Hi, here's some more information: After deleting the gnome-related config-files in my home directory, .config, .cache, gconf, and gnome2, and restarting the gdm3-service, the Gnome3-system worked as I should expect: The missing battery symbol appeared again, I could set the screen brightness and configure the touchpad. But this lasted only for one session. After rebooting all the bad issues I described earlier were present again.
Greetings, Georg