Not reproducible here on Debian, but the reason is very obvious ...

>    Kubuntu 10.04 (i386)
>    Virtualbox 3.1.8
>    Language Japanese
>    texlive-base(dvipdfmx) 2009-7

This is so horribly outdated that there is no way it can work.
platex and friends were introduced into TeX Live starting from 2008 and
and it took 2-3 years to get full support.

So, on a current system, with say TeX Live 2020 (Debian version here),
this is all working.

I think bugs from 2009 should be closed in 2020.



$ file hello.tex
hello.tex: LaTeX 2e document, UTF-8 Unicode text
$ cat hello.tex
\documentclass[a4paper]{jsarticle}
\begin{document}
Hello World ハローワールド 日本語のテスト
\end{document}
$ nkf --overwrite -e hello.tex
$ file hello.tex 
hello.tex: LaTeX 2e document, ISO-8859 text     # what a mischaracterization!
$ platex -kanji=euc hello.tex
This is e-pTeX, Version 3.14159265-p3.8.3-191112-2.6 (euc) (TeX Live 
2020/Debian) (preloaded format=platex)
 restricted \write18 enabled.
entering extended mode
(./hello.tex
pLaTeX2e <2020-04-12> (based on LaTeX2e <2020-02-02> patch level 5)
L3 programming layer <2020-07-17>
(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/platex/jsclasses/jsarticle.cls
Document Class: jsarticle 2020/02/02 jsclasses (okumura, texjporg)
(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/platex/jsclasses/jslogo.sty))
(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/l3backend/l3backend-dvips.def)
(./hello.aux) [1] (./hello.aux) )
Output written on hello.dvi (1 page, 344 bytes).
Transcript written on hello.log.
$ dvipdfmx hello.dvi 
hello.dvi -> hello.pdf
[1]
2851 bytes written
$

Norbert

--
PREINING Norbert                              https://www.preining.info
Accelia Inc. + IFMGA ProGuide + TU Wien + JAIST + TeX Live + Debian Dev
GPG: 0x860CDC13   fp: F7D8 A928 26E3 16A1 9FA0 ACF0 6CAC A448 860C DC13

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Packages, which is subscribed to texlive-base in Ubuntu.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/581770

Title:
  [Kubuntu][dvipdfmx][Japanese] dvipdfmx can't create PDF by default
  from DVI file that includes japanese characters.

Status in texlive-base package in Ubuntu:
  Confirmed

Bug description:
  Binary package hint: texlive-base

  I compiled a TeX file (include Japanese character) to DVI file by platex 
command.
  And I converted a DVI file to PDF by dvipdfmx.
  I input a following commands.

  [How To reproduce]
  <pre>
  $ sudo apt-get install vim # for edit a latex file.
  $ sudo apt-get install nkf # for convert a character code.
  $ sudo apt-get install texlive "^ptex-*" dvipdfmx gv gs-cjk-resources 
"^cmap-adobe-*" okumura-clsfiles
  $ sudo jisftconfig add
  $ vim hello.tex # edit a tex file.
  $ nkf --overwirte -e hello.tex # convert a character code to EUC-JP
  $ platex -kanji=euc hello.tex # compile a tex file.
  $ nkf -w hello.tex # = cat hello.tex  (To convert UTF-8 and output stdout. 
hello.tex is EUC-JP)
  \documentclass[a4papper]{jsarticle}
  \begin{document}
  Hello World ハローワールド 日本語のテスト
  \end{document}

  $ dvipdfmx hello.dvi
  </pre>

  [Actual Result]
  <pre>
  $ dvipdfmx hello.dvi
  hello.dvi -> hello.pdf

  ** WARNING ** Failed to load AGL file "pdfglyphlist.txt"...
  ** WARNING ** Failed to load AGL file "glyphlist.txt"...
  [1
  kpathsea: Running mktexpk --mfmode / --bdpi 600 --mag 0+555/600 --dpi 555 
rml-jis
  mktexpk: don't know how to create bitmap font for rml-jis.
  kpathsea: Appending font creation commands to missfont.log.

  ** WARNING ** Could not locate a virtual/physical font for TFM "rml-jis".
  ** WARNING ** >> There are no valid font mapping entry for this font.
  ** WARNING ** >> Font file name "rml-jis" was assumed but failed to locate 
that font.
  ** ERROR ** Cannot proceed without .vf or "physical" font for PDF output...

  Output file removed.
  </pre>

  [Expected Result]
  This is a result of Debian GNU/Linux sid.
  <pre>
  $ dvipdfmx hello.dvi
  ./hello.dvi -> hello.pdf
  [1]
  3274 bytes written
  </pre>

  [How To Fix]
  This is not perfect. The warning still remains.

  <pre>
  $ sudo cp /etc/texmf/dvipdfmx/dvipdfmx.cfg 
/etc/texmf/dvipdfmx/dvipdfmx.cfg.orig # backup
  $ sudo vim /etc/texmf/dvipdfmx/dvipdfmx.cfg
  $ diff -u /etc/texmf/dvipdfmx/dvipdfmx.cfg.orig 
/etc/texmf/dvipdfmx/dvipdfmx.cfg
  --- /etc/texmf/dvipdfmx/dvipdfmx.cfg.orig       2010-05-18 22:32:20.661200781 
+0900
  +++ /etc/texmf/dvipdfmx/dvipdfmx.cfg    2010-05-18 22:32:58.745196921 +0900
  @@ -190,3 +190,4 @@

   %% Put additonal fontmap files here (usually for Type0 fonts)
   f  cid-x.map
  +f  jis-cjk.map
  $ mkdir -p ~/.texmf-var/fonts
  $ ln -s /var/lib/defoma/gs.d/dirs/CMap ~/.texmf-var/fonts/cmap
  $ dvipdfmx hello.dvi
  hello.dvi -> hello.pdf

  ** WARNING ** Failed to load AGL file "pdfglyphlist.txt"...
  ** WARNING ** Failed to load AGL file "glyphlist.txt"...
  [1]
  3191 bytes written
  </pre>

  [Environment]
   Kubuntu 10.04 (i386)
   Virtualbox 3.1.8
   Language Japanese
   texlive-base(dvipdfmx) 2009-7
   result of "dpkg -l": attached (filename: dpkg-l.txt)

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