Thank you for your very quick and helpful guidance, Daniel. I will sleep
far easier in the future, my eyes now spared from blue light! The
contents of prevboot.txt contained the following pertinent excerpt:

/usr/libexec/gdm-x-session[1415]: Data incomplete in file 
/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/30-touchpad.conf
/usr/libexec/gdm-x-session[1415]:         InputDevice section "Touchpad" must 
have a Driver line.
/usr/libexec/gdm-x-session[1415]: (EE) Problem parsing the config file
/usr/libexec/gdm-x-session[1415]: (EE) Error parsing the config file
/usr/libexec/gdm-x-session[1415]: (EE)
/usr/libexec/gdm-x-session[1415]: Fatal server error:
/usr/libexec/gdm-x-session[1415]: (EE) no screens found(EE)
/usr/libexec/gdm-x-session[1415]: (EE)
/usr/libexec/gdm-x-session[1415]: Please consult the The X.Org Foundation 
support
usr/libexec/gdm-x-session[1415]:          at http://wiki.x.org
/usr/libexec/gdm-x-session[1415]:  for help.
/usr/libexec/gdm-x-session[1415]: (EE) Please also check the log file at 
"/var/lib/gdm3/.local/share/xorg/Xorg.0.log" for add     itional information.
/usr/libexec/gdm-x-session[1415]: (EE)
/usr/libexec/gdm-x-session[1415]: (EE) Server terminated with error (1). 
Closing log file.

I followed this advice and added a Driver "synaptics" line to
/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/30-touchpad.conf. I also ran sudo apt install
xserver-xorg-input-synaptics and then rebooted successfully into X11. My
speculation is that the version of X11 in use on Ubuntu 21.10 probably
warned rather than crashed when the driver was not specified, most
likely defaulting to synaptics. I suspect that when I upgraded to Ubuntu
22.04, the new version of X11 I received made specifying the driver
mandatory. Wayland requires the libinput driver, and the synaptics
driver presumably is no longer even installed by default. The one
remaining mystery to me is that the gear to switch between X11 and
Wayland still doesn't show up at the login screen.

-- 
You received this bug notification because you are a member of Desktop
Packages, which is subscribed to xorg-server in Ubuntu.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1977695

Title:
  Black Screen on Boot with X11

Status in xorg-server package in Ubuntu:
  Incomplete

Bug description:
  Description:  Ubuntu 22.04 LTS
  Release:      22.04

  xorg:
    Installed: 1:7.7+23ubuntu2
    Candidate: 1:7.7+23ubuntu2
    Version table:
   *** 1:7.7+23ubuntu2 500
          500 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 Packages
          100 /var/lib/dpkg/status

  1. Uncomment WaylandEnable=false in /etc/gdm3/custom.conf
  2. Reboot.
  3. See black screen after selecting Ubuntu at GRUB prompt. Login screen never 
loads.

  Unplugging any external monitors appears to have no effect on the bug.
  I am aware that most users of Ubuntu 22.04 see an option at the login
  screen to change the display manager. I have never seen such an
  option. My machine always uses Wayland unless I modify
  /etc/gdm3/custom.conf directly. Using Wayland is detrimental to my
  health, because the Night Light feature does nothing. I have nvidia-
  driver-510 installed. I am happy to provide further debugging
  information upon request.

  ProblemType: Bug
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 22.04
  Package: xorg 1:7.7+23ubuntu2
  ProcVersionSignature: Ubuntu 5.15.0-35.36-generic 5.15.35
  Uname: Linux 5.15.0-35-generic x86_64
  NonfreeKernelModules: nvidia_modeset nvidia
  .proc.driver.nvidia.capabilities.gpu0: Error: path was not a regular file.
  .proc.driver.nvidia.capabilities.mig: Error: path was not a regular file.
  .proc.driver.nvidia.gpus.0000.01.00.0: Error: path was not a regular file.
  .proc.driver.nvidia.registry: Binary: ""
  .proc.driver.nvidia.suspend: suspend hibernate resume
  .proc.driver.nvidia.suspend_depth: default modeset uvm
  .proc.driver.nvidia.version:
   NVRM version: NVIDIA UNIX x86_64 Kernel Module  510.73.05  Sat May  7 
05:30:26 UTC 2022
   GCC version:
  ApportVersion: 2.20.11-0ubuntu82.1
  Architecture: amd64
  BootLog: Error: [Errno 13] Permission denied: '/var/log/boot.log'
  CasperMD5CheckResult: unknown
  CompositorRunning: None
  CurrentDesktop: ubuntu:GNOME
  Date: Sun Jun  5 15:47:31 2022
  DistUpgraded: 2022-05-07 18:27:00,043 DEBUG Running PostInstallScript: 
'/usr/lib/ubuntu-advantage/upgrade_lts_contract.py'
  DistroCodename: jammy
  DistroVariant: ubuntu
  ExtraDebuggingInterest: Yes, including running git bisection searches
  GraphicsCard:
   Intel Corporation HD Graphics 630 [8086:591b] (rev 04) (prog-if 00 [VGA 
controller])
     Subsystem: Hewlett-Packard Company HD Graphics 630 [103c:8259]
     Subsystem: Hewlett-Packard Company GP107M [GeForce GTX 1050 Mobile] 
[103c:8259]
  InstallationDate: Installed on 2020-12-09 (543 days ago)
  InstallationMedia: Ubuntu 20.10 "Groovy Gorilla" - Release amd64 (20201022)
  MachineType: HP OMEN by HP Laptop
  ProcEnviron:
   TERM=xterm-256color
   PATH=(custom, no user)
   XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=<set>
   LANG=en_US.UTF-8
   SHELL=/bin/bash
  ProcKernelCmdLine: BOOT_IMAGE=/@/boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-35-generic 
root=UUID=13d7b775-7783-44fc-8e24-164127457fd4 ro rootflags=subvol=@ quiet 
splash vt.handoff=7
  SourcePackage: xorg
  UpgradeStatus: Upgraded to jammy on 2022-05-08 (28 days ago)
  dmi.bios.date: 12/22/2020
  dmi.bios.release: 15.56
  dmi.bios.vendor: Insyde
  dmi.bios.version: F.56
  dmi.board.asset.tag: Type2 - Board Asset Tag
  dmi.board.name: 8259
  dmi.board.vendor: HP
  dmi.board.version: 83.72
  dmi.chassis.type: 10
  dmi.chassis.vendor: HP
  dmi.chassis.version: Chassis Version
  dmi.ec.firmware.release: 83.72
  dmi.modalias: 
dmi:bvnInsyde:bvrF.56:bd12/22/2020:br15.56:efr83.72:svnHP:pnOMENbyHPLaptop:pvrType1ProductConfigId:rvnHP:rn8259:rvr83.72:cvnHP:ct10:cvrChassisVersion:skuW2N35UAR#ABA:
  dmi.product.family: 103C_5335KV HP Omen
  dmi.product.name: OMEN by HP Laptop
  dmi.product.sku: W2N35UAR#ABA
  dmi.product.version: Type1ProductConfigId
  dmi.sys.vendor: HP
  version.compiz: compiz N/A
  version.libdrm2: libdrm2 2.4.110-1ubuntu1
  version.libgl1-mesa-dri: libgl1-mesa-dri 22.0.1-1ubuntu2
  version.libgl1-mesa-glx: libgl1-mesa-glx 22.0.1-1ubuntu2
  version.nvidia-graphics-drivers: nvidia-graphics-drivers-* N/A
  version.xserver-xorg-core: xserver-xorg-core 2:21.1.3-2ubuntu2
  version.xserver-xorg-input-evdev: xserver-xorg-input-evdev N/A
  version.xserver-xorg-video-ati: xserver-xorg-video-ati 1:19.1.0-2build3
  version.xserver-xorg-video-intel: xserver-xorg-video-intel 
2:2.99.917+git20210115-1
  version.xserver-xorg-video-nouveau: xserver-xorg-video-nouveau 
1:1.0.17-2build1

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