Oct. 20
SAUDI ARABIA:
Saudi Arabia steps up beheadings; some see political message
Immediately after his sword falls, the Saudi Arabian executioner steps
backwards to avoid soiling his clothes with the blood of the condemned man,
whose headless body can be seen slumping over backwards in the shaky online
film.
After perfunctorily checking the white folds of his robe for flecks of red, the
executioner wipes his blade with a tissue, which he drops onto the corpse and
walks away.
A sudden surge in public executions in Saudi Arabia in the last 2 months has
coincided with a U.S.-led bombing campaign against Islamic State. This has led
to inevitable comparisons in Western media between Islamic State's beheadings
and those practiced in Saudi Arabia.
Defenders of the Saudi death penalty say beheadings, usually with a single
sword stroke, are at least as humane as lethal injections in the United States.
They deplore any comparison between the kingdom's execution of convicted
criminals and Islamic State's extra-judicial killing of innocent hostages.
But rights activists say they are more concerned by the justice system behind
the death penalty in the kingdom than by its particular method of execution.
And critics of the Al Saud ruling family say the latest wave of executions may
have a political message, with Riyadh determined to demonstrate its toughness
at a moment of regional turmoil.
Saudi Arabia beheaded 26 people in August, more than in the first 7 months of
the year combined. The total for the year now stands at 59, compared to 69 for
all of last year, according to Human Rights Watch.
"It's possible the executions were used as intimidation and flexing of muscles.
It's a very volatile time and executions do serve a purpose when they're done
en masse," said Madawi al-Rasheed, visiting professor at the Middle East Centre
of the London School of Economics.
"There's uncertainty around Saudi Arabia from the north and from the south and
inside they are taking aggressive action alongside the U.S. against Islamic
State, and all that is creating some kind of upheaval, which the death penalty
tries to keep a lid on."
A spokesman for Saudi Arabia's Justice Ministry was not immediately available
to explain the upsurge in executions in August, or to answer other questions
about the kingdom's use of the death penalty.
"PARTICULARLY EGREGIOUS"
Whatever the reason for the timing, the wave of executions at the same time as
jihadis in Iraq and Syria were beheading captives has brought new scrutiny to
the practices of a country whose values are so different from those of its
Western allies.
While Saudi Arabia has joined U.S.-led air strikes against Islamic State in
Syria and has deployed its senior clergy to denounce militant ideology, its
public beheading of convicts, particularly for non-violent or victimless crimes
like adultery, apostasy and witchcraft, is anathema to Western allies.
"Any execution is appalling, but executions for crimes such as drug smuggling
or sorcery that result in no loss of life are particularly egregious," said
Sarah Leah Whitson, Middle East and North Africa director for Human Rights
Watch.
Some diplomats have said the increase may be only a quirk of timing, as the
appointment of more judges has allowed courts to clear a backlog of appeal
cases, and as the rise began after the end of Ramadan, when fewer executions
traditionally occur.
But the interpretation of it as a show of strength appeared to be reinforced
last week by the sentencing to death of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr, a member of the
Sunni-ruled kingdom's Shi'ite minority who had backed protests in 2011.
2 other men, 1 of whom was younger than 18 at the time of the protests, have
also been sentenced for their part in the demonstrations and were convicted of
having thrown petrol bombs.
"If you look at the definition of what Nimr was sentenced for, instigating
sedition, it shows they want to make sure they stop any form of activism," said
Mai Yamani, a Saudi-born political analyst in London.
More than a dozen people convicted of terrorism or Sunni Islamist militancy
have also been sentenced to death this year.
BLACK MAGIC, ADULTERY AND APOSTASY
Under the Saudi Sharia legal system it can actually be harder to avert
execution for crimes without a specific victim, like drug smuggling, than for
murder.
Of the 59 people executed by Oct. 16, 22 had been convicted for smuggling
drugs, according to figures compiled by Human Rights Watch from Saudi media
reports.
One Saudi man, Mohammed Bakr al-Alaawi, was put to death for sorcery so far
this year, the third such case since 2011. Although such cases are even rarer,
judges can also demand execution for adulterers or Muslims who abandon their
faith.
In Saudi Islamic law, charges of violent crimes like murder are usually brought
under the system of "qisas": retaliation on the principle of an eye for an eye.
While a murderer would normally be sentenced to death, the victim's family is
permitted to accept "diyya", or blood money, instead of execution. The lives of
women are worth half those of men, and non-Muslims a fraction of the value of
Muslims.
Convicts from less wealthy backgrounds, or without tribal connections who might
intercede with the family or tribe of the victim, are more likely to die
because it is harder for them to arrange a blood money payment.
For other crimes, the punishment is usually up to the judge, employing his own
interpretation of ancient Muslim texts. When there is no victim, there is no
victim's family to offer mercy at a price. Saudi Arabia has no civil penal code
that sets out sentencing rules, and no system of judicial precedent that would
make the outcome of cases predictable based on past practice.
Bassim Alim, who defended 17 men who were sentenced to up to 30 years jail in
2011 for sedition and other crimes in a high profile political case, said
judges saw no need for many protections seen as fundamental in the west, like
ensuring defendants had legal representation.
"The judge actually told one of the accused to my face: 'Why do you need a
lawyer? You don't need a lawyer'," he said.
Alim said capital convictions were often based on no evidence other than a
confession, with judges under no obligation to consider mitigating
circumstances, psychological factors or the possibility that a confession was
coerced.
REFORM STALLED
King Abdullah announced plans for legal reform in 2007, but judges, drawn from
the traditionally conservative clergy, have so far succeeded is putting off
meaningful change.
In 2009 Abdullah replaced the long-serving, conservative justice minister with
a younger scholar, Mohammed al-Issa. His attempts to introduce more modern
training for judges and a system of precedent to make sentencing more
predictable have so far been blocked by strenuous opposition from
conservatives.
Even Saudis who want reform generally do not oppose the use of the death
penalty by public beheading. Khalid al-Dakheel, a political sociology professor
in Riyadh, said the turbulence in the region meant people wanted the justice
system to be tough.
"You don't want to have a dictatorship similar to that of Bashar al-Assad in
Syria or (former Iraqi leader) Saddam Hussein. But at the same time you don't
want to have a government which is weak, especially in such a region and at
such a time," he said.
In the most extreme version of the Saudi death penalty, known by the Arabic
word for "crucifixion" and reserved for crimes that outrage Saudi society, the
corpse is publicly hanged in a harness from a metal gibbet as a warning to
others.
An online film dated April 2012 on the LiveLeaks website shows a man being
executed and then "crucified" in this manner, reportedly for robbing a house
and killing its occupants. A group of 5 men suffered this fate in May last year
in the southern province of Jizan for a series of robberies.
The reformist Jeddah lawyer, Alim, said he supported capital punishment in
Saudi Arabia but that the legal system needed to be strengthened to ensure
verdicts were just.
"I'm not someone who shies away from it. It's part of Sharia. But it has to be
handled with extreme sensitivity and care. At the moment it can be done on the
basis of no other evidence if the accused confesses," he said.
(source: Reuters)
*****************************
UK Islamic Organizations Issued a Joint Statement Regarding the Death Sentence
Against Ayatullah al-Nimr
The World Federation of Khoja Shias along with other Muslim bodies, groups and
organisations have issued a joint statement denouncing the death sentence
passed on Wednesday 15th October by the Saudi Arabian government against
Ayatullah Nimr Baqir al-Nimr.
The World Federation of Khoja Shias along with other Muslim bodies, groups and
organisations have issued a joint statement denouncing the death sentence
passed on Wednesday 15th October by the Saudi Arabian government against
Ayatullah Nimr Baqir al-Nimr.
The statement reads as follows:
We are extremely alarmed about the recent death sentence which has been passed
against Ayatollah Nimr Baqir Al-nimr as reported by the media for "sowing
discord" and "undermining national unity". Ayatollah al-Nimr is a respected
Muslim figure in Saudi Arabia. He is a faith leader, reformist and human rights
activist, who has long campaigned for an end to discriminatory laws against the
Shia minority population of the country. This sentence follows a lengthy 2 year
detention in a Saudi prison, which has sparked outrage, not only from the
Muslim community but also from the international human rights organisations. We
strongly believe that the sentencing of Ayatollah Nimr as a leader of the
minority Shia community will further inflame sectarian tensions and provide
encouragement to extremist groups such as ISIS to continue their persecution of
religious minorities.
Therefore, we strongly expect the government of Saudi Arabia to act with
responsibility and refrain from implementing the death sentence of Ayatollah
al-Nimr. We ask the government of Saudi Arabia to consider the negative and
detrimental impact that any sentence of Ayatollah al-Nimr will have to their
national image and demand that Ayatollah al-Nimr is released. We implore the
government of Saudi Arabia to behave as a responsible role model to both
Muslims and Muslim governments around the world.
Signed by:
Al-Khoei Foundation
AlulBayt Foundation
British Muslim Forum
Council of European Jamaats
Imamsonline
Islamic Centre of England
London Fatwa Council
Majlis-e-ulama Shia
Mecca Mosque Leeds
Radical Middle Way
World Federation of Khoja Shia Ithna-Asheri Muslim Communities
Saudi Arabia is facing an international outcry and accusations of promoting
sectarian hatred after a Shia Muslim religious leader from the country's
volatile eastern province was sentenced to death.
Sheikh Nimr Baqir al-Nimr, who led protests in Qatif at the height of the Arab
spring in 2011, was convicted on Wednesday of sedition and other charges in a
case that has been followed closely by Shias in the kingdom and neighbouring
Bahrain.
Shia Muslims make up 10%-15% of the population of Sunni-ruled Saudi Arabia,
which bills itself as playing a lead role in the fight against the jihadis of
Islamic State (Isis) in Syria and Iraq. Riyadh has supported Sunni groups
fighting to overthrow Bashar al-Assad but denies backing Isis.
In Iran, Saudi Arabia's chief regional rival and the political centre of the
Shia world, the foreign ministry warned on Thursday that execution would have
"dire consequences".
In London the Foreign Office stated that it was aware of the sentencing,
adding: "The UK opposes the death penalty as a matter of principle."
The Saudi authorities have portrayed the cleric as an "instigator of discord
and rioting". But Nimr's supporters and family have denied that he incited
violence.
In a BBC interview, Nimr said he backed "the roar of the word against
authorities rather than weapons". The arrest of his brother and other relatives
after sentencing has fuelled anger that is being ventilated on Twitter and
other social media.
"Saudi Arabia's harsh treatment of a prominent Shia cleric is only adding to
existing sectarian discord and unrest," said Joe Stork, deputy Middle East
director at Human Rights Watch. "Saudi Arabia's path to stability in the
eastern province lies in ending systematic discrimination against Shia
citizens, not in death sentences."
Amnesty International described Nimr's sentencing as part of a wider Saudi
government crackdown on dissent.
Shia and Sunni groups said they were extremely alarmed by the sentence.
"Ayatollah al-Nimr is a respected Muslim figure in Saudi Arabia," 10
organisations said in statement. "He is a faith leader, reformist and human
rights activist, who has campaigned for an end to discriminatory laws against
the Shia minority. The sentencing will further inflame sectarian tensions and
provide encouragement to extremist groups such as Isis to continue their
persecution of religious minorities."
Toby Matthiesen, a Cambridge expert on Saudi Arabia, said: "In the last 2 years
Nimr has become known by Shia across the world. For many Salafis and Sunnis
with anti-Shia leanings he has become a real hate figure. In the context of
Isis, the Saudi royal family is trying to legitimise itself in the eyes of
Sunnis by being tough. Nimr was a revolutionary who called for non-violent
protests and the downfall of the Al Saud, but also for Assad to go. He wasn't
sectarian."
Yusif al-Khoei, of the London-based Al-Khoei Foundation, said he was "appalled"
by the news and with others was considering boycotting a Saudi-organised
conference on inter-religious dialogue in Vienna.
(source: AhlulBayt News Agency)
PAKISTAN:
Petition for abolition of death penalty admissible: SC
Chairman of Watan Party barrister Zafarrullah has filed a petition in Supreme
Court of Pakistan on Monday, which stated that the law of execution should be
abolished in Pakistan.
The registrar of Supreme Court had objected to the petition earlier. However,
today Justice Jawad S. Khawaja, during the hearing of petition in his Chamber
rejected the objections by registrar office and ordered for the further hearing
of petition.
The process of law requires that any person tried for a crime should have the
right to full legal defense. The death penalty continues to be recognized as a
form of punishment in Pakistan's judicial system. The hearing of removal of
execution law can only be treated through constitutional petition.
During 2007, the UN General Assembly suggested governments who didn't abolish
death penalty should suspend their execution process.
(source: Dunya News)
*******************************************
EU Disappointed By Pakistan Court's Decision To Uphold Blasphemy Death Sentence
The European Union has expressed sadness and concerns over the recent decision
of a Pakistani court to uphold the death sentence handed down to a Christian
woman convicted on blasphemy charges.
On Thursday, The Lahore High Court had rejected the appeal against the death
sentence handed to Asia Bibi in 2010 for making derogatory remarks about
Prophet Muhammad during an argument with a Muslim woman.
Soon after the court made its ruling, Asia Bibi's lawyer indicated that he will
soon file an appeal with the Supreme Court.
"The EU considers the death penalty a cruel and inhumane punishment. We hope
that the verdict will be appealed to the Supreme Court and struck down
swiftly," the 28-member bloc said in a statement.
"We call on Pakistan to ensure for all its citizens full respect of human
rights as guaranteed by international conventions to which it is party," the
statement added.
(source: RTT news)
BANGLADESH:
Presidential Clemency ---- Law minister for changes to constitution
Law Minister Anisul Huq yesterday underscored the need for an amendment to the
Constitution so that convicted war criminals cannot get presidential clemency.
"It is no possible for us to accept in future that a president of Bangladesh
pardons a convict of the 1971 crimes against humanity exercising article 49 of
the Constitution," he said while talking to reporters after inaugurating a
training course of the joint district judges at BIAM auditorium in the capital.
The article 49 of the Constitution says: "The President shall have power to
grant pardons, reprieves and respites and to remit, suspend or commute any
sentence passed by any court, tribunal or other authority."
The law minister told The Daily Star that it could not be ensured that the
convicted war criminals would not get presidential mercy in future.
"I will raise the issue before the policymakers of the government and discuss
with them how a provision can be incorporated in the Constitution prohibiting
president's mercy for convicted war criminals," he said.
The minister apprehends that someone like former president Abdur Rahman Biswas
might pardon war crimes convicts such as Jamaat-e-Islami leader Ali Ahsan
Mohammad Mojaheed.
He said the draft amendment to the International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) Act
might be placed for approval before the cabinet at its November 3 meeting with
a new provision to try and punish war criminal organisations.
The move comes in light of making Jamaat, an organisation the International
Crimes Tribunal has termed guilty of crimes committed during the Liberation
War, face trial for its role in 1971.
In response to a query, the minister said the government would take a decision
to file a review plea on the life imprisonment of Jamaat leader Delawar Hossain
Sayedee after obtaining the full verdict of the review of the death penalty of
Abdul Quader Molla.
The government would also move to ensure that the war criminals did not get
presidential mercy in future, he added.
He has hinted at amending the Constitution to that end, if need be.
A faction of Ganajagaran Mancha submitted a memorandum to the minister on
Sunday demanding scrapping the provision for presidential clemency for war
criminals.
It also demanded filing a review petition of war crimes convict Delawar Hossain
Sayedee's life-in-jail term and trying Jamaat-e-Islami as a party for its role
in the war.
The secular platform seeks maximum penalty for convicted war criminals.
The minister said the very thought of Bangladesh's president letting off people
convicted of crimes against humanity gave him a shiver.
"But we've seen that [war criminal Ali Ahsan Mohammad] Mojaheed and [war crimes
accused Jamaat chief Motiur Rahman] Nizami had become ministers.
"The entire process of war crimes trial will be destroyed if any president
shows the courage to forgive any war criminal in future.
"There can be no compromise over this process [war crimes trial]. We must
ensure punishment for the 1971 atrocities. We have to ensure that the war
criminals do not get off the hook by any means," the minister added.
(source: The Daily Star)
IRAQ:
Executions Could Be Iraq's Real Challenge to Unity
On Saturday, Iraq formed a new unity government: Parliament approved Mohammed
Salem al-Ghabban, a Shiite, for the role of interior minister, and Khaled
al-Obeidi, a Sunni, as defense minister. But one day later, the United Nations
published a report saying that the extreme use of the death penalty and
"irreversible miscarriages of justice" in the country are fueling sectarian
conflict.
The report, which came from the UN Assistance Mission for Iraq and the Office
of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, said the sharp increase has
translated into 177 executions in 2013, with as many as 34 in a single day.
This year, 80 executions - mostly hangings - have been carried out; another
1,724 prisoners were on death row as of August.
"The large numbers of people who are sentenced to death in Iraq is alarming,
especially since many of these convictions are based on questionable evidence
and systemic failures in the administration of justice," said Nickolay
Mladenov, the UN's envoy to Iraq.
The report said that most defendants appear in court unrepresented or with
court-appointed lawyers who are ill-prepared; in half the trials the UN
monitored, judges ignored claims that defendants had been tortured until they
provided a confession. According to Amnesty International, China, Saudi Arabia,
and Iran are the only countries that have executed more of their citizens than
Iraq since 2007.
"Given the weaknesses of the criminal justice system in Iraq, executing
individuals whose guilt may be questionable merely compounds the sense of
injustice and alienation among certain sectors of the population," said UN High
Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein. He added that this dynamic
"serves as one of the contributing factors that is exploited by extremists to
fuel the violence," referring to the belief of some officials and strategists
that the influence of ISIS can by curbed by building a more inclusive
government.
The death penalty, which was used as a way of governing under the brutal
dictatorship of Saddam Hussein, was suspended in 2003 while Iraq was governed
by the Coalition Provisional Authority. It was reinstated in 2005.
(source: Yahoo News)
**************
Death penalty fuels violence in Iraq, says U.N. report -- 60 people were hanged
in Iraq by the end of August this year, and although that is fewer than the 177
who were executed in 2013, 1,724 people remained on death row.
Iraq should stop its widespread use of the death penalty, which is unjust,
flawed and only fuels the violence it purports to deter, the United Nations
said in a report on Sunday.
60 people were hanged in Iraq by the end of August this year, and although that
is fewer than the 177 who were executed in 2013, 1,724 people remained on death
row.
Iraq tends to carry out the sentence in batches because President Jalal
Talabani opposes the death penalty so a vice president orders executions when
he is out of the country, said the report, published jointly by the U.N.
Mission in Iraq and the U.N. Human Rights Office.
Judges often pass death sentences based on evidence from disputed confessions
or secret informants, condemning suspects who are unaware of their rights, may
have been tortured and have no defence attorney until they arrive in court, the
report said.
"Far from providing justice to the victims of acts of violence and terrorism
and their families, miscarriages of justice merely compound the effects of the
crime by potentially claiming the life of another innocent person and by
undermining any real justice that the victims and families might have
received," the report said.
Some convicts' relatives said they had been offered a chance to avoid the death
penalty by hiring a particular lawyer for $100,000, while many women detainees
said they had been detained in place of a male relative, the report said.
U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein and U.N. Special
Representative for Iraq Nickolay Mladenov said Iraq should impose a moratorium
on the death penalty.
The report said the Iraqi government's view that the death penalty deterred
violence "appears not to be valid given the deteriorating security situation
over the past years" and said the executions appeared to be merely a reaction
to the violence.
It added that the death penalty would not deter extremists who were prepared to
die to achieve their objectives.
The report also rejected the government's claim that its use of the death
penalty enjoyed popular support in Iraq.
"Once informed of the facts, including that it has no deterrent effect
whatsoever on levels of violence and the risks of serious and irreversible
miscarriages of justice, it is unlikely that the death penalty would continue
to enjoy the public support that it now allegedly receives," it said.
It also called on the autonomous Kurdistan Region, which has a de facto
moratorium on the death penalty, to abolish it permanently.
(source: World Bulletin News)
VIETNAM:
Vietnam cops bust largest-ever ecstasy, meth racket in central city
Police in Da Nang on Sunday seized thousands of ecstasy pills and more than two
kilograms of meth in what they called the biggest drug haul ever in the central
hub.
Lieutenant Colonel Tran Phuoc Huong, spokesman of the Da Nang police force,
said they caught Pham Thi Nga, 43, at a bus station in the morning with more
than 2,340 ecstasy pills.
The police then raided Honey hotel that the migrant from the northern
mountainous province of Lang Son, which borders China, was running in the city.
They found 140 grams of methamphetamine there.
Another more than 2 kilograms of meth showed up at the Sao Sang kindergarten
managed by Nga's daughter. The meth was hidden in formula cans and estimated to
value VND4-5 billion (US$188,480-235,600), according to the police.
The police also found records documenting drug and weapon transactions at the
family's establishment in the city.
Any one convicted of smuggling more than 600 grams of heroin or more than 2.5
kilograms of meth faces the death penalty in Vietnam, which is said to have
some of the world's toughest drug laws.
Firearm trade is also illegal in the country where the military is the only
unit entitled to own and maintain arsenals.
The manufacture and transportation of military-grade weapons is punishable by
between one year and life in prison.
(source: Thanh Nien News)
IRAN----executions
A Juvenile executed at Tabriz Central Prison
"Fardin Jafarian" who was charged with murder at the age of 14 was executed
yesterday morning at Tabriz Central Prison.
According to the report of Human Rights Activists News Agency (HRANA), "Fardin
Jafarian" who was charged with murder was executed by hanging yesterday morning
at Tabriz Central Prison???s enclosure.
A close relative who preferred to remain anonymous told HRANA's reporter: "This
teenager murdered his friend at the age of 14 with no intention and due to
carelessness."
This source continued: "At the early hours of yesterday morning and at the age
of 18, he was executed at Tabriz Central Prison's enclosure after the family of
the victim refused to forgive him."
It is important to say that on 05 September, 1991, Iranian government have
singed the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). This
international convention was also approved by the Islamic Consultative Assembly
on 20 February, 1994, and was legislated a domestic law in Iran. According to
the article 37 of this treaty, death penalty, long term or life imprisonment
sentences without the right to parole for under 18s are banned.
(source: Human Rights Activists News Agency)
*********************
Human Rights: Juvenile offender executed in Tabriz
The Iranian regime's henchmen hanged a juvenile offender who allegedly had
committed a crime 4 years ago when he was 14.
The victim, Fardin Jaffarian was hanged early morning on Saturday, October 18,
in the city's main prison.
Since Hassan Rouhani has become the president of the regime over 1000 prisoners
have been executed including many juvenile offenders.
In a message on the occasion of the World Day Against the Death Penalty
(October 10, 2014), Mrs. Maryam Rajavi, President-elect of the Iranian
Resistance, stated that the religious dictatorship ruling Iran is a government
of executions based on its history, ideology, laws and daily policies.
While noting "an alarming increase in the number of executions in relation to
the already-high rates of previous years" Dr. Ahmed Shaheed, the Special
Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Iran, said in his latest report:
"The human rights situation in the Islamic Republic of Iran remains of
concern." "Various laws, policies and institutional practices continue to
undermine the conditions needed for the realization of the fundamental rights
guaranteed by international and national law."
Rights groups and regional analysts say Iran's record may be worsening in the
backdrop of potential detente with the West," an article published Wednesday in
The Washington Times reported.
An advance copy of a book-length report on the violation human rights in Iran
titled "Behind Rouhani's Smile" provided to The Washington Times by the
National Council of Resistance of Iran notes more than a dozen cases of
juvenile offenders have been hanged during past year.
(source: NCR-Iran)
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES:
Syrian Extremists Facing Death Penalty in UAE: Reports
15 alleged members of the al-Nusra Front and Ahrar ash-Sham Islamist
organizations are facing the death penalty in the United Arab Emirates (UAE),
local media reported Monday.
All 15 have been charged with belonging to foreign terrorist organizations and
collecting funds for them. Some of them also have been accused of illegally
manufacturing explosives, possessing firearms and launching an extremist
website.
The trial began in Abu Dhabi last month, though 4 of the suspects are wanted
and undergoing trail in absentia. Nine suspects are citizens of the UAE, the
rest of them are immigrants from Syria and the Comoros.
According to the prosecution, some of the suspects have been trained in
al-Nusra Front and Ahrar ash-Sham camps to fight government forces in Syria,
while others provided extremists with logistical support, recruited new members
in the UAE and raised funds for the Islamist groups. Members of the cell were
crossing into Syria from Turkey and delivering goods, including 14,000
automobile engines, via the same route, the media outlets reported.
(source: RIA Novosti)
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