12
points of concern where journalism often goes wrong when dealing
with violence. Each implicitly suggests more explicit remedies.
1. Decontextualizing violence: focusing on violence as "irrational" or
presenting it as endemic, without looking at the reasons for unresolved
conflicts and polarization, and ignoring the historical causes for
grievances - thus making events seem unknoweably "complex" .
2. Dualism: reducing the number of parties in a conflict to two, when
often more are involved. Stories that just focus on internal
developments often ignore such outside or "external" forces as foreign
governments and transnational companies.
3. Manicheanism: portraying one side as good and demonizing the other
as "evil."
4. Armageddon: presenting violence as inevitable, omitting the
alternatives.
5. Focusing on individual acts of violence while avoiding structural
causes, like poverty, government neglect, and military or police
repression.
6. Confusion: focusing only on the conflict arena (i.e. the battlefield
or location of violent incidents) but not on the forces and factors
that influence the violence.
7. Excluding and omitting the bereaved, thus never explaining why there
are acts of revenge and spirals of violence.
8. Failure to explore the causes of escalation and the impact of media
coverage itself.
9. Failure to explore the goals of outside interventionists, especially
big powers.
10. Failure to explore peace proposals and offer images of peaceful
outcomes.
11. Confusing cease-fires and negotiations with actual peace.
12. Omitting reconciliation: conflicts tend to reemerge if attention is
not paid to efforts to heal fractured societies. When news about
attempts to resolve conflicts are absent, fatalism is reinforced. That
can help engender even more violence, when people have no images or
information about possible peaceful outcomes and the promise of
healing.
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