Now I found out that it depends on whether I login with Xorg or Wayland. Night Light works with Xorg, but doesn't with Wayland. I honestly don't remember whether I was running Disco with Xorg or Wayland, most probably I just went with the default. My guess is that Disco used Xorg by default and Eoan changed to Wayland, that's why I thought it's broken with the upgrade.
** Also affects: wayland (Ubuntu) Importance: Undecided Status: New -- You received this bug notification because you are a member of Desktop Packages, which is subscribed to gnome-control-center in Ubuntu. https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1798840 Title: Night Light is not functioning Status in gnome-control-center package in Ubuntu: Expired Status in wayland package in Ubuntu: New Bug description: Night Light is not shading/filtering the screen anymore after the update to Cosmic (Ubuntu 18.10) from Bionic (Ubuntu 18.04 LTS). It still appears as an option and all the settings work, but the feature itself isn't filtering out blue light from the screen. ProblemType: Bug DistroRelease: Ubuntu 18.10 Package: gnome-control-center 1:3.30.1-1ubuntu2 ProcVersionSignature: Ubuntu 4.18.0-10.11-generic 4.18.12 Uname: Linux 4.18.0-10-generic x86_64 ApportVersion: 2.20.10-0ubuntu13 Architecture: amd64 CurrentDesktop: ubuntu:GNOME Date: Fri Oct 19 11:03:28 2018 InstallationDate: Installed on 2018-08-17 (63 days ago) InstallationMedia: Ubuntu 18.04 LTS "Bionic Beaver" - Release amd64 (20180426) ProcEnviron: PATH=(custom, no user) XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=<set> LANG=en_US.UTF-8 SHELL=/bin/bash SourcePackage: gnome-control-center UpgradeStatus: Upgraded to cosmic on 2018-10-19 (0 days ago) To manage notifications about this bug go to: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gnome-control-center/+bug/1798840/+subscriptions -- Mailing list: https://launchpad.net/~desktop-packages Post to : desktop-packages@lists.launchpad.net Unsubscribe : https://launchpad.net/~desktop-packages More help : https://help.launchpad.net/ListHelp