@Bob, thanks for your time.

Answers to Bob's questions
>I am hoping LOCALHOST doesn't collide with some special variable
Well, not in the bashshell (see below). Anyway this is not relevant:  the the 
sudo --list does not show that  /usr/local/sbin/testicolo may be excuted by ric 
in contrast with the the rule with an explicit short name.
>What is the hostname of your system?
SHORT name
>Do you have it installed?
Yes (automatically).
ric

Shell excerpts (with the same replacements of fake domain/machine as in my 
previous post).
root@mymachine:~# cat /etc/sudoers.d/local_sudoers
Host_Alias LOCALHOST = mymachine.somewhere.fr
Cmnd_Alias SYNC = /usr/local/sbin/sync2all, /usr/local/sbin/sync2cnrs
ric LOCALHOST = (root) NOPASSWD:SYNC
root@mymachine:~# echo ${LOCALHOST}

root@mymachine:~# cat /etc/hostname
mymachine
root@mymachine:~# grep -e '^127.0' -e '^::1' /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1       localhost
127.0.1.1       mymachine.somewhere.fr   mymachine
::1     localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
root@mymachine:~# cat /etc/nsswitch.conf |egrep hosts
hosts:          files myhostname mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4
root@mymachine:~# aptitude search libnss-myhostname
i A libnss-myhostname                                         - nss module 
providing fallback resolution for the current hostname  
root@mymachine:~# 

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