I asked on the debian-kernel ML about this and got the following response:

----------  Forwarded Message  ----------

Subject: Re: Kernel related problem (randomly failing tests), where to 
discuss?
Date: zondag 23 januari 2022, 16:40:11 CET
From: Ben Hutchings <b...@decadent.org.uk>
To: Diederik de Haas <didi.deb...@cknow.org>
CC: Debian kernel maintainers <debian-ker...@lists.debian.org>

On Sat, 2022-01-15 at 00:00 +0100, Diederik de Haas wrote:
> Hi,
> 
> In https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=1003536 I described the 
> problem in more detail, but I'll give the TL;DR here to determine the best 
> place/ML to discuss the issue further.
> 
> TL;DR: The iwd program deliberately/explicitly uses kernel features/modules 
> for some of its functionality. It also has a number of tests, but they fail 
> (or succeed) a bit (too) random, because whether a kernel module is loaded
> or  not depends on several factors:
[...]
> Has this problem been discussed before? If so, could someone point me to
> that? If not, where would the best place be to discuss this?

You shouldn't run any tests like this at build time.

For autopkgtests, if you set the needs-root and isolation-machine
restrictions then the tests will run as root on a VM.  But currently
neither salsa-ci nor ci.debian.net implements this, so those tests will
be skipped.

Another option in autopkgtests is to depend on qemu and start the VM
yourself.  This is not easy to do, but I implemented it for initramfs-
tools.

Ben.

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