Since the beginning, the "common tasks" chapter has contained a
mixture of tabs and spaces with no consistent rule to choose between
them. Stick to spaces so the source looks reasonable when viewed with
an unusual tab width.
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Signed-off-by: Jonathan Nieder <jrnie...@gmail.com>
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<heading>Common kernel-related tasks</heading>
<sect id="common-getting">
<heading>Obtaining the Debian kernel source</heading>
- <p>
- To get the Debian kernel source at the current maximum patchlevel,
- it is sufficient to install the latest
<tt>linux-source-<em>version</em></tt>
- package and unpack the source, for example:
- <example>
+ <p>
+ To get the Debian kernel source at the current maximum patchlevel,
+ it is sufficient to install the latest
<tt>linux-source-<em>version</em></tt>
+ package and unpack the source, for example:
+ <example>
# apt-get install linux-source-2.6.18
$ tar jxf /usr/src/linux-source-2.6.18.tar.bz2
</example>
- The unpacked source tree then will be available in
<tt>linux-source-2.6.18</tt> directory.
- </p>
-
- <p>
- In order to get the Debian kernel source at the patchlevel
- <em>different</em> from the one provided by the current
- <tt>linux-source-<em>version</em></tt> package, one should
- first install and unpack it, then roll back the unneeded
- patch sets using a script from the
<tt>linux-patch-debian-<em>version</em></tt>
- package. We assume that in the steps mentioned in the
- previous example the version 2.6.18-8 of the
- <tt>linux-source-2.6.18</tt> package was installed and
- unpacked, so that the Debian kernel source at patchlevel 8 is
- available in the <tt>linux-source-2.6.18</tt> directory. It
- can then be rolled back to the desired patchlevel (1 in the
- example below) by running
- <example>
+ The unpacked source tree then will be available in
<tt>linux-source-2.6.18</tt> directory.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ In order to get the Debian kernel source at the patchlevel
+ <em>different</em> from the one provided by the current
+ <tt>linux-source-<em>version</em></tt> package, one should
+ first install and unpack it, then roll back the unneeded
+ patch sets using a script from the
<tt>linux-patch-debian-<em>version</em></tt>
+ package. We assume that in the steps mentioned in the
+ previous example the version 2.6.18-8 of the
+ <tt>linux-source-2.6.18</tt> package was installed and
+ unpacked, so that the Debian kernel source at patchlevel 8 is
+ available in the <tt>linux-source-2.6.18</tt> directory. It
+ can then be rolled back to the desired patchlevel (1 in the
+ example below) by running
+ <example>
# apt-get install linux-patch-debian-2.6.18
$ cd linux-source-2.6.18
$ /usr/src/kernel-patches/all/2.6.18/apply/debian 2.6.18-1
</example>
- The last command will <em>unapply</em> the set of patches,
- which lead from patchlevel 1 to patchlevel 8 and the
- resulting tree will appear as if it came from the version
- 2.6.18-1 of the <tt>linux-source-2.6.18</tt> package. This
- system ensures that the source code for any revision of the
- Debian kernel source may be recovered from the latest one,
- without keeping multiple copies of the source in the
- archive.
- </p>
+ The last command will <em>unapply</em> the set of patches,
+ which lead from patchlevel 1 to patchlevel 8 and the
+ resulting tree will appear as if it came from the version
+ 2.6.18-1 of the <tt>linux-source-2.6.18</tt> package. This
+ system ensures that the source code for any revision of the
+ Debian kernel source may be recovered from the latest one,
+ without keeping multiple copies of the source in the
+ archive.
+ </p>
- <p>
+ <p>
- The version <tt><em>version</em>-<em>N</em></tt> (like
- 2.6.18-8) of the <tt>linux-patch-debian-<em>version</em></tt>
- package contains all the individual patches applied to the
- source to achieve any patchlevel up to <tt><em>N</em></tt>.
- They are stored in the directory
- <tt>/usr/src/kernel-patches/all/<em>version</em>/debian/</tt>.
+ The version <tt><em>version</em>-<em>N</em></tt> (like
+ 2.6.18-8) of the <tt>linux-patch-debian-<em>version</em></tt>
+ package contains all the individual patches applied to the
+ source to achieve any patchlevel up to <tt><em>N</em></tt>.
+ They are stored in the directory
+ <tt>/usr/src/kernel-patches/all/<em>version</em>/debian/</tt>.
- </p>
+ </p>
</sect>
<sect id="common-official">
<heading>Rebuilding official Debian kernel packages</heading>
- <p>
- You can build all or selected kernel packages by following
- these instructions. You may be asked to do this in order to
- test a potential bug fix.
- </p>
- <sect1>
- <heading>Preparation</heading>
- <p>
- Run the following commands:
- <taglist>
- <tag><tt>$ apt-get source linux-2.6</tt></tag>
- <item>
- This will download and unpack the
- <tt>linux-2.6</tt> source package, making the
- tree available in the
- <tt>linux-2.6-<em>version</em></tt>
- directory. As always, the revision part of the version
- of this package (for example, 8 in 2.6.18-8) will
- determine its patchlevel with respect to the original
- upstream kernel source.
- </item>
- <tag><tt># apt-get install build-essential fakeroot</tt></tag>
- <tag><tt># apt-get build-dep linux-2.6</tt></tag>
- <item>
- The last two commands will install the build dependencies
required by the kernel
- build process.
- </item>
- <tag><tt>$ cd linux-2.6-<em>version</em></tt></tag>
- <item>
- Enter the source directory.
- </item>
- </taglist>
- </p>
- </sect1>
- <sect1>
- <heading>Simple patching and building</heading>
- <p>
- Starting from version 2.6.32-6, the source package includes
- a script to simplify the process of building with extra
- patches. You can use this by running commands such as:
- <example>
+ <p>
+ You can build all or selected kernel packages by following
+ these instructions. You may be asked to do this in order to
+ test a potential bug fix.
+ </p>
+ <sect1>
+ <heading>Preparation</heading>
+ <p>
+ Run the following commands:
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><tt>$ apt-get source linux-2.6</tt></tag>
+ <item>
+ This will download and unpack the
+ <tt>linux-2.6</tt> source package, making the
+ tree available in the
+ <tt>linux-2.6-<em>version</em></tt>
+ directory. As always, the revision part of the version
+ of this package (for example, 8 in 2.6.18-8) will
+ determine its patchlevel with respect to the original
+ upstream kernel source.
+ </item>
+ <tag><tt># apt-get install build-essential fakeroot</tt></tag>
+ <tag><tt># apt-get build-dep linux-2.6</tt></tag>
+ <item>
+ The last two commands will install the build dependencies
required by the kernel
+ build process.
+ </item>
+ <tag><tt>$ cd linux-2.6-<em>version</em></tt></tag>
+ <item>
+ Enter the source directory.
+ </item>
+ </taglist>
+ </p>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1>
+ <heading>Simple patching and building</heading>
+ <p>
+ Starting from version 2.6.32-6, the source package includes
+ a script to simplify the process of building with extra
+ patches. You can use this by running commands such as:
+ <example>
# apt-get install devscripts
$ bash debian/bin/test-patches ../fix-bug123456.patch ../add-foo-driver.patch
</example>
- This script has options to control the flavour, featureset,
- etc. For a summary of the options, run:
- <example>
+ This script has options to control the flavour, featureset,
+ etc. For a summary of the options, run:
+ <example>
$ bash debian/bin/test-patches
</example>
- </p>
- <p>
- You may then need to build the linux-base package as well:
- <example>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ You may then need to build the linux-base package as well:
+ <example>
$ fakeroot make -f debian/rules.real install-linux-base
- </example>
- </p>
- <p>
- However, if you need to change the configuration or make
- other changes, you should not use this script and should
- follow the instructions below.
- </p>
- </sect1>
- <sect1>
- <heading>Applying patches or configuration changes</heading>
- <p>
- It is possible to apply extra patches to the source before
- starting the build. First, you should apply the existing
- patches by running:
- <example>
+ </example>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ However, if you need to change the configuration or make
+ other changes, you should not use this script and should
+ follow the instructions below.
+ </p>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1>
+ <heading>Applying patches or configuration changes</heading>
+ <p>
+ It is possible to apply extra patches to the source before
+ starting the build. First, you should apply the existing
+ patches by running:
+ <example>
$ fakeroot debian/rules source
- </example>
- You will then find the patched source in the subdirectories
- <tt>debian/build/source_<em>arch</em>_none</tt> (default) and
- <tt>debian/build/source_<em>arch</em>_<em>featureset</em></tt>
- (featuresets added). You should apply the extra patches in
- the appropriate subdirectory.
- </p>
- <p>
- To change the configuration before building, for example
- for the 686-bigmem flavour on i386, run the commands:
- <example>
+ </example>
+ You will then find the patched source in the subdirectories
+ <tt>debian/build/source_<em>arch</em>_none</tt> (default) and
+ <tt>debian/build/source_<em>arch</em>_<em>featureset</em></tt>
+ (featuresets added). You should apply the extra patches in
+ the appropriate subdirectory.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ To change the configuration before building, for example
+ for the 686-bigmem flavour on i386, run the commands:
+ <example>
$ fakeroot make -f debian/rules.gen setup_i386_none_686-bigmem
$ make -C debian/build/build_i386_none_686-bigmem menuconfig
- </example>
- </p>
- <p>
- If the patches or configuration changes alter type
- definitions for the kernel, you may need to change the ABI
- name; see <ref id="abi-name">.
- </p>
- </sect1>
- <sect1>
- <heading>Building many packages</heading>
- <p>
- To build all possible packages for this architecture, run:
- <example>
+ </example>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ If the patches or configuration changes alter type
+ definitions for the kernel, you may need to change the ABI
+ name; see <ref id="abi-name">.
+ </p>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1>
+ <heading>Building many packages</heading>
+ <p>
+ To build all possible packages for this architecture, run:
+ <example>
$ fakeroot debian/rules binary
- </example>
- To build all architecture-dependent packages, run:
- <example>
+ </example>
+ To build all architecture-dependent packages, run:
+ <example>
$ fakeroot debian/rules binary-arch
- </example>
- To build all architecture-independent packages, run:
- <example>
+ </example>
+ To build all architecture-independent packages, run:
+ <example>
$ fakeroot debian/rules binary-indep
- </example>
- </p>
- </sect1>
- <sect1>
- <heading>Building packages for one flavour</heading>
- <p>
- For example, to build only the binary packages for 686
- flavour on i386 architecture, use the following commands:
- <example>
+ </example>
+ </p>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1>
+ <heading>Building packages for one flavour</heading>
+ <p>
+ For example, to build only the binary packages for 686
+ flavour on i386 architecture, use the following commands:
+ <example>
$ fakeroot debian/rules source
$ fakeroot make -f debian/rules.gen binary-arch_i386_none_686
- </example>
- The target in this command has the general form of
-
<tt><em>target</em>_<em>arch</em>_<em>featureset</em>_<em>flavour</em></tt>.
- Replace the <tt><em>featureset</em></tt> with
- <tt>none</tt> if you do not want any of the extra
- featuresets.
- </p>
- </sect1>
+ </example>
+ The target in this command has the general form of
+
<tt><em>target</em>_<em>arch</em>_<em>featureset</em>_<em>flavour</em></tt>.
+ Replace the <tt><em>featureset</em></tt> with
+ <tt>none</tt> if you do not want any of the extra
+ featuresets.
+ </p>
+ </sect1>
</sect>
<sect id="common-official-vcs">
<heading>Building a development version of the Debian kernel
package</heading>
- <p>
- To build a kernel image based on the kernel team's
- unreleased development version:
- <taglist>
- <tag><tt># apt-get install build-essential fakeroot rsync
svn</tt></tag>
- <tag><tt># apt-get build-dep linux-2.6</tt></tag>
- <item>
- The last two commands will install the build
- dependencies required by the kernel build process.
- </item>
- <tag><tt>$ svn co
svn://svn.debian.org/svn/kernel/dists/<em>dist</em>/linux-2.6</tt></tag>
- <item>
- This will check out the Debian packaging. <em>dist</em>
- is normally the distribution codename such as
- <tt>lenny</tt> or <tt>sid</tt> (unstable). For the very
- latest version, usually based on an upstream release
- candidate, use <tt>trunk</tt>.
- </item>
- <tag><tt>$ apt-get source -d linux-2.6</tt></tag>
- <item>
- This will download the <tt>linux-2.6</tt> upstream
- source (and the last released Debian patches).
- Depending on which version you are trying to build,
- you might need to override APT's version selection
- or download a tarball from
- <url id="http://people.debian.org";
- name="people.debian.org"> instead.
- </item>
- <tag><tt>$ cd linux-2.6</tt></tag>
- <tag><tt>$ debian/rules orig</tt></tag>
- <item>
- This unpacks the upstream source and merges it with
- the Debian packaging.
- </item>
- <tag><tt>$ debian/rules debian/control</tt></tag>
- <item>
- This generates a Debian package control file based on
- the current definitions of the various kernel flavours
- which can be built.
- </item>
- <tag><tt>$ fakeroot debian/rules <em>target</em></tt></tag>
- <item>
- Finally, build binary packages as explained in
- <ref id="common-official">.
- </item>
- </taglist>
- </p>
+ <p>
+ To build a kernel image based on the kernel team's
+ unreleased development version:
+ <taglist>
+ <tag><tt># apt-get install build-essential fakeroot rsync
svn</tt></tag>
+ <tag><tt># apt-get build-dep linux-2.6</tt></tag>
+ <item>
+ The last two commands will install the build
+ dependencies required by the kernel build process.
+ </item>
+ <tag><tt>$ svn co
svn://svn.debian.org/svn/kernel/dists/<em>dist</em>/linux-2.6</tt></tag>
+ <item>
+ This will check out the Debian packaging. <em>dist</em>
+ is normally the distribution codename such as
+ <tt>lenny</tt> or <tt>sid</tt> (unstable). For the very
+ latest version, usually based on an upstream release
+ candidate, use <tt>trunk</tt>.
+ </item>
+ <tag><tt>$ apt-get source -d linux-2.6</tt></tag>
+ <item>
+ This will download the <tt>linux-2.6</tt> upstream
+ source (and the last released Debian patches).
+ Depending on which version you are trying to build,
+ you might need to override APT's version selection
+ or download a tarball from
+ <url id="http://people.debian.org";
+ name="people.debian.org"> instead.
+ </item>
+ <tag><tt>$ cd linux-2.6</tt></tag>
+ <tag><tt>$ debian/rules orig</tt></tag>
+ <item>
+ This unpacks the upstream source and merges it with
+ the Debian packaging.
+ </item>
+ <tag><tt>$ debian/rules debian/control</tt></tag>
+ <item>
+ This generates a Debian package control file based on
+ the current definitions of the various kernel flavours
+ which can be built.
+ </item>
+ <tag><tt>$ fakeroot debian/rules <em>target</em></tt></tag>
+ <item>
+ Finally, build binary packages as explained in
+ <ref id="common-official">.
+ </item>
+ </taglist>
+ </p>
</sect>
<sect id="gen-orig">
<heading>Generating orig tarball from newer upstream</heading>
- <p>
- First you must add a changelog entry for the new upstream
- version. If the new version is a release candidate, change
- the string <tt>-rc</tt> to <tt>~rc</tt>. (In Debian package
- versions, a suffix beginning with <tt>~</tt> indicates a
- pre-release.)
- </p>
- <p>
- The 'orig' tarball is generated by the <tt>genorig.py</tt>
- script. It takes either a tarball and optional patch from
- kernel.org, or a git repository. If you have a tarball, run
- a command such as:
- <example>
+ <p>
+ First you must add a changelog entry for the new upstream
+ version. If the new version is a release candidate, change
+ the string <tt>-rc</tt> to <tt>~rc</tt>. (In Debian package
+ versions, a suffix beginning with <tt>~</tt> indicates a
+ pre-release.)
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ The 'orig' tarball is generated by the <tt>genorig.py</tt>
+ script. It takes either a tarball and optional patch from
+ kernel.org, or a git repository. If you have a tarball, run
+ a command such as:
+ <example>
$ python debian/bin/genorig.py ../linux-2.6.20.tar.bz2 ../patch-2.6.21-rc6.bz2
- </example>
- </p>
- <p>
- If you have a git repository, pass the name of its
- directory:
- <example>
+ </example>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ If you have a git repository, pass the name of its
+ directory:
+ <example>
$ python debian/bin/genorig.py ~/src/linux-2.6
</example>
- </p>
- <p>
- Either of these will generate a file such as
- <tt>../orig/linux-2.6_2.6.21~rc6.orig.tar.gz</tt>.
- You can then combine this tarball with the Debian packaging
- by running:
- <example>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Either of these will generate a file such as
+ <tt>../orig/linux-2.6_2.6.21~rc6.orig.tar.gz</tt>.
+ You can then combine this tarball with the Debian packaging
+ by running:
+ <example>
$ debian/rules orig
</example>
- </p>
+ </p>
</sect>
<sect id="common-building">
<heading>Building a custom kernel from Debian kernel source</heading>
- <p>
- This section describes the simplest possible procedure to
- build a custom kernel the "Debian way". It is assumed that
- user is somewhat familiar with kernel configuration and
- build process. If that's not the case, it is recommended to
- consult the kernel documentation and many excellent online
- resources dedicated to it.
+ <p>
+ This section describes the simplest possible procedure to
+ build a custom kernel the "Debian way". It is assumed that
+ user is somewhat familiar with kernel configuration and
+ build process. If that's not the case, it is recommended to
+ consult the kernel documentation and many excellent online
+ resources dedicated to it.
</p>
- <p>
- The easiest way to build a custom kernel (the kernel with
- the configuration different from the one used in the
- official packages) from the Debian kernel source is to use
- the <tt>linux-source</tt> package and the <tt>make deb-pkg</tt>
- target. First, prepare the kernel tree:
- <example>
+ <p>
+ The easiest way to build a custom kernel (the kernel with
+ the configuration different from the one used in the
+ official packages) from the Debian kernel source is to use
+ the <tt>linux-source</tt> package and the <tt>make deb-pkg</tt>
+ target. First, prepare the kernel tree:
+ <example>
# apt-get install linux-source-2.6.18
$ tar xjf /usr/src/linux-source-2.6.18.tar.bz2
$ cd linux-source-2.6.18
</example>
- The kernel now needs to be configured, that is you have to
- set the kernel options and select the drivers which are
- going to be included, either as built-in, or as external
- modules. The kernel build infrastructure offers a number of
- targets, which invoke different configuration frontends. For
- example, one can use console-based menu configuration by
- invoking the command
- <example>
+ The kernel now needs to be configured, that is you have to
+ set the kernel options and select the drivers which are
+ going to be included, either as built-in, or as external
+ modules. The kernel build infrastructure offers a number of
+ targets, which invoke different configuration frontends. For
+ example, one can use console-based menu configuration by
+ invoking the command
+ <example>
$ make menuconfig
</example>
- Instead of <tt>menuconfig</tt> one can use <tt>config</tt>
- (text-based line-by-line configuration frontend) or
- <tt>xconfig</tt> (graphical configuration frontend). It is
- also possible to reuse your old configuration file by
- placing it as a <tt>.config</tt> file in the top-level
- directory and running one of the configuration targets (if
- you want to adjust something) or <tt>make oldconfig</tt>
+ Instead of <tt>menuconfig</tt> one can use <tt>config</tt>
+ (text-based line-by-line configuration frontend) or
+ <tt>xconfig</tt> (graphical configuration frontend). It is
+ also possible to reuse your old configuration file by
+ placing it as a <tt>.config</tt> file in the top-level
+ directory and running one of the configuration targets (if
+ you want to adjust something) or <tt>make oldconfig</tt>
(to keep the same configuration).
- Note that different frontends may require different
- additional libraries and utilities to be installed to
- function properly. For example, the <tt>menuconfig</tt>
- frontend requires the <tt>ncurses</tt> library, which at
- time of writing is provided by the <tt>libncurses5-dev</tt>
- package.
- </p>
- <p>
- After the configuration process is finished, the new or
- updated kernel configuration will be stored in
- <tt>.config</tt> file in the top-level directory. The build
- is started using the commands
- <example>
+ Note that different frontends may require different
+ additional libraries and utilities to be installed to
+ function properly. For example, the <tt>menuconfig</tt>
+ frontend requires the <tt>ncurses</tt> library, which at
+ time of writing is provided by the <tt>libncurses5-dev</tt>
+ package.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ After the configuration process is finished, the new or
+ updated kernel configuration will be stored in
+ <tt>.config</tt> file in the top-level directory. The build
+ is started using the commands
+ <example>
$ make clean
$ make KDEB_PKGVERSION=custom.1.0 deb-pkg
</example>
- The <tt>custom.1.0</tt> part in this command is the version
- identifier, which will get appended to the kernel package
- name. Feel free to adjust it to your liking.
- As a result of the build a custom kernel package
- <tt>linux-image-2.6.18_custom.1.0_i386.deb</tt> (name will
- reflect the version of the kernel and the revision chosen in
- the command line above) will be created in the directory one
- level above the top of the tree. It may be installed using
- <tt>dpkg</tt> as any other package:
- <example>
+ The <tt>custom.1.0</tt> part in this command is the version
+ identifier, which will get appended to the kernel package
+ name. Feel free to adjust it to your liking.
+ As a result of the build a custom kernel package
+ <tt>linux-image-2.6.18_custom.1.0_i386.deb</tt> (name will
+ reflect the version of the kernel and the revision chosen in
+ the command line above) will be created in the directory one
+ level above the top of the tree. It may be installed using
+ <tt>dpkg</tt> as any other package:
+ <example>
# dpkg -i ../linux-image-2.6.18_custom.1.0_i386.deb
- </example>
- This command will unpack the kernel, generate the initrd if
- necessary (see <ref id="initramfs"> for details), and configure
- the bootloader to make the newly installed kernel the
- default one. If this command completed without any problems,
- you can reboot using the
- <example>
+ </example>
+ This command will unpack the kernel, generate the initrd if
+ necessary (see <ref id="initramfs"> for details), and configure
+ the bootloader to make the newly installed kernel the
+ default one. If this command completed without any problems,
+ you can reboot using the
+ <example>
# shutdown -r now
</example>
- command to boot the new kernel.
- </p>
- <p>
- For much more information about
- bootloaders and their configuration please check their
- documentation, which can be accessed using the commands
- <tt>man lilo</tt>, <tt>man
- lilo.conf</tt>, <tt>man grub</tt>, and so on. You can also
- look for documentation in the
- <tt>/usr/share/doc/<em>package</em></tt> directories, with
- <tt><em>package</em></tt> being the name of the package
- involved.
- </p>
+ command to boot the new kernel.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ For much more information about
+ bootloaders and their configuration please check their
+ documentation, which can be accessed using the commands
+ <tt>man lilo</tt>, <tt>man
+ lilo.conf</tt>, <tt>man grub</tt>, and so on. You can also
+ look for documentation in the
+ <tt>/usr/share/doc/<em>package</em></tt> directories, with
+ <tt><em>package</em></tt> being the name of the package
+ involved.
+ </p>
</sect>
<sect id="kernel-org-package">
- <heading>Building a custom kernel from the "pristine" kernel
source</heading>
- <p>Building a kernel from the "pristine" (also sometimes called
"vanilla")
+ <heading>Building a custom kernel from the "pristine" kernel
source</heading>
+ <p>Building a kernel from the "pristine" (also sometimes called
"vanilla")
kernel source, distributed from <url id="http://www.kernel.org";
name="www.kernel.org">
and its mirrors, may be occasionally useful for debugging or in the
situations when a newer kernel version is desired. The procedure
differs only in obtaining the kernel source: instead of unpacking
the kernel source from Debian packages, the "pristine" source is
- downloaded using your favourite browser or using wget, as follows:
- <example>
+ downloaded using your favourite browser or using wget, as follows:
+ <example>
$ wget http://kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.19.tar.bz2
- </example>
+ </example>
The integrity of the downloaded archive may be verified by fetching
the corresponding cryptographic signature
- <example>
+ <example>
$ wget http://kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.19.tar.bz2.sign
- </example>
+ </example>
and running the command (<tt>gnupg</tt> package must be installed):
<example>
-$ gpg --verify linux-2.6.19.tar.bz2.sign
+$ gpg --verify linux-2.6.19.tar.bz2.sign
</example>
Successful verification results in output similar to the one below:
<example>
@@ -398,14 +398,14 @@ $ cd linux-2.6.19
$ cp /boot/config-2.6.18-3-686 ./.config
</example>
After the configuration with one of the configuration frontends
(invoked by <tt>make oldconfig</tt>,
- <tt>make config</tt>, <tt>make menuconfig</tt>, etc) is completed,
the build
+ <tt>make config</tt>, <tt>make menuconfig</tt>, etc) is completed,
the build
may be started using <tt>make deb-pkg</tt> target as described above.
</sect>
<sect id="common-out-of-tree">
- <heading>Building out-of-tree kernel modules</heading>
- <p>
- Some kernel modules are not included in the upstream or
+ <heading>Building out-of-tree kernel modules</heading>
+ <p>
+ Some kernel modules are not included in the upstream or
Debian kernel source, but are provided as third-party source
packages. For some of the most popular out-of-tree modules,
the binary Debian packages with modules built against the
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ $ cp /boot/config-2.6.18-3-686 ./.config
use the squash filesystem, all you need to do is install
<tt>squashfs-modules-2.6.18-3-686</tt> binary package, which
provides the neccessary binary kernel modules.
- </p>
+ </p>
<p>
If you are not so lucky, and there are no binary module
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ $ cp /boot/config-2.6.18-3-686 ./.config
with the package to build the modules. If the build process will
require you to specify the directory with the kernel headers,
matching the currently running kernel, for stock Debian kernels this
directory is
- <tt>/usr/src/linux-headers-<em>uname</em></tt>, provided by the
+ <tt>/usr/src/linux-headers-<em>uname</em></tt>, provided by the
<tt>linux-headers-<em>uname</em></tt> package. Here
<tt><em>uname</em></tt> is the
output of the <tt>uname -r</tt> command. If you are building and
running your own
custom kernels, it is a good idea to keep the original build tree
around, as it
--
1.7.5.1
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