Liya Fan created CALCITE-3827:
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             Summary: Reduce the time complexity of finding in-edges of a 
vertex in the graph
                 Key: CALCITE-3827
                 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CALCITE-3827
             Project: Calcite
          Issue Type: Improvement
          Components: core
            Reporter: Liya Fan


In the current graph implementation, it takes O(1) time to find the out-edges 
of a vertex, but O(e) time (where e is the total number of edges in the graph) 
to find the in-edges of a vertex. 

In some scenarios (e.g. clearing cache in hep planner), this may have severe 
performance penalty.  To solve this problem, we add a inward edge table, in 
addition to the existing outward edge table, to the graph. This helps to reduce 
the time complexity for finding in-edges to O(1). 

Please note that, there is extra performance overhead for maintaining the in 
edge table, when adding/deleting vertices to the graph. However, the added 
overhead only takes O(1) time.

Finally, it should be noted that, some existing operations can benefit from 
this improvement (topological sort). 



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