I think I've experienced the same bug. It happened after an upgrade to unstable. As with the OP, it fixed itself after reinstalling locales and localepurge.

platform: i386 (eeepc)
localepurge: 0.5.9-0.2
locales: 2.9-4

I've copied+pasted the error messages.  Maybe this will help :).

$ locale
locale: Cannot set LC_CTYPE to default locale: No such file or directory
locale: Cannot set LC_MESSAGES to default locale: No such file or directory
locale: Cannot set LC_ALL to default locale: No such file or directory
LANG=en_GB.UTF-8
...

$ strace -f locale 2>&1| grep ENOENT
access("/etc/ld.so.nohwcap", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) access("/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) access("/etc/ld.so.nohwcap", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/locale/en_GB.UTF-8/LC_CTYPE", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/locale/en_GB.utf8/LC_CTYPE", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/locale/en_GB/LC_CTYPE", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/locale/en.UTF-8/LC_CTYPE", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/locale/en.utf8/LC_CTYPE", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) open("/usr/lib/locale/en/LC_CTYPE", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

$ ls /usr/lib/locale/
locale-archive

After reinstalling, /usr/lib/locale looks the same, but "locale" stops complaining about nonexistent files.

I first noticed it when installing additional packages, like so:

$ sudo aptitude install reportbug
...
Get:1 http://www.mirrorservice.org lenny/main reportbug 3.48 [159kB]
Fetched 159kB in 5s (30.0kB/s)
perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
       LANGUAGE = (unset),
       LC_ALL = (unset),
       LANG = "en_GB.UTF-8"
   are supported and installed on your system.
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
       LANGUAGE = (unset),
       LC_ALL = (unset),
       LANG = "en_GB.UTF-8"
   are supported and installed on your system.
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
       LANGUAGE = (unset),
       LC_ALL = (unset),
       LANG = "en_GB.UTF-8"
   are supported and installed on your system.
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
       LANGUAGE = (unset),
       LC_ALL = (unset),
       LANG = "en_GB.UTF-8"
   are supported and installed on your system.
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
       LANGUAGE = (unset),
       LC_ALL = (unset),
       LANG = "en_GB.UTF-8"
   are supported and installed on your system.
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
[master]: created 6603b42: "saving uncommitted changes in /etc prior to apt run"
1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "/usr/bin/apt-listchanges", line 33, in <module>
   from ALChacks import *
 File "/usr/share/apt-listchanges/ALChacks.py", line 32, in <module>
sys.stderr.write(_("Can't set locale; make sure $LC_* and $LANG are correct!\n"))
NameError: name '_' is not defined
perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
       LANGUAGE = (unset),
       LC_ALL = (unset),
       LANG = "en_GB.UTF-8"
   are supported and installed on your system.
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
locale: Cannot set LC_CTYPE to default locale: No such file or directory
locale: Cannot set LC_MESSAGES to default locale: No such file or directory
locale: Cannot set LC_ALL to default locale: No such file or directory
Selecting previously deselected package reportbug.
...



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