When I change to that same directory in xterm, it closes just like
gnome-terminal. So it doesn’t seem to be specific to gnome-terminal, but
it DOES seem to be important that the input prompt fills more than two
lines in the terminal to trigger the bug.

I’ve tested this on my laptop, and it doesn’t happen there with the path
from the original report because this machine’s hostname is shorter, so
the input prompt is shorter as well. Using an even longer path, however,
the same happens on this machine.

The “ä” is a precomposed character. Using your command, the output is
0000000 c3 a4 0a
0000005
c3 a4 is the UTF-8 representation of the Unicode character U+00E4 LATIN SMALL 
LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS. So I’m not sure if that specific bash bug has anything 
to do with this (since there are no surrogates anywhere in my example), but 
since xterm is also affected, the cause does seem to be a lower-level component 
(bash? readline?).

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1745273

Title:
  Cannot open terminal with long working directory name containing
  Unicode characters

Status in bash package in Ubuntu:
  New
Status in gnome-terminal package in Ubuntu:
  New

Bug description:
  1) The release of Ubuntu you are using: Ubuntu 17.10

  2) The version of the package you are using: gnome-terminal version
  3.24.2-0ubuntu4; bash version 4.4-5ubuntu1

  3) What you expected to happen: When opening a terminal window with a
  long working directory path containing Unicode characters (such as
  
“/home/test/01234567890123456789/01234567890123456789/ä/01234567890123456789/01234567890123456789/01234567890123456789/01234567890123456789”
  in a 80×24 window), gnome-terminal opens normally.

  4) What happened instead: gnome-terminal closes immediately, both when opened 
using
  gnome-terminal 
--working-directory=/home/test/01234567890123456789/01234567890123456789/ä/01234567890123456789/01234567890123456789/01234567890123456789/01234567890123456789
  and when changing to this directory using “cd”. There is no output on stderr 
or anywhere else, the window just closes.

  It seems that gnome-terminal closes because bash crashes with a
  segmentation fault, see https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source
  /gnome-terminal/+bug/1745273/comments/4.

  This makes it impossible to use the shell for many directories with
  long paths. This did NOT happen in Ubuntu 16.04.

To manage notifications about this bug go to:
https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/bash/+bug/1745273/+subscriptions

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