Hi,

In Cygwin 3.5.3, on different machines, I see 3 Gnulib tests failing by
timeout that worked perfectly fine in Cygwin 3.4.6 and older:
  FAIL: test-call_once2.exe
  FAIL: test-lock.exe
  FAIL: test-pthread-once2.exe

Find here attached a simplified version of test-pthread-once2.c.
Compile and run:
  $ x86_64-pc-cygwin-gcc -Wall foo.c
  $ ./a

Expected behaviour: Termination within 1 minute.
Actual behaviour:   Terminates by timeout after 10 minutes.

When I change
  #define ENABLE_DEBUGGING 0
to
  #define ENABLE_DEBUGGING 1
the test does lots of output and terminates within 20 seconds.
Therefore I can't really tell where the problem comes from.
But I do see some changes in
  $ git diff cygwin-3.4.6 cygwin-3.5.3 winsup/cygwin/thread.cc
  $ git diff cygwin-3.4.6 cygwin-3.5.3 winsup/testsuite/winsup.api/pthread

Bruno
/* Whether to enable locking.
   Uncomment this to get a test program without locking, to verify that
   it crashes.  */
#define ENABLE_LOCKING 1

/* Whether to help the scheduler through explicit sched_yield().
   Uncomment this to see if the operating system has a fair scheduler.  */
#define EXPLICIT_YIELD 1

/* Whether to print debugging messages.  */
#define ENABLE_DEBUGGING 0

/* Number of simultaneous threads.  */
#define THREAD_COUNT 10

/* Number of operations performed in each thread.
   This is quite high, because with a smaller count, say 5000, we often get
   an "OK" result even without ENABLE_LOCKING (on Linux/x86).  */
#define REPEAT_COUNT 50000

#include <assert.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#if EXPLICIT_YIELD
# include <sched.h>
#endif


#if ENABLE_DEBUGGING
# define dbgprintf printf
#else
# define dbgprintf if (0) printf
#endif

#if EXPLICIT_YIELD
# define yield() sched_yield ()
#else
# define yield()
#endif

/* Returns a reference to the current thread as a pointer, for debugging.  */
#define pthread_self_pointer() ((void *) (uintptr_t) pthread_self ())


/* ------------------------ Test once-only execution ------------------------ */

/* Test once-only execution by having several threads attempt to grab a
   once-only task simultaneously (triggered by releasing a read-write lock).  */

static pthread_once_t fresh_once = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
static int ready[THREAD_COUNT];
static pthread_mutex_t ready_lock[THREAD_COUNT];
#if ENABLE_LOCKING
static pthread_rwlock_t fire_signal[REPEAT_COUNT];
#else
static volatile int fire_signal_state;
#endif
static pthread_once_t once_control;
static int performed;
static pthread_mutex_t performed_lock;

static void
once_execute (void)
{
  assert (pthread_mutex_lock (&performed_lock) == 0);
  performed++;
  assert (pthread_mutex_unlock (&performed_lock) == 0);
}

static void *
once_contender_thread (void *arg)
{
  int id = (int) (intptr_t) arg;
  int repeat;

  for (repeat = 0; repeat <= REPEAT_COUNT; repeat++)
    {
      /* Tell the main thread that we're ready.  */
      assert (pthread_mutex_lock (&ready_lock[id]) == 0);
      ready[id] = 1;
      assert (pthread_mutex_unlock (&ready_lock[id]) == 0);

      if (repeat == REPEAT_COUNT)
        break;

      dbgprintf ("Contender %p waiting for signal for round %d\n",
                 pthread_self_pointer (), repeat);
#if ENABLE_LOCKING
      /* Wait for the signal to go.  */
      assert (pthread_rwlock_rdlock (&fire_signal[repeat]) == 0);
      /* And don't hinder the others (if the scheduler is unfair).  */
      assert (pthread_rwlock_unlock (&fire_signal[repeat]) == 0);
#else
      /* Wait for the signal to go.  */
      while (fire_signal_state <= repeat)
        yield ();
#endif
      dbgprintf ("Contender %p got the     signal for round %d\n",
                 pthread_self_pointer (), repeat);

      /* Contend for execution.  */
      assert (pthread_once (&once_control, once_execute) == 0);
    }

  return NULL;
}

static void
test_once (void)
{
  int i, repeat;
  pthread_t threads[THREAD_COUNT];

  /* Initialize all variables.  */
  for (i = 0; i < THREAD_COUNT; i++)
    {
      pthread_mutexattr_t attr;

      ready[i] = 0;
      assert (pthread_mutexattr_init (&attr) == 0);
      assert (pthread_mutexattr_settype (&attr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL) == 0);
      assert (pthread_mutex_init (&ready_lock[i], &attr) == 0);
      assert (pthread_mutexattr_destroy (&attr) == 0);
    }
#if ENABLE_LOCKING
  for (i = 0; i < REPEAT_COUNT; i++)
    assert (pthread_rwlock_init (&fire_signal[i], NULL) == 0);
#else
  fire_signal_state = 0;
#endif

#if ENABLE_LOCKING
  /* Block all fire_signals.  */
  for (i = REPEAT_COUNT-1; i >= 0; i--)
    assert (pthread_rwlock_wrlock (&fire_signal[i]) == 0);
#endif

  /* Spawn the threads.  */
  for (i = 0; i < THREAD_COUNT; i++)
    assert (pthread_create (&threads[i], NULL,
                            once_contender_thread, (void *) (intptr_t) i)
            == 0);

  for (repeat = 0; repeat <= REPEAT_COUNT; repeat++)
    {
      /* Wait until every thread is ready.  */
      dbgprintf ("Main thread before synchronizing for round %d\n", repeat);
      for (;;)
        {
          int ready_count = 0;
          for (i = 0; i < THREAD_COUNT; i++)
            {
              assert (pthread_mutex_lock (&ready_lock[i]) == 0);
              ready_count += ready[i];
              assert (pthread_mutex_unlock (&ready_lock[i]) == 0);
            }
          if (ready_count == THREAD_COUNT)
            break;
          yield ();
        }
      dbgprintf ("Main thread after  synchronizing for round %d\n", repeat);

      if (repeat > 0)
        {
          /* Check that exactly one thread executed the once_execute()
             function.  */
          if (performed != 1)
            abort ();
        }

      if (repeat == REPEAT_COUNT)
        break;

      /* Preparation for the next round: Initialize once_control.  */
      memcpy (&once_control, &fresh_once, sizeof (pthread_once_t));

      /* Preparation for the next round: Reset the performed counter.  */
      performed = 0;

      /* Preparation for the next round: Reset the ready flags.  */
      for (i = 0; i < THREAD_COUNT; i++)
        {
          assert (pthread_mutex_lock (&ready_lock[i]) == 0);
          ready[i] = 0;
          assert (pthread_mutex_unlock (&ready_lock[i]) == 0);
        }

      /* Signal all threads simultaneously.  */
      dbgprintf ("Main thread giving signal for round %d\n", repeat);
#if ENABLE_LOCKING
      assert (pthread_rwlock_unlock (&fire_signal[repeat]) == 0);
#else
      fire_signal_state = repeat + 1;
#endif
    }

  /* Wait for the threads to terminate.  */
  for (i = 0; i < THREAD_COUNT; i++)
    assert (pthread_join (threads[i], NULL) == 0);
}


/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */

int
main ()
{
  /* Declare failure if test takes too long, by using default abort
     caused by SIGALRM.  */
  int alarm_value = 600;
  signal (SIGALRM, SIG_DFL);
  alarm (alarm_value);

  {
    pthread_mutexattr_t attr;

    assert (pthread_mutexattr_init (&attr) == 0);
    assert (pthread_mutexattr_settype (&attr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL) == 0);
    assert (pthread_mutex_init (&performed_lock, &attr) == 0);
    assert (pthread_mutexattr_destroy (&attr) == 0);
  }

  printf ("Starting test_once ..."); fflush (stdout);
  test_once ();
  printf (" OK\n"); fflush (stdout);

  return 0;
}
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